胃功能4项检测结果与胃黏膜萎缩、肠上皮化生的关系研究

目的 探讨胃功能4项检测结果与胃黏膜萎缩、肠上皮化生(简称肠化)的关系。方法 选择2020年1月至2022年8月因上腹部不适就诊于该院消化内科的患者80例作为研究对象,均行胃镜检查及胃黏膜组织活检,根据病理结果分为胃黏膜萎缩或肠化组(观察组)、胃黏膜非萎缩非肠化组(对照组)。所有患者行胃功能4项检查[胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(PGⅡ)、胃蛋白酶原比值(PGR)、幽门螺杆菌(Hp)抗体],对比两组胃功能4项检测结果差异,比较Hp抗体阳性组与Hp抗体阴性组PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGR的差异,并分析Hp抗体检测结果与PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGR水平的相关性。结果 观察组Hp抗体阳性率为44.44%(20/45),高于对照组的20.00%(7/35),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组PGⅡ水平为(12.85±3.47)μg/L,高于对照组的(8.15±2.65)μg/L,观察组PGⅠ水平为(85.45±16.85)μg/L、PGR为6.65±2.11,低于对照组的(123.50±32.25)μg/L、15.15±5.26,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Hp抗体阳性组P...     

血清胃蛋白酶原和抗幽门螺杆菌IgG抗体对消化性溃疡的诊断意义

目的对消化性溃疡患者体内抗幽门螺杆菌(Hp)IgG抗体及血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)水平变化的临床意义进行分析和探讨。方法选择2012年12月至2014年12月于该院接受治疗的50例消化性溃疡的患者为试验组,选取同期至该院接受健康体检的50例健康体检者为对照组,采用胶乳增强免疫透射比浊法对研究对象的血清PG进行检测,采用酶联免疫吸附试验对两组研究对象的血清抗Hp IgG抗体水平检测,分析两组的血清PG水平变化情况及血清抗Hp IgG抗体水平。结果试验组PGⅡ水平为(25.32±7.42)ng/mL、PGⅠ水平为(179.31±53.24)ng/mL、血清胃蛋白酶原比值(PGR)为7.92±2.01,对照组的PGⅡ水平为(12.34±3.23)ng/mL、PGⅠ为(56.37±14.35)ng/mL、PGR为(3.89±0.97),试验组均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。试验组抗Hp IgG抗体阳性率为76.00%,明显高于对照组的28.00%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。抗Hp IgG抗体阳性患者的PGⅡ、PGⅠ及PGR水平明显高于抗Hp IgG抗体阴性患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论抗Hp IgG抗体及血清PG水平变化有利于对消化性溃疡做出诊断,具有重要临床价值。     

血清胃蛋白酶原和抗Hp IgG抗体对消化性溃疡的临床意义

目的研究血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)和抗幽门螺杆菌(Hp)IgG抗体对消化性溃疡的临床价值。方法选取2007年10月至2012年12月期间,在上海华东疗养院体检时发现的消化性溃疡115例作为溃疡组,其中胃溃疡65例,十二指肠溃疡50例。对照组为同期健康体检者,共90名,其中男女比例及年龄均与溃疡组匹配。采用胶乳增强免疫透射比浊法检测PGⅠ、PGⅡ,并计算两者比值(PGⅠ/PGⅡ,PGR),利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对受检者血清进行抗Hp IgG抗体检测。结果溃疡组中,PGⅠ和PGⅡ水平分别为(180.14±20.56)和(24.98±10.14)ng/m L,PGR为7.87±1.29,PGⅠ、PGⅡ及PGR明显高于对照组(P0.05)。溃疡组和对照组抗Hp IgG抗体阳性率分别为77.4%和23.3%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Hp阳性组的PGⅠ与PGⅡ分别为(165.35±22.14)及(20.75±11.26)ng/m L,PGR为7.64±2.03,明显高于Hp阴性组(P0.05)。结论异常血清PG和抗Hp IgG抗体与消化性溃疡密切相关,并且可以作为消化性溃疡早期的筛查指标。     

