鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路广泛病变性上颌窦手术临床分析

目的探讨鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路治疗广泛性上颌窦良性病变的手术方法和临床价值。方法回顾性分析该科2008年1月至2012年6月,经鼻内镜泪前隐窝入路切除上颌窦良性病变14例,观察术后的创面愈合和肿瘤的复发情况。结果 14例患者均为单侧发病,经鼻内镜泪前隐窝入路完全切除上颌窦及鼻腔病变,术后随访2～30个月,仅1例鼻腔内翻性乳头状瘤患者复发,经下鼻道开窗口清除、电凝,随访未复发。结论经鼻内镜泪前隐窝入路上颌窦手术手术视野宽、创伤小、复发率低、术后便于观察术腔情况,值得在临床上推广。     

鼻内镜下中鼻道联合泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤的临床分析

目的探讨鼻内镜下中鼻道联合泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析鼻内镜下中鼻道联合泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤的临床资料,观察临床疗效。结果所有患者均成功实施手术,术后随访6~12个月,均无并发症发生,仅1例术后1个月复发,局部处理后随访12个月未见复发。结论上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤采用鼻内镜下中鼻道联合泪前隐窝入路治疗具有术野清晰无死角,能够准确完整地清除病变,创伤小,术后复发少,值得临床应用推广。     

鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路在治疗复杂上颌窦病变的应用

目的 探讨应用鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路手术治疗复杂上颌窦病变的可行性及疗效.方法 回顾性分析23例采用中鼻道联合泪前隐窝入路手术治疗的复杂上颌窦病变患者的临床资料,其中内翻性乳头状瘤11例,上颌窦含牙囊肿4例,出血坏死性息肉2例,复发性上颌窦后鼻孔息肉3例,上颌窦恶性肿瘤3例.术前均行CT或MRI检查.术中通过中鼻道开放上颌窦口,经过泪前隐窝入路清除上颌窦病变,同时处理鼻腔、其他鼻窦病变.结果 术后通过换药、鼻腔冲洗,随访6~24个月,除1例上颌窦恶性黑色素细胞瘤术后1年于上颌窦内局部复发外,其余患者切口均完全愈合,窦腔上皮化,临床症状消失,无鼻泪管损伤及面部麻木等并发症.结论 泪前隐窝入路手术操作方便,病变清除彻底,是治疗复杂上颌窦病变创伤小、疗效佳的新途径.     

经鼻内镜泪前隐窝入路处理复杂上颌窦良性病变36例体会

目的探讨经鼻内镜泪前隐窝入路处理复杂上颌窦良性病变的手术方法。方法对36例位于上颌窦前内下壁或占据整个窦腔的息肉、囊肿、真菌、内翻性乳头状瘤等复杂良性病变,采用经鼻内镜泪前隐窝入路的手术方法,对病灶进行清除。结果所有患者随访半年以上,复查时进行鼻内镜检查,20例行CT检查。鼻腔干燥1例,下鼻道造口闭锁2例,上颌窦开口囊泡形成2例,鼻内镜下换药至上皮化。无面部肿胀麻木、溢泪、视物模糊、脑脊液鼻漏等并发症发生。结论对占据整个上颌窦窦腔或位于前内下壁的复杂病变,可以采用泪前隐窝入路的方式清除病变。     

鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝切除上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤18例

目的探讨分析经泪前隐窝切除上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析18例上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤患者临床资料,经鼻内镜泪前隐窝入路术治疗,观察术后的创面愈合和肿瘤切除后的复发情况。结果随访2个月～3年,16例未复发,2例患者术后3个月复发,清除肿瘤,基底部电刀烧灼,随访至今未见复发。结论鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝切除上颌窦内翻性乳头状瘤,疗效显著,且创伤小,患者术后恢复快,复发率低,值得临床推广。     

