曲霉合并耶氏肺孢子菌肺部感染1例并文献复习

曲霉合并肺孢子菌肺部感染报道少见,主要发生于免疫功能低下的患者,其临床诊断困难,死亡率高。本文报道了1例曲霉菌合并耶氏肺孢子菌肺部感染病例的诊治经过,并检索国内外相关文献,对检索到的12例病例及本例患者的临床症状、影像学表现、诊断方法、治疗手段等进行梳理、分析及总结,以期为临床医生诊治该类疾病提供一定思路。     

奴卡菌感染16例诊治分析

目的探讨奴卡菌感染的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后,以供临床诊治参考。方法对16例奴卡菌感染的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后进行回顾性分析。结果 16例奴卡菌感染患者均有基础疾病及应用肾上腺糖皮质激素后发病;肺部病变最常见(68.8%);皮下组织感染均形成多发性瘘管;细菌培养75%为星形奴卡菌;治疗首选磺胺类药物;治愈11例,好转2例,死亡3例。结论奴卡菌感染是外源性、机会性感染,病原菌的分离和鉴定是诊断本病的首要条件。应及早使用磺胺类或敏感药物治疗,皮下软组织感染应予外科辅助治疗。预后与基础疾病的严重程度有关,早期诊断与治疗可降低本病死亡率。     

1例卡氏肺孢子菌感染患者的临床诊治分析及其对六胺银染色法检测的影响

目的:分析卡氏肺孢子菌感染患者临床诊治及病原体的检测,探讨实验室卡氏肺孢子菌对六胺银染色法检测的影响因素及其镜下的特征。方法:抽取医院微生物室2017年9月—2018年3月间采用六胺银染色法检测的15例标本,分析其中1例急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿伴有肺孢子菌感染引起呼吸衰竭病例的诊治过程检测结果及肺孢子菌镜下的特征。结果:15例卡氏肺孢子菌六胺银染色标本中,其中阳性标本为6例;此6例病例均为免疫力低下的非艾滋病患者,由于检测病原体的及时和准确性,无死亡病例发生,其中2例转外院治疗,4例治愈后康复出院。结论:对于免疫力低下的肺炎患者,常规治疗无效的,应考虑可能是卡氏肺孢子菌感染。     

1例皮肤巴西奴卡菌感染报道并文献复习

目的 总结奴卡菌感染的临床表现、诊治方法及预后.方法 报道本院2015年收治的1例皮肤奴卡菌感染,同时检索、温习了同期国内文献报道的29例,行回顾性分析.结果 在全部30例(16例来源于中平能化医疗集团总医院检验科何理,王棪等在201 1年发表于中华医学感染学杂志的《奴卡菌感染16例诊治分析》[1],13例来源于广西人民医院检验科陈杏春等在2012年发表于中华医院感染学杂志的《13例患者奴卡菌感染临床资料分析》[2])奴卡菌感染病例中,有22例肺部感染病例,均合并有基础疾病史(矽肺8例、矽肺合并COPD1例、糖尿病8例、类风湿性关节炎5例);8例皮肤感染病例;另外还有5例合并有基础疾病(糖尿病3例、类风湿性关节炎2例),3例应用肾上腺糖皮质激素病例.结论 奴卡菌感染是外源性、机会性感染.奴卡菌不仅是免疫抑制患者的条件致病菌,也可发生在有免疫力的健康患者.由于奴卡菌感染病例症状常不典型,奴卡菌病易漏诊.病理检查是确诊奴卡菌病的唯一方法.一旦确诊,应及早使用磺胺类药物或其他敏感药物治疗,而皮下软组织感染予外科辅助治疗.     

免疫检查点抑制剂治疗期间并发肺孢子菌感染：两例病例报道并文献复习

近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂（ICI）在临床中广泛应用,给肿瘤患者带来了比放疗、化疗更进一步的生存获益。然而,在免疫抑制剂增强细胞免疫抗肿瘤的同时,也有可能增强机体正常的免疫反应,导致机体免疫耐受紊乱,引起相应器官出现不适症状,称之为免疫相关不良反应。其中,免疫相关性肺炎往往较难诊断,严重者可致命。肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）作为一种机会性真菌感染性疾病,常发生于免疫力低下人群。鉴于ICIs对免疫功能的促进作用,目前的主要观点认为,肿瘤免疫治疗并不会增加肺孢子菌感染的机会。本文报道了两例免疫治疗期间发生肺孢子菌感染的病例,以期进一步加深人们对免疫相关性肺炎及PCP的认识。     

