肾移植术后输尿管并发症17例临床分析

目的 总结肾移植术后输尿管并发症的诊治经验.方法 回顾分析济南军区总医院诊治的17例肾移植术后输尿管并发症患者的临床资料.结果 17例患者伴有不同程度的少尿和局部肿胀不适等症状,实验室检查血清肌酐（Scr）升高,彩色多普勒超声（彩超）检查示移植肾积水、移植肾输尿管扩张,经磁共振水成像或计算机断层摄影术（CT）尿路成像明确诊断.其中输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄15例,输尿管坏死2例.治疗经过：14例行开放性手术,包括行移植肾输尿管膀胱重新吻合术12例,移植肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合1例,移植肾输尿管游离、重新放置输尿管支架管1例.3例行非开放性手术治疗,包括输尿管皮肤造瘘1例、腔内球囊导管扩张术1例、软膀胱镜下逆行输尿管支架管插管治疗1例.疗效：14例开放手术治疗患者与1例输尿管皮肤造瘘患者的移植肾肾盂与膀胱的连接部恢复通畅,移植肾功能均明显改善.另2例非开放手术治疗患者,包括1例腔内球囊导管扩张术及1例行软膀胱镜下逆行输尿管支架管插管术患者术后复发,行开放手术治疗.结论 彩超及磁共振成像水成像或CT尿路成像等影像学检查是确诊移植肾输尿管并发症的主要方法.肾移植术后输尿管并发症应以预防为主,确诊后视具体情况行开放性手术或非开放性手术治疗,开放手术治疗的疗效较佳.     

移植肾输尿管短缺肾移植术的尿路重建（附7例报告）

报告７例供肾输尿管短缺情况下肾移植术中尿路重建的方法。其中行供肾与受者输尿端端吻合４例，供肾肾盂与受者输尿管吻合２例，供肾肾盂与受者膀胱吻合１例。除１例供肾肾盂与受者输尿管吻合术后发生漏尿外，均愈合良好。随诊６～２４个月未发现吻合口狭窄。供肾肾盂与受者膀胱吻合１例，术后反复发生泌尿系感染。提示当移植肾发生输尿管短缺时，只要针对具体情况，采取灵活的手术方法，是可以在肾移植术中使尿路重建的。     

移植肾输尿管膀胱的吻合口瘘

目的：有效地减少或避免同种异体肾移植术后移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘,延长移植肾的存活期。方法：从病因,诊断和处理方面回顾性分析30例肾移植患者术后移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘的临床资料。结果：4例采用保守治疗,2例做单纯瘘口修补。11例切除血供差,水肿严重的移植肾输尿管远端,或调整移植肾的位置,做移植肾输尿管膀胱再吻合。13例膀胱翻瓣后,用20－24Foley尿管连接供肾的肾盂和受者膀胱瓣,其中9例无法实现残留的移植肾输尿管与膀胱瓣无张力的间断缝合,只能待移植肾肾盂或上段输尿管沿Foley尿管爬行,形成隧道。受者1年存活率96.7%(29/30),移植肾1年存活率为86.7%(26/30)。结论：肾移植的任何步骤处理不当都可以引起移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口瘘;术后应根据输尿管血液供应,水肿情况,瘘口大小和输尿管的长度来选择不同的术式,以确保无张力的可靠吻合。     

膀胱瓣成形术治疗肾移植术后输尿管梗阻和尿瘘6例分析

目的：探讨膀胱瓣成形（Board术治疗输尿管梗阻的应用价值。方法：对同种异体肾移植术后3例长段或者多节段的输尿管梗阻患者以及3例经保守治疗无效的尿瘘患者行Boari术。结果：6例患者输尿管均得到重建,随访1年,复查静脉肾盂造影未见梗阻或者狭窄复发,输尿管再通率100％,人、肾存活率均为100％。结论：Boari术是治疗肾移植术后输尿管梗阻或者尿瘘的有效方法。     

膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术治疗移植肾输尿管长段坏死(附5例分析)

目的探讨膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术治疗移植肾输尿管长段坏死的疗效。方法肾移植术后移植肾输尿管全长坏死患者5例，发生坏死时间平均为移植术后3．2(2周～2．5个月)，坏死长度平均8．2(6．8～10．3)cm，均有不同程度的移植肾功能损害。所有患者行坏死段切除并膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术。结果5例患者术后随访6个月～2年，均恢复正常尿道排尿，移植肾功能恢复正常并稳定存活。结论膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术治疗移植肾输尿管长段坏死效果较满意。     