不同类型幽门螺杆菌在慢性胃病中感染情况及对胃泌素-17和胃蛋白酶原的影响

目的探讨不同类型幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, Hp)感染在慢性胃病中的分布情况及对胃泌素-17(gastrin 17, G-17)、胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen, PG)的影响。方法 523例慢性胃病患者均行~(13)C尿素呼吸试验、血清Hp抗体分型及血清G-17、PG检测和胃镜检查,根据组织病理学诊断分为非萎缩性胃炎组213例,非萎缩性胃炎伴糜烂组96例,慢性萎缩性胃炎组77例,消化性溃疡组94例,胃腺癌组43例;分析5组患者不同状态Hp分布情况及血清G-17和PG水平。结果 523例患者Hp阳性率为76.9%,Ⅰ型Hp阳性率(72.4%)高于Ⅱ型(27.6%);消化性溃疡组Hp阳性率(90.4%)高于胃腺癌组(88.4%)、慢性萎缩性胃炎组(83.1%)、非萎缩性胃炎伴糜烂组(78.1%)和非萎缩性胃炎组(65.7%)(P0.05),胃腺癌组Ⅰ型Hp阳性率(84.2%)高于非萎缩性胃炎伴糜烂组(62.7%)和非萎缩性胃炎组(67.9%)(P0.05)。Hp阳性患者血清G-17[3.88(1.48,9.75)pmol/L]、PGⅡ[13.60(8.71,20.80)μg/L]水平高于Hp阴性患者[1.44(0.65,4.29)pmol/L、7.93(5.59,11.74)μg/L](P0.05),PGⅠ/PGⅡ[12.14(9.44,15.31)]低于Hp阴性患者[7.74(5.60,11.24)](P0.05),PGⅠ水平[109.41(65.31,166.27)μg/L]与阴性患者[97.78(61.70,148.64)μg/L]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Ⅰ型Hp阳性患者血清PGⅡ水平高于Ⅱ型Hp阳性者(P0.05),PGⅠ/PGⅡ低于Ⅱ型Hp阳性者(P0.05),血清G-17、PGⅠ水平与Ⅱ型Hp阳性患者比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);胃腺癌组Ⅰ型Hp阳性患者血清G-17、PGⅡ水平高于其他4组(P0.05),PGⅠ/PGⅡ低于其他4组(P0.05),血清PGⅠ水平高于非萎缩性胃炎组、非萎缩性胃炎伴糜烂组和慢性萎缩性胃炎组(P0.05),与消化性溃疡组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论不同类型的Hp感染在慢性胃病的进展中有不同作用,Ⅰ型Hp是导致胃黏膜病变和胃癌发生的高风险菌株,可引起PG和G-17的异常分泌。     

血清胃蛋白酶原检测对健康体检的应用价值分析

目的分析血清胃蛋白酶原(PG)检测对健康体检的应用价值。方法对本院2017年3月-2018年3月来院体检的160例健康体检人员进行观察,采用酶联免疫吸附法对患者的胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(PGⅡ)水平及PGⅠ/PGⅡ值进行检测,14C-尿素呼气试验进行幽门螺杆菌(Hp)检测,分析性别、年龄、Hp感染与PG水平相关性。结果 (1)160例健康体检人员中男性PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ值均高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(2)60岁之前人群的PGⅠ、PGⅡ值随着年龄的增长逐渐增加,PGⅠ/PGⅡ值在60岁之前逐渐降低,60岁之后进入平台期;(3)Hp阳性人群中血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ异常率均比Hp阴性人群高,有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论健康人群中血清PG水平呈偏态分布,容易受Hp、性别、年龄影响,年龄越高,PG异常率越高,对胃部相关疾病早期筛查有重要作用。     