经肺泡灌洗液高通量基因检测对膀胱癌患者术后耶氏肺孢子菌感染的诊断及其临床治疗分析

目的:分析经肺泡灌洗液高通量基因检测对膀胱癌患者术后耶氏肺孢子菌感染的诊断及其临床治疗,为耶氏肺孢子菌感染的诊断和治疗提供参考.方法:对1 例因膀胱癌化疗后出现药物性肝损害患者,在服用糖皮质激素治疗的过程中被诊断为耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者的临床资料,分析其临床诊断与治疗方法的合理性.结果:患者入院后,根据其发热、干咳、低氧血症的特点,及时行支气管镜采集肺泡灌洗液高通量基因测序,被诊断为肺孢子菌感染,予以复方磺胺甲噁唑片抗感染治疗21 d,临床症状明显好转,肺部影像学提示炎症基本吸收.结论:耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者给予复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗可有效改善其临床症状;对于非HIV感染者的肺孢子菌肺炎也可采用肺泡灌洗液高通量基因测序,以协助肺孢子菌肺炎的诊断与治疗.     

经肺泡灌洗液高通量基因检测对膀胱癌患者术后耶氏肺孢子菌感染的诊断及其临床治疗分析

目的:分析经肺泡灌洗液高通量基因检测对膀胱癌患者术后耶氏肺孢子菌感染的诊断及其临床治疗,为耶氏肺孢子菌感染的诊断和治疗提供参考.方法:对1 例因膀胱癌化疗后出现药物性肝损害患者,在服用糖皮质激素治疗的过程中被诊断为耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者的临床资料,分析其临床诊断与治疗方法的合理性.结果:患者入院后,根据其发热、干咳、低氧血症的特点,及时行支气管镜采集肺泡灌洗液高通量基因测序,被诊断为肺孢子菌感染,予以复方磺胺甲噁唑片抗感染治疗21 d,临床症状明显好转,肺部影像学提示炎症基本吸收.结论:耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎患者给予复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗可有效改善其临床症状;对于非HIV感染者的肺孢子菌肺炎也可采用肺泡灌洗液高通量基因测序,以协助肺孢子菌肺炎的诊断与治疗.     

AIDS合并肺孢子菌肺炎21例临床分析

目的通过对21例艾滋病(AIDS)合并肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)病例分析,探讨艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎患者临床特点,提高对该病的认识,为临床诊断和治疗提供参考。方法对2005年1月至2010年12月收治的21例AIDS并发PCP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 21例AIDS合并PCP患者,CD 4+T淋巴细胞计数均<200cell/mm3)(8～158cell/mm3),15例<50cell/mm3;恶化及死亡3例,均为重症或出现严重并发症者。结论 PCP的临床表现以呼吸道症状为主,而肺部体征较轻,症状与体征不一致的临床表现为该病的特点之一;胸部x线主要表现为间质性改变;CD4+细胞计数小于50cell/mm3为PCP发病的高危因素;PCP的早期诊断、及时治疗对疾病转归具有十分重要的意义。     

卡泊芬净用于肺孢子菌肺炎的临床研究进展

肺孢子菌肺炎是一种严重的机会性肺部感染疾病,目前治疗的一线方案为复方磺胺甲噁唑,但是该药物容易引起严重的不良反应。由于肺孢子菌核苷酸序列与真菌之间具有高度相似性,大部分学者将它从原虫归属为真菌。β-葡聚糖是构成肺孢子包囊细胞壁的主要成分,在对宿主细胞的炎症反应中起到重要作用。因此,针对β-（1,3）-D-葡聚糖合成的卡泊芬净成为肺孢子菌肺炎治疗新的替代药物。尤其是卡泊芬净与复方磺胺甲噁唑联合使用的方案可能比一线方案具有更优的疗效和更低的不良反应发生率。本文就肺孢子菌的真菌特点、卡泊芬净用于肺孢子菌肺炎的临床研究进展作一综述。     

非HIV感染患者耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎合并痛风1例分析及药学监护

<正>耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎(PJP)是一种由耶氏肺孢子菌引起的机会性肺部感染,当机体免疫功能损伤时发病,常见于人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染患者,在健康人体中可以正常菌群的形式定植于呼吸道^[1-2]。但近年来,由于器官移植、免疫抑制药物使用、肿瘤放化疗、糖皮质激素长期大量使用等因素影响,PJP在非HIV感染者中发病率呈上升趋势^[3]。本文对临床药师全程参与的1例非HIV感染PJP合并痛风患者的感染因素、用药及个体化药物监护进行分析,     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.