自体膀胱瓣管-移植肾肾盂吻合术处理输尿管坏死

目的探讨自体膀胱瓣管移植肾肾盂吻合术处理肾移植术后输尿管长段坏死的效果。方法13例患者肾移植术后发生输尿管长段坏死,将其膀胱皮瓣围绕输尿管内支架管(双J管)缝合成管状,以代替坏死的输尿管,上部修剪成斜形后,与移植肾肾盂吻合。留置双J管做支架管,切口留置胶管引流。结果13例患者均成功进行移植肾肾盂膀胱瓣管吻合术,其中1例术后7d发生严重肾周感染而切除移植肾,其余12例肾功能恢复良好,术后随访1年,2例出现返流,人、肾1年存活率分别为100%(13/13)、92.3%(12/13)。结论自体膀胱瓣管移植肾肾盂吻合术是治疗肾移植术后输尿管长段坏死的有效手段。     

儿童供肾给儿童肾移植术后肾动脉狭窄5例

目的分析儿童供肾给儿童肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄的临床特点, 探讨其发生发展的可能影响因素。方法回顾性总结华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2014年5月1日至2021年6月30日期间89例儿童供肾给儿童肾移植受者随访过程中发生移植肾动脉狭窄的临床资料, 中位随访29个月内共发生移植肾动脉狭窄5例(5.6%)。5例儿童供者、受者的中位年龄分别为9个月和11岁, 2例为双供肾移植, 3例为单供肾移植, 肾动脉均采用端侧吻合。诊断移植肾动脉狭窄的中位时间为术后10个月(3～60个月), 除1例3岁受者发生时间较早外, 余4例均发生在儿童受者肾移植后的快速生长期, 身高最大增幅为30 cm。5例中3例有移植部位的再次手术史, 包括同侧再次肾移植手术1例和移植肾尿路重建术2例。5例儿童受者均表现为高血压、2例伴血肌酐升高。4例彩色多普勒超声检测移植肾动脉流速>300 cm/s, 5例CT血管造影或磁共振血管造影均示移植肾动脉狭窄, 程度50%～95%。结果 4例行球囊扩张后2例显著缓解, 1例复发后经支架置入好转, 1例效果不明显而最终移植肾功能丧失。1例观察6个月后狭窄自行部分缓解而暂未...     

供受体输尿管端端吻合在肾移植中的应用

肾移植术中尿路重建多采用供肾输尿管与受者膀胱吻合的方法。近年，我院对5例肾移植采用供、受体输尿管端端吻合，取得良好效果。报告如下。     

肾移植术后长段输尿管狭窄的诊断与开放性手术治疗

目的 总结肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄的诊断方法与手术治疗经验.方法 分析11例肾移植术后发生长段输尿管狭窄患者的临床资料.患者发生长段输尿管狭窄的时间为肾移植术后2～6个月,临床表现为血肌酐升高、体重增加、尿量减少和移植肾区肿胀.所有患者均经B型超声、64层螺旋CT尿路造影(CTU)或磁共振尿路水成像(MRU)确诊,输尿管狭窄长度为3～7 cm.11例患者的治疗方法为:5例行膀胱壁瓣输尿管成形术;2例行供肾肾盂-自体输尿管吻合术;4例行供肾输尿管-自体输尿管吻合术.结果 11例长段输尿管狭窄的患者经开放性手术治疗后,均取得成功,恢复了尿路的通畅.手术时间为2.5～4 h,无明显手术并发症.术后尿量显著增加,血肌酐下降至75～156μmol/L,B型超声示移植肾积水明显减轻或消失.术后随访8～62个月,患者肾功能稳定,无再发狭窄.结论 对肾移植术后出现血肌酐升高等临床特点的患者,应考虑到输尿管狭窄的可能,及时采用B型超声进行常规的检查,采用CTU或MRU明确狭窄的长度及部位;明确诊断后应及时进行开放性手术治疗.肾移植术后的长段输尿管狭窄经早期诊断和及时治疗成功率较高.     

