A型肉毒毒素对痉挛型脑瘫患儿运动功能恢复及其预后的影响

目的:评价A型肉毒毒素对痉挛型脑瘫患儿运动功能恢复及其预后的影响。方法:选取2014年8月—2016年7月间收治痉挛型脑瘫患儿76例,采用随机数字表法将其分为观察组(n=38)和对照组(n=38);对照组患儿给予功能训练治疗,观察组患儿在对照组基础上加用A型肉毒毒素治疗,比较和评价治疗后两组患儿的疗效按Ashworth痉挛评定量表(MAS)和粗大运动功能量表(GMFM)的评分值变化,以及治疗前和治疗后2月采用改良巴氏指数量表(MBI)的评分值的变化。结果:治疗后观察组MAS评分值低于对照组(P<0.05),GMFM评分值高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后2月观察组MBI评分值高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用A型肉毒毒素辅助于功能训练治疗痉挛型脑瘫患儿,能明显缓解其肌肉痉挛,改善其运动功能,并提高其日常生活能力,预后效果较好。     

康复训练结合药物治疗儿童脑瘫的疗效观察

目的：探讨A型肉毒毒素辅助治疗儿童脑瘫的临床价值。方法：将86例双下肢痉挛脑瘫患儿随机分为两组：对照组43例,采用Vojta训练治疗;实验组43例,采用Vojta训练与肌肉注射A型肉毒毒素治疗。观察比较两组患儿的痉挛状况、运动功能及日常生活活动能力。结果：实验组治疗后的综合痉挛评分明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,实验组治疗后的粗大运动功能D区、E区分值均明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,实验组治疗后的日常生活活动能力评分明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：A型肉毒毒素能有效缓解脑瘫患儿的肢体肌肉痉挛,促进运动功能恢复。     

A型肉毒毒素注射治疗对痉挛型脑瘫患儿运动功能及健康相关生活质量的影响

目的:探讨下肢A型肉毒毒素(botulinum toxin type A,BTX-A)注射治疗对痉挛型双瘫患儿躯体运动功能和健康相关生活质量的影响.方法:51例2岁1个月～9岁6个月痉挛型双瘫患儿随机分为BTX-A注射组26例和对照组25例.患儿均给予系统性康复治疗6个月,注射组在入组第一天给予1次BTX-A注射治疗.在治疗前,治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月对患儿运动功能和生活质量进行评估.结果:注射组与对照组相比用改良Ashworth量表(Modified Ashworth Scale,MAS)量化评分组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);注射组与对照组相比粗大运动功能评分(Gross Motor Function Measure,GMFM)走跑跳功能评分组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);儿科生活质量调查表(The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Measurement Models,PedsQL)生理领域的时间因素以及时间因素和分组的交互作用比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05),注射组提高趋势更明显,而心理领域差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:A型肉毒毒素辅助治疗能更有效改善脑瘫患儿的肌肉痉挛和运动功能,但是短时间内对其社会、心理、情感等方面的功能无明显改善作用.     

电刺激引导 A 型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛型脑性瘫痪的疗效

目的：探讨电刺激定位引导A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿的疗效。方法62例跖屈畸形的痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿在电刺激引导下给予A型肉毒毒素局部注射,3d、1周、1个月、3个月和6个月后测量患儿踝关节活动度,并应用改良Ashworth痉挛评定量表评定小腿三头肌肌张力变化。结果62例患儿在注射后1个月和3个月小腿三头肌肌张力和踝关节活动度较注射前改善（P＜0．05）;注射前小腿三头肌痉挛程度越轻,则起效越快,维持时间越长。无一例患儿出现过敏反应。结论电刺激引导A型肉毒毒素局部肌肉注射能在较短时间缓解痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿的肌肉痉挛,改善异常姿势及其运功功能。     

A型肉毒毒素注射对痉挛型脑瘫患儿小腿肌肉生长发育影响的前瞻性研究

目的研究A型肉毒毒素对脑瘫患儿腓肠肌、比目鱼肌和胫骨前肌生长发育的影响。方法本项目为前瞻性研究, 纳入2014年12月至2016年3月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心的24例年龄2～7岁的痉挛型脑瘫患儿(14例男孩、10例女孩), 分为痉挛型双瘫组(DCP组, 14例痉挛型双瘫患儿的28个患侧下肢)、偏瘫患侧组(aHCP组, 10例偏瘫患儿的10个患侧下肢)、对照组(uHCP组, 10例偏瘫患儿的10个健侧下肢)。在基线期、A型肉毒毒素注射结合物理治疗后12周与24周分别进行评估, 超声检测肌肉厚度、肌束长度并计算肌肉生长速率, 临床功能测试包括粗大运动功能测试、改良Ashworth量表和改良Tardieu量表。计量资料符合正态分布, 采用独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析;计量资料不符合正态分布, 采用秩和检验;计数资料采用卡方检验;相关性分析采用Pearson相关性分析。结果 A型肉毒毒素注射结合物理治疗后, 3组下肢的粗大运动功能、痉挛程度和肌肉结构均得到改善(均P<0.05)。治疗后24周, 患肢内侧腓肠肌的平均生长率分别是肌厚度6.24%、肌束长度7.99%;DCP组的内/外侧腓肠...     