鼻内窥镜下经泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦良性病变的疗效观察

目的 探讨鼻内窥镜下经泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦良性病变的可行性和临床疗效.方法 选取收治的上颌窦良性病变患者60例,其中累及上颌窦的上颌骨囊肿32例,鼻内翻乳头状瘤28例.按照手术路径分为对照组和观察组,每组30例.对照组采用鼻内镜下泪前隐窝入路手术,观察组采用中鼻道联合泪前隐窝入路手术.观察2组术中情况(手术时间、术中出血量)、住院时间、术后疗效、术后并发症、复发情况.结果 60例患者均顺利清除上颌窦内病变,术后随访3~24个月.观察组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、术后并发症发生率及复发率均较对照组明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).对照组和观察组术后总有效率分别为73.33%(22/30)、93.33%(28/30),观察组总有效率较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 鼻内窥镜下经泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦良性病变能够彻底清除病变组织,具有创伤小、出血量少、并发症和复发率低的优点,可作为处理上颌窦良性病变的首选术式.     

鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝入路手术治疗上颌窦良性病变58例报告

目的：评价鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝入路手术治疗上颌窦良性病变的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝入路手术治疗上颌窦良性病变58例患者临床资料。结果所有患者术程顺利,疗效满意,术后病理结果证实全部为良性病变。随访半年以上无复发。结论鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝入路手术治疗上颌窦良性病变疗效显著,值得临床推广应用。     

探讨鼻内镜泪前隐窝入路治疗真菌性上颌窦炎的方法

目的探讨经鼻内镜治疗非侵袭性真菌性上颌窦炎的方法。方法在鼻内镜下行泪前隐窝入路进入上颌窦,清除上颌窦各壁及隐窝的菌斑,术毕于上颌窦自然口-中鼻道放置“T”型管,术后经“T”型管灌注抗真菌药物冲洗。结果42例患者上颌窦腔无真菌斑残留复发,下鼻甲形态良好,无面部麻木肿胀,无鼻泪管损伤。结论经鼻内镜鼻泪前隐窝入路治疗真菌性上颌窦炎,既微创又有良好的视野清除菌斑,手术方法快捷,疗效确切。     

鼻内镜下经中鼻道联合泪前隐窝进路治疗复发性鼻腔-鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤效果

目的比较鼻内镜下经中鼻道联合泪前隐窝入路与鼻内镜下经中鼻道联合尖牙窝进路治疗鼻腔-鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤(NIP)的治疗效果。方法将该院2005年7月至2013年4月确诊为NIP患者为86例,分为治疗组(42例)和对照组(44例),治疗组采用鼻内窥镜下经中鼻道肿瘤切除联合泪前隐窝进路上颌窦内肿瘤切除术;对照组采用鼻内窥镜下经中鼻道肿瘤切除联合尖牙窝进路上颌窦肿瘤切除术,所有患者术后随访平均达19个月。结果治疗组患者术中出血量及住院时间明显少于对照组,但治疗总有效率显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学的意义(P<0.05)。结论经鼻内镜中鼻道联合泪前隐窝进路治疗NIP具有良好的临床效果,值得推广应用。     

鼻内镜下泪前隐窝径路治疗上颌窦良性病变

目的探讨鼻内镜下上颌窦内侧壁泪前隐窝入路切除上颌窦良性病变的手术径路及方法的可行性及临床效果。方法回顾性分析经鼻内镜泪前隐窝入路治疗的62例上颌窦良性病变患者的临床资料,观察患者术后的疗效。结果全部患者在鼻内镜下经鼻腔彻底清除了病变,保留了下鼻甲,保护了鼻泪管,无一例发生下鼻甲坏死及鼻泪管损伤。随访12～36个月,仅一例复发。结论鼻内镜下经泪前隐窝入路治疗上颌窦良性病变损伤小,窦腔暴露充分,并为术后内镜复查和处理复发病变提供了视窗。该手术方法安全、可靠,是一种操作容易掌握、效果较为理想的治疗上颌窦良性病变的手段。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.