小鼠肾移植模型中膀胱-膀胱吻合尿路重建术的改进

目的探讨小鼠肾移植术中膀胱-膀胱吻合术式中供体膀胱留取改良方法的应用价值。方法 30只昆明小鼠同品系间行肾移植术,供肾均为左肾。结扎供体膀胱颈,远端横断后尿道,整体留取肾、输尿管和膀胱。供体膀胱留取方式:受体术中开放血流后,自供体右输尿管进入膀胱稍下方至左输尿管进入膀胱处上2 mm斜形横断供体膀胱,留取左输尿管带部分膀胱行供受体膀胱-膀胱吻合术。记录手术时间、存活率及并发症发生情况。结果 28只受体小鼠长期存活3个月以上,手术成功率93%,总手术时间(115±12)min,其中膀胱重建时间(25±6)min。1只受体小鼠发生膀胱瓣部分坏死并发症,长期存活受体均无尿路并发症发生。结论改良后的膀胱-膀胱吻合术更简单快捷,能减少小鼠肾移植术后尿路并发症的发生率。     

Combined Boari bladder flap-psoas bladder hitch procedure in ureteral replacement

Uncomplicated injuries to the ureter are commonly treated with end-to-end ureteroureterostomy or reimplantation into the bladder. The Boari bladder flap and the psoas bladder hitch have been used separately when distal ureteral replacement is required. In cases of more extensive ureteral damage extending above the pelvic rim, more complex procedures have been performed. These procedures (transureteroureterostomy, intestinal replacement or renal autotransplantation) often represent a considerable surgical challenge and may be associated with numerous complications. Combining the principles of the psoas bladder hitch and Boari flap affords the clinician a means of traversing extensive ureteral defects with standard surgical techniques. We report herein patients with ureteral damage who have undergone replacement of various lengths of ureter with combined psoas hitch/Boari flap procedures. The technique is suitable for traversing ureteral defects at least to the lower pole of the kidney. An obvious advantage is that the replacement utilizes only normal urinary tract, it does not endanger ipsilateral kidney nor contralateral ureter or kidney and can be employed in patients with decreased renal function. In our experience ureteral replacement with the combination of the psoas bladder hitch and Boari bladder flap is an excellent method which is surgically simpler and safer than the other methods described for more extensive ureteral injuries.     

Endopyelotomy associated ureteral necrosis: complete ureteral replacement using the Boari flap.

A case of an adolescent who sustained necrosis of the entire ureter after attempted endopyelotomy for congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction is presented. Successful reconstruction of a neoureter was performed easily with the Boari bladder flap coupled with nephropexy and a psoas hitch. Although repair of upper ureteral injuries with the Boari flap has been described in the literature, to our knowledge its use in the pediatric population has not. Our case exemplifies how the Boari flap repair is particularly suitable in children for bridging significant segments of injured ureters, not just the lower third.     

重肾双输尿管畸形活体供肾移植2例报告并文献复习

目的：探讨重肾双输尿管畸形供肾在亲属活体肾移植中的应用.方法：回顾性分析2005～2009年2例确诊为重肾双输尿管畸形供者行亲属活体肾移植的临床病例资料,总结治疗经验.结果：2供者术程顺利,无手术并发症,术后肾功能正常,2受者术后肾功能恢复良好,无手术并发症.结论：重肾双输尿管畸形供肾应列入边缘供体范畴,术前应充分评估,我们的处治方法是安全可行的.     

Experiences in kidney transplantation with duplicated ureters

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complications of duplicated ureters in renal transplant recipients. METHODS: Between 1983 and 2004, 12 patients (median age 34 years) received renal transplants from donors with duplicated ureters. In four patients the ureter to bladder anastomoses were performed separately according to the method described by MacKinnon, including two cases transplanted with ureteral catheters because of narrow widths. In the following cases of eight duplicated ureters an anastomosis was performed between the distal part of each ureter to form a common ureteral ostium, which was connected to the urinary bladder. A ureteral catheter was used to the splint ureterovesical anastomosis. RESULTS: No graft loss to ureteral complications was observed. There was no ureteral necrosis in the postoperative period. No clinical symptoms of ureteral junction obstruction were revealed after removing the ureteral catheter. By ultrasound examination four patients showed a slight temporary pyelocaliectasis was observed and four patients developed temporary urinary fistulas. CONCLUSION: Our ureterocystoneostomy procedures with duplicated ureters were safe and useful in kidney transplantation.     