不同年龄幽门螺杆菌感染人群血清胃功能相关指标和外周血炎症细胞检测结果分析

目的分析不同年龄幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染人群血清胃功能相关指标和外周血炎症细胞检测结果。方法选取不同年龄健康体检者1 807名,其中40岁1 273名,≥40岁534名;根据Hp抗体检测结果,分为HP阳性组和HP阴性组。检测所有研究对象血常规和胃蛋白酶原(PG)Ⅰ、PGⅡ、胃泌素17(G17)。结果 Hp阳性组中,≥40岁人群男性所占比例高于女性(P0.05);40岁人群白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数低于≥40岁人群(P0.05),而PGⅠ、G17高于≥40岁人群(P0.05)。Hp阴性组中,40岁人群白细胞计数、单核细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数低于≥40岁人群(P0.05),而PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G17均高于≥40岁人群(P0.05)。≥40岁人群中,Hp阳性组白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G17均高于Hp阴性组,而PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值均低于Hp阴性组(P0.05);40岁人群中,Hp阳性组白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G17均高于Hp阴性组,而PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值低于Hp阴性组(P0.05)。Peason相关分析结果显示,40岁人群白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G17与Hp感染均呈正相关(r值分别为0.075、0.064、0.286、0.396、0.323,P0.05),PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值与Hp感染呈负相关(r=-0.213,P0.05);≥40岁人群白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G17与Hp感染均呈正相关(r值分别为0.121、0.111、0.203、0.316、0.126,P0.05),PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值与Hp感染呈负相关(r=-0.253,P0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,40岁人群中,Hp阳性组和Hp阴性组PGⅡ、G17差异有统计学意义(P0.05);≥40岁人群中,HP阳性组和Hp阴性组PGⅡ、白细胞计数、PGⅠ/PGⅡ比值差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论不同年龄Hp感染人群血清胃功能相关指标和外周血炎症细胞水平不同,其检测结果可为临床筛查早期胃癌提供参考。     

G17、PGⅠ、PGⅡ、Hp抗体在早期胃癌诊断中的应用价值

目的研究胃泌素-17(G17)、血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ、Ⅱ(PGⅠ、PGⅡ)、幽门螺杆菌(Hp)抗体在早期胃癌诊断中的应用价值。方法随机选择南阳市第一人民医院2017年1月至2018年10月收治的100例胃病患者,根据病理学检查结果分为萎缩性胃炎组(50例)和胃癌组(50例),选择同期来本院进行体检的正常体检者为参照组(50例),比较三组患者的G17、PGⅠ、PGⅡ以及Hp检测阳性率,并比较其诊断灵敏度和特异度。结果三组研究对象血清G17、PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平以及Hp检测阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),且胃癌组患者血清G17水平明显高于胃炎组以及参照组,血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平明显低于其余两组,检测阳性率为86.00%(43/50),明显高于胃炎组的62.00%(31/50)以及参照组的20.00%(10/50),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Hp阳性患者血清G17水平明显高于Hp阴性患者,血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平明显低于Hp阴性患者(P0.05);以胃癌组和参照组绘制血清G17、PGⅠ、PGⅡROC曲线,其曲线下面积G17以及PGⅠ最高,因此,血清G17、PGⅠ诊断效率最高,最佳临界值分别为12.26 pmol/L、72.03μg/L。结论血清G17、PGⅠ、PGⅡ以及Hp抗体可作为早期胃癌的诊断标准之一,同时Hp感染可影响患者的血清G17、PGⅠ、PGⅡ水平。     

