淋巴细胞免疫治疗在复发性流产中的应用

目的观察淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗同种免疫型复发性流产(RSA)的临床效果。方法对126例自然流产2～6次,封闭抗体阴性的复发性流产患者,进行孕前孕后淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗,观察治疗后封闭抗体的变化和再次妊娠结局。结果治疗1个疗程(每疗程4次)118例患者封闭抗体转阳性,转阳率达93.65%,2个疗程转阳率100%。妊娠68例,63例保胎成功,保胎成功率93.63%;流产5例,流产率7.35%。结论淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗能促使封闭抗体转阳并提高复发性流产患者再次妊娠保胎成功率。     

淋巴细胞免疫疗法治疗复发性流产的疗效分析

目的探讨不明原因复发性流产临床治疗中淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗的临床价值。方法选取2010~2012年我院诊治的复发性流产患者50例,随机分为两组,分别行无特殊处理和淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗,同时对主动免疫治疗患者封闭抗体阴性与阳性的妊娠结局进行统计。结果观察组患者流产率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。主动免疫治疗后封闭抗体阳性患者妊娠成功率为88.5%,阴性患者妊娠成功率为57.1%,阳性组显著高于阴性组(P0.05)。结论淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗能过有效治疗复发性流产,具有良好的临床效果,而封闭抗体检测能够对妊娠结局有积极的预测作用。     

复发性流产的淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗效果观察

目的通过对复发性流产患者进行淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗效果的观察,探讨封闭抗体阴性所致不孕的治疗方法。方法将临床确诊为封闭抗体缺乏所致的复发性流产患者120例随机分为2组,研究组60例,采用淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗。对照组60例,采用中西医结合对症治疗,比较两组妊娠情况。治疗前后两组常规复查封闭抗体,比较封闭抗体阳性组及阴性组妊娠结局。结果研究组60例中,妊娠34例(已分娩24例),8例妊娠中期,2例流产,妊娠成功率56.67%。对照组60例,妊娠18例(已分娩9例),3例妊娠中期,6例流产,妊娠成功率30.00%,两组相比差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗封闭抗体缺乏所致复发性流产有较可靠的临床效果及应用价值,封闭抗体阳性对妊娠结局有一定的预示价值。     

主动免疫治疗176例原因不明复发性流产的疗效观察

目的观察淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗对封闭抗体阴性的复发性流产患者的疗效。方法选取2013年1月-2014年1月妇科门诊随访的176例复发性自然流产患者进行封闭抗体检测,结果阴性者入组行淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗。对比治疗前后封闭抗体的变化,以及该类患者的再次妊娠情况。结果复发性自然流产患者经主动免疫治疗后,封闭抗体阳性率89.20%,治疗后封闭抗体阳性患者妊娠成功率达83.44%。结论淋巴细胞主动免疫疗法对于复发性自然流产具有临床有效性和安全性。     

不明原因复发性流产主动免疫治疗后妊娠情况分析

目的探讨主动免疫治疗对不明原因复发性流产患者外周血封闭抗体的影响及其在再次妊娠中的价值。方法分析390例封闭抗体阴性不明原因复发性流产患者的临床资料,并排除其他流产因素,其中340例同意主动免疫治疗为免疫治疗组,50例未同意主动免疫治疗为对照组。结果随访期间总妊娠率为93.1%（363/390）。主动免疫治疗一疗程后封闭抗体转阳性85.3%,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。主动免疫治疗后封闭抗体阳性组妊娠成功率明显高于封闭抗体阴性组及对照组（P〈0.05）。封闭抗体阳性组流产率明显低于BA阴性组及对照组（P〈0.05）。封闭抗体阴性组与对照组妊娠成功率及流产率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论主动免疫治疗能提高URSA患者封闭抗体阳性率及再次妊娠成功率,对URSA患者在临床上有一定的应用价值。     

淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗不明原因复发性流产89例分析

目的探讨不明原因复发性流产患者采用淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗前后封闭抗体(BA)的变化及疗效,并分析流产次数、患者年龄与妊娠结局的关系。方法对89例BA阴性的不明原因复发性流产患者进行淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗,观察其治疗后BA的变化及妊娠结局。结果 1患者治疗前BA检测均为阴性,接受免疫治疗3次后,BA转阳者36例(40.4%),免疫治疗6次后BA阳性42例(47.2%)。89例反复性流产患者免疫治疗6次后共转阳78例,转阳率为87.6%。与治疗前相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2在89例治疗的患者中,有79例获妊娠成功,10例再次发生早期流产,妊娠成功率88.76%(79/89),BA阳性患者的妊娠成功率明显高于BA阴性者,差异有统计学意义;3流产次数≤3次者治疗后妊娠成功率明显高于流产次数>3次者(P<0.05);4年龄≤35岁者妊娠成功率明显高于年龄>35岁者(P<0.05)。结论淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗能提高BA阴性的不明原因复发性流产患者的再次妊娠成功率及提高BA的阳性率,建议连续自然流产2次或以上者及早干预治疗。     

中医与中西医联合治疗封闭抗体阴性复发性流产疗效比较

目的：通过单独使用中医治疗及中西医联合治疗，分析封闭抗体阴性的复发性流产患者的妊娠率及妊娠成功率的疗效，进行比较。方法采用符合条件的临床诊断为复发性流产且封闭抗体阴性的患者98例。随机分为A组和B组，各49例， A组采用中医补肾益气清热法治疗治疗。B组采用淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗联合补肾益气清热法治疗。比较两组患者的妊娠率及妊娠成功率。结果 A组妊娠成功率为48.98%。B组妊娠成功率为81.63%，两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中西医联合治疗较单独中医治疗效果更好。     

自然流产患者封闭抗体检测及相应免疫治疗的对策分析

目的分析复发性自然流产(RSA)患者采用淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗的临床效果及治疗前后封闭抗体(BA)指标的检测变化及对再次妊娠的临床价值。方法以2010年8月至2014年7月在我院妇产科就诊的520例复发性自然流产患者为对象,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)对这些患者的封闭抗体进行测定,从中选取480例封闭抗体阴性患者为研究对象,实行淋巴细胞主动免疫疗法,经过2个疗程治疗后,再次测定封闭抗体的变化情况及再次妊娠的情况。结果 520例复发性自然流产患者中封闭抗体阳性率为7.69%(40/520×100%)。从中选取的480例封闭抗体阴性患者经过1个疗程的淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗后复测,封闭抗体阳性率为75.00%(360/480×100%),经过2个疗程的淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗后再复测,封闭抗体阳性率为90.60%(435/480×100%),与治疗前相比,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义;经免疫治疗后,患者再次妊娠成功率为91.28%(398/436×100%),其中封闭抗体阳性患者再次妊娠成功率为93.78%(392/418×100%),封闭抗体阴性患者再次妊娠成功率为33.33%(6/18×100%),二者相比,封闭抗体阳性患者再次妊娠成功率明显高于封闭抗体阴性患者,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论采用淋巴细胞主动免疫对复发性自然流产患者进行治疗,能有效提高封闭抗体阳性率及再次妊娠成功率,对临床治疗复发性自然流产及提高再次妊娠率具有重要意义,值得临床推广应用。     

淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗不明原因复发性流产患者治疗效果观察

目的探究不明原因复发性流产患者采用淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗法进行治疗时的临床疗效。方法选取122例不明原因复发性流产患者为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,使用淋巴细胞免疫法注射治疗,记录患者免疫治疗前后的恢复情况,比较封闭抗体指数,对比有效妊娠成功率。结果与观察组相比,对照组的有效妊娠率（75.76%）明显低于观察组（83.87%）;经淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗后,观察组与对照组两组患者的封闭抗体数均有所提高。结论淋巴细胞主动免疫疗法治疗不明原因复发性流产具有明显的疗效,能有效恢复患者免疫能力,改善封闭抗体缺陷症状,帮助患者成功妊娠,成功率高,值得临床推广。     

主动免疫联合地屈孕酮治疗复发性流产的临床效果

目的观察主动免疫联合地屈孕酮治疗复发性流产的治疗效果。方法 80例复发性流产患者随机分为对照组和实验组,各40例,对照组患者给予主动免疫治疗,实验组患者给予主动免疫联合地屈孕酮治疗。对比两组治疗效果。结果经过相关治疗之后,实验组成功妊娠37例,妊娠成功率92.5%,对照组成功妊娠30例,妊娠成功率75.0%。两组妊娠成功率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对复发性流产患者实施主动免疫联合地屈孕酮治疗可以促进封闭抗体的产生,有效降低产妇的流产率。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.