Laparoscopic bladder flap ureteral reimplantation: survival porcine study

PURPOSE: The bladder or Boari flap is a useful technique for ureteroneocystostomy when the distal ureter is too short to reach the bladder without undue tension. We report our experience with laparoscopic Boari flap ureteroneocystostomy in the chronic porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six female farm pigs underwent unilateral laparoscopic Boari bladder flap ureteroneocystostomy. Refluxing direct ureteral reimplantation was performed in the initial 3 animals. In the next 3 animals a submucosal tunnel was formed to achieve nonrefluxing ureteroneocystostomy into the Boari flap. The animals were sacrificed 6 weeks after surgery. At sacrifice ascending cystography, ipsilateral antegrade pyelography and autopsy examination of the ureteroneocystostomy site was performed. RESULTS: No intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted. Average operative time was 140 minutes. Postoperatively serum creatinine and hemoglobin were normal in all pigs. All 3 animals with direct ureteroneocystostomy into the Boari flap had free reflux into the kidney and all 3 with a submucosal tunnel reimplant had no reflux on ascending cystography and free drainage on antegrade pyelography. Autopsy confirmed a patent anastomotic site in all 6 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic ureteroneocystostomy using the Boari bladder flap technique is feasible. Our survival porcine model confirms the successful application of the refluxing and nonrefluxing technique of ureteral reimplantation. Clinical application of the technique has the potential to decrease patient morbidity associated with traditional open surgery.     

The manifestation and management of late urological complications in renal transplant recipients: use of the urological armamentarium

The incidence of urological complications in renal transplant patients is well documented. The majority of these complications occur in the early postoperative period; late occurrences (more than 3 months) are much less common. We have had experience with 7 patients who presented with late complications 3 months to 7 years after transplantation: ureteral obstruction occurred in 4 patients, ureteral disruption or laceration in 2 and neurogenic bladder with hydronephrosis in 1. Management of these patients has been varied and has included cystoscopic stent placement, Boari flap, ureteropyelostomy, ureteroneocystostomy, bladder augmentation and urinary undiversion. Grafts have been salvaged in 6 of 7 patients. Transplant patients who present with late urological complications can be challenging. However, the potential for intervention and graft salvage is excellent.     

膀胱瓣输尿管成形术治疗10例移植肾输尿管梗阻的经验分析

目的:探讨膀胱瓣输尿管成形术(boari flap ureteroplasty,BFU)治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的效果和经验。方法:回顾性分析我院近5年来应用BFU治疗10例移植肾输尿管梗阻患者的临床资料及随访结果,观察移植肾输尿管是否再次发生梗阻和积水。结果:所有患者移植肾输尿管梗阻均得到完美重建,随访1～5年B超检查未见移植肾梗阻和积水,移植肾功能维持正常。结论:BFU是治疗肾移植术后输尿管长段梗阻的有效方法,且近、远期疗效满意。     

Treatment of Urinary Fistula After Kidney Transplantation

Urinary fistula is a common complication after kidney transplantation and may lead to graft loss and patient death. Its current incidence ranges from 1.2% to 8.9%. From December 1993 to April 2007, 1223 kidney transplant procedures were performed by our kidney transplantation team. In 948 recipients (group 1), we performed an extravesical ureteroneocystostomy, and in 275 recipients (group 2), a terminoterminal ureteroureterostomy (UU). We observed urinary fistulas in 43 patients (3.5%), with mean onset at 6 days (range, 3-20 days) posttransplantation. Urinary fistula was significantly more common in group 1 compared with group 2 (4.1% and 1.5%, respectively; P < .05). The distal ureteral necrosis was the major frequent cause of urinary fistula (n = 34; 76.7%), which required either a second ureteroneocystostomy or UU using the native ureter. Of these 21 fistulas, including 10 recurrent fistulaes, were successfully treated with pedicled omentum covering the anastomotic stoma. Conservative treatment with a stent and Foley catheter drainage for 1 to 2 weeks was successful in 8 patients. All patients with a urinary fistula regained normal graft function except 1 in whom transplant nephrectomy was necessary because of pelvic and ureteral necrosis. There was no recipient loss secondary to urinary fistula. In conclusion, UU can decrease the incidence of urinary fistula after kidney transplantation. Most urinary fistulas require surgical management; and pedicled omentum is useful to repair the fistula.