胃增生性息肉和胃底腺息肉患者血清胃功能指标及幽门螺杆菌感染情况的分析

目的分析比较胃增生性息肉和胃底腺息肉患者血清胃功能指标及幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染情况.方法选取2017年12月至2018年12月于徐州医科大学附属医院行胃镜检查发现胃息肉且病理证实为胃增生性息肉和胃底腺息肉患者135例,其中增生性息肉组68例,胃底腺息肉组67例.采用免疫印迹法对两组患者血清Hp抗体[尿素酶A(urease A,UreA)、尿素酶B(urease B,Ure B)、细胞毒素相关蛋白(cytotoxin associated gene A, CagA)、空泡细胞毒素(vacuolating cytotoxin,VacA)]进行定性检测.选取慢性浅表性胃炎80例为对照组.酶联免疫吸附(enzymelinkedimmunosorbent assey,ELISA)法检测3组血清胃功能指标[胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen,PG)Ⅰ、PG-Ⅱ、胃泌素-17(gastrin,G-17)],并计算PGⅠ、PGⅡ比值(PGⅠ and PGⅡ ratio,PGR).结果胃增生性息肉组血清PGⅡ(13.13(8.15,20.30)μg /L)、G17(8.44(3.72,27.17)pmol/L)水平高于对照组(9.16(5.56,15.14)μg /L与1.83(0.87,5.95)pmol/L)(P均<0.05),PGR水平低于对照组(P<0.05);胃底腺息肉组血清PGⅠ(120.12(86.72,174.70)μg /L)、PGⅡ(11.92(7.27,22.26)μg/L)、G17(5.68(1.79,14.65)pmol/L)水平高于对照组(101.32(79.17,131.33)μg /L、9.16(5.56,15.14)μg /L、1.83(0.87,5.95)pmol/L)(P 均<0.05);胃增生性息肉组血清 G17 (8.44 (3.72, 27.17)pmol/L)水平高于胃底腺息肉组(5.68(1.79,14.65)pmol/L)(P<0.05);胃增生性息肉组Hp感染率61.76%(42/68)高于胃底腺息肉组40.30%(27/67)(P<0.05),且以Ⅰ型Hp为主(P<0.05);胃增生性息肉组Hp阳性者血清PGⅡ、G17水平均高于Hp阴性者(P均<0.05);胃底腺息肉组Hp阳性与阴性者血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G17、PGR水平比较差异无统计学意义;胃增生性息肉组Hp Ⅰ型者血清PGⅠ、PGR水平高于Hp Ⅱ型者(P<0.05),胃底腺息肉组Hp Ⅰ型血清PGⅠ、PGⅡ、G17、PGR水平与Ⅱ型比较差异无统计学意义.结论胃增生性息肉、胃底腺息肉患者血清PG、G17水平高于慢性浅表性胃炎患者,胃增生性息肉患者较胃底腺息肉患者Hp感染率高且胃功能指标存在异常.     

肝硬化门静脉高压患者血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ与胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ水平的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(PGⅡ)在肝硬化门静脉高压中的临床意义。方法选取肝硬化门静脉高压症患者93例(观察组),同时选取选取健康体检者90例作为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测两组血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ水平。结果观察组血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ分别为(160.31±21.06)μg/L和(17.32±1.63)μg/L,明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Child-Paugh C级患者PGⅠ和PGⅡ分别为(201.16±32.11)μg/L和(30.21±2.32)μg/L,明显高于A级和B级患者(P<0.05);门静脉主干内径>13 mm患者PGⅠ和PGⅡ分别为(184.22±27.06)μg/L和(21.06±1.42)μg/L,明显高于≤13 mm患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肝硬化门脉高压症患者血清PGⅠ和PGⅡ水平升高,与肝功能分级以及肝脏门静脉主干内径有一定的相关性。     

幽门螺杆菌感染程度与胃蛋白酶原和胃癌相关肿瘤标志物的关系

目的研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染程度与胃蛋白酶原(PG)和胃癌相关肿瘤标志物的关系。方法选择2015年1~6月在该院体检的342例健康体检者,用13 C尿素呼气试验检测有无感染以及感染程度,酶标法测定PG,发光免疫法测定肿瘤标志物,并用SPSS统计软件进行统计学分析。结果 342例研究对象的Hp阳性率为49.42%,性别间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Hp(++)组和Hp(+++)组中血清胃蛋白酶原Ⅰ(PGⅠ)、胃蛋白酶原Ⅱ(PGⅡ)水平显著高于阴性组,PGⅠ/PGⅡ水平则显著低于阴性组(P0.05)。Hp阳性(+++)组的肿瘤标志物糖类抗原724(CA724)、癌胚抗原(CEA)和阴性组比较差异有统计学意义(分别P=0.040,P=0.010)。Pearson相关分析显示:Hp感染与PGⅠ、PGⅡ、PGⅠ/PGⅡ、CA724和CEA相关;PGⅡ和糖类抗原50(CA50)呈正相关(r=0.116,P=0.032),PGⅠ/PGⅡ和CA50呈负相关(r=-0.193,P=0.000)。结论 Hp、PG和肿瘤标志物等联合检测可以作为健康体检人群中筛查良、恶性胃病的方法之一,对于预防和干预相关疾病的发生、发展具有较为重要的价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.