肉毒杆菌毒素A辅助复健训练治疗儿童痉挛型脑瘫的疗效观察

目的:探讨采用肉毒杆菌毒素A辅助复健训练治疗儿童痉挛型脑瘫的临床疗效.方法:将本院2009年3月-2011年3月收治的32例脑性瘫痪患儿随机分成2组:对照组16例,试验组16例.其中,对照组给予常规的复健训练治疗,试验组则给予注射肉毒杆菌毒素A辅助复健训练治疗.结果:经过治疗后,试验组的粗大运动(GMFM)功能评分显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);试验组的肌张力改良Ashworth评分相比对照组显著性降低(P＜0.05);试验组的腘窝角、足背屈角、足外展角的活动范围相比对照组均有显著性改善(P＜0.05).结论:采用肉毒杆菌毒素A辅助复健训练治疗儿童脑瘫的临床疗效显著.     

电刺激定位引导埋线治疗脑瘫患儿小腿三头肌痉挛的疗效观察

目的观察电刺激定位引导埋线治疗脑瘫患儿小腿三头肌痉挛的疗效。方法将18例脑瘫患儿随机分为电刺激定位引导埋线组（埋线组）和电刺激定位引导A型肉毒毒素（BTX．A）注射组（肉毒素组）,观察治疗1月后患儿的踝背屈曲度、综合痉挛量表CSS评分、改良Ashworth法评分。结果肉毒素和埋线治疗1月后患儿踝背屈曲度、综合痉挛量表CSS评分、改良Ashworth法评分均有明显改善（P〈0．05）,埋线组对患儿踝背屈曲度的改善弱于肉毒素组（P〈0．05）,但综合痉挛量表CSS评分、改良Ashworth法评分与肉毒素组比较差异无统计意义（P〉0．05）。结论电刺激定位引导埋线治疗脑瘫患儿小腿三头肌痉挛有较好的临床疗效。     

小剂量A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛型脑瘫

目的 观察小剂量A型肉毒毒素（BTX—A）治疗痉挛型脑瘫的疗效。方法 选择65例痉挛型脑瘫患儿，进行小剂量A型肉毒毒素注射．再进行家庭康复治疗及配带矫形器进行步态训练治疗3—6个月，并设对照组对比观察。结果 经BTX—A注射后患儿肌张力降低，关节活动度扩大，继续康复治疗及配带足踝矫形器训练，肌张力、关节活动度、步态得到进一步改善。BTX—A组显效41侧，有效16例，无效8例，总有效率87．69％。对照组显效12例，有效8例，无效35例，总有效率46.16％。两组对比差异有显著性（P〈0．001）。结论 小剂量BTX—A神经阻滞术治疗痉挛型脑瘫具有解痉快，不良反应小，操作方便。安全可靠，费用低等优点．     

A型肉毒毒素对肌肉痉挛患者功能康复中的应用价值

目的:探讨A型肉毒毒素对肌肉痉挛患者功能康复中的应用效果.方法:选择2015年1月~2016年1月我院收治的80例肌肉痉挛患者为研究对象,均为运动神经元受损后肢体肌肉痉挛、应用BTX-A(A型肉毒毒素)治疗的患者,观察治疗后的肌张力变化情况、运动功能及日常生活能力改善情况.结果:治疗后的Ashworth评分(1.1±0.2)分明显低于治疗前,Fugl Meyer评分(61.5±6.9)分、ADL评分(60.5±5.8)分明显高于治疗前,治疗前后相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);小腿三头肌、肱二头肌、屈指肌处不同剂量组在A型肉毒毒素治疗后Ashworth评分均明显下降,但同一位置内不同剂量组(A、B组)的Ashworth评分下降幅度并无明显差异(P>0.05).结论:A型肉毒毒素对肌肉痉挛患者功能康复的应用效果显著,能改善肌张力及运动功能,提高患者日常生活能力,值得推广.     

多点靶肌注射与非多点靶肌注射A型肉毒毒素对小儿痉挛型脑性瘫痪临床效果比较

目的 对比分析多点靶肌注射与非多点靶肌注射A型肉毒毒素对小儿痉挛型脑性瘫痪的临床效果。方法 选择2013年3月-2016年3月在河南中医药大学第一附属医院进行诊治的小儿痉挛型脑性瘫痪患者118例,随机分为两组,每组各59例。对照组采用非多点靶肌注射A型肉毒毒素治疗,观察组采用多点靶肌注射A型肉毒毒素治疗,比较两组治疗前、治疗1个月、治疗3个月、治疗6个月以及治疗12个月的改良Ashworth评分、CSS评分和GMFM评分。结果 治疗后两组的改良Ashworth评分均明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;治疗12个月后比较,观察组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。治疗后两组的CSS评分均明显降低,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;但两组间无明显差异。治疗后两组的GMFM评分均明显升高,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;但两组间无明显差异。结论 多点靶肌注射与非多点靶肌注射A型肉毒毒素对小儿痉挛型脑性瘫痪均具有显著的临床治疗效果,且多点靶肌注射Ashworth评分优于非多点靶肌注射,更加有效缓解患儿的肢体痉挛程度,改善粗大运动能力。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.