不同超滤量对老年血液透析患者血压及心功能的影响与护理

目的：探讨不同超滤量对老年血液透析患者血压及心功能的影响并采取针对性的护理措施。方法分别监测2013年6月至2014年6月在本院接受维持性血液透析的老年患者透析前、透析1、2、3、4 h时的血压及心率,计算平均心率。对左心室与左心房舒张末期内径、射血分数（ EF）、室内隔与左心室后壁厚度进行测量,根据超滤量的不同,76例老年血液透析患者分为三组：A组、B组、C组,A组：超滤量＜2 L／次,26例;B组：2 L／次＜超滤量＜4 L／次,31例;C组：超滤量＞4 L／次,19例。结果 A组在透析过程中,血压波动不明显,B、C组患者在血液透析2h、3h、4h血压下降明显,与透析前血压比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）,C组患者心律失常、心肌缺血、低血压的发生率及平均心率最高,与其他两组比较差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．01）。 B、C组较A组心室壁增厚,射血分数较低,心腔扩大（P＜0．05）。结论超滤量越大,对老年血液透析患者血压及心功能的影响也就越大,容易导致低血压与心功能不全,及时且有针对性的护理措施对恢复患者血压及心功能正常具有重要的意义。     

两种血液净化方式治疗尿毒症难治性高血压的疗效观察

[目的]观察血液透析滤过(HDF)、血液透析(HD)对尿毒症难治性高血压病人的临床效果.[方法]将38例尿毒症难治性高血压病人随机分为HDF组和HD组,HDF组每周行1次HDF治疗、2次常规HD治疗;HD组每周3次常规HD治疗,两组每次治疗4 h,共8周.比较两组病人治疗前后血压、尿素氮(BUN)及肌酐(Cr)的变化.[结果]两组病人经8周治疗后血压明显降低,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);但HDF组病人治疗后的血压与HD组治疗后比较下降更显著,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);BUN及Cr均降低,治疗后两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).[结论]尿毒症难治性高血压病人在常规HD治疗的同时定期进行HDF治疗能有效地降低血压.     

可调钠模式联合超滤曲线对体液负荷过多的维持性血液透析患者的影响

[目的]观察可调钠联合超滤曲线对体液负荷过多的长期血透患者急性并发症,尤其是低血压发生的干预作用.[方法]选择维持性血透2~3次/周,且透析期间体液控制不良患者47例,分为A组21例,按可调钠模式联合超滤曲线透析,共221例次;B组26例,按标准钠曲线透析,共249例次,时间8周,分别比较其耐受性及透析后血钠负荷情况.[结果]A组患者透析中、透析后血压及超滤量较B组高,低血压和肌肉痉挛等急性并发症发生率明显低于B组,且两组相比差异均有显著性(P<0.01).[结论]可调钠模式联合超滤曲线能降低透析患者低血压等急性并发症发生率,提高透析患者的耐受性,不增加透析后钠负荷,是一种安全有效的透析模式,对于透析期间体液控制不良患者尤其适应.     

可调透析液钠浓度对透析中低血压的影响

目的:探讨透析液钠浓度对透析过程中低血压的影响。方法:选择在本院接受血液透析发生低血压的患者18例,分成可调钠组A和常规组B,对两组1h、2h、3h、4h及最低血压进行比较。结果:AB两组在透析的1h、2h、3h及最低血压比较差异有显著性,P<0.05。结论:可调钠透析比标准钠透析更有利于稳定血压,预防低血压的发生。     

血液灌流串联血液透析滤过改善尿毒症并发甲状旁腺功能亢进

目的 探讨血液灌流(hemoperfusion,HP)串联血液透析滤过(hemodiafiltration,HDF)对改善尿毒症并发甲状旁腺功能亢进(甲旁亢)的疗效.方法将慢性肾功能衰竭尿毒症继发性甲旁亢60例随机分为A、B两组.A组行高通量透析,B组行HP串联HDF,分别于首次治疗前后及治疗12周前后测定甲状旁腺素(PTH)、血尿素(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、血清钙(calcium,Ca2+)、血磷(phosphorus,P3+)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(HCT)、血压及促红素用量,观察两组改善继发性甲旁亢各指标的效果.结果 两组患者首次治疗前PTH、Hb、HCT 、BUN、SCr、Ca2、P3+、促红素第1周用量、血压等比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；首次治疗后PTH、肾功能比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；末次治疗前PTH、Hb、HCT、BUN、SCr、Ca2+、p3+、促红素第12周用量、血压等比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；末次治疗后PTH比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 HP串联HDF能有效改善尿毒症继发性甲旁亢各项指标.     

血液透析及与血液透析滤过联合治疗尿毒症顽固性高血压疗效比较

目的比较维持性血液透析及维持性血液透析-血液透析滤过联合治疗对慢性肾衰竭(CRF)患者难治性高血压疗效。方法选择32例尿毒症伴顽固性高血压随机分为2组,A(HD)组:每周透析2～3次,每次4h。B(HDF/HD)组:在每周2次常规HD同时接受每周1次HDF治疗。治疗时间为2个月。比较两组患者治疗前后平均收缩压、平均舒张压的变化。结果 HD组与HDF/HD组相比,后者平均收缩压和舒张压水平均较治疗前明显下降,其差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论维持性血液透析-血液透析滤联合较单一血流透析治疗尿毒症难治性高血压效果显著。     

血液灌流串联血液透析滤过改善尿毒症患者矿物质及骨代谢异常的临床研究

目的探讨血液灌流(HP)串联血液透析滤过(HDF)疗法对尿毒症患者合并矿物质及骨代谢异常的防治效果。方法将慢性肾脏病5期患者60例,随机分为A、B两组:A组30例为HP串联HDF组,给予每周一次HP串联HDF、每周两次常规血液透析;B组30例为HDF组,每周一次HDF、每周两次常规血液透析。分别在两组患者第1周首次治疗前后及第24周末次治疗前后测定全段甲状旁腺素(i PTH)、成纤维细胞生长因子-23(FGF-23)、骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP)、骨保护素(OPG)、Ca2+、P3+;分析每组患者首次治疗前后、末次治疗前后及两组患者首次治疗前后、末次治疗前后各指标相关性;多元Logistic回归分析矿物质及骨代谢异常的危险因素。结果 (1)两组患者实验室指标变化情况:A组与B组患者i PTH、FGF-23、BALP、OPG、Ca2+、P3+首次治疗前比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组中及两组之间PTH、FGF-23、BALP、OPG、P3+等首次治疗前后与首次治疗前比较、末次治疗后与末次治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)两组患者物质清除率比较:A组与B组患者i PTH、FGF-23、BALP、OPG、P3+清除率首次治疗后、末次治疗后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元Logistic回归分析显示,血清中i PTH、FGF-23、P3+为矿物质及骨代谢异常的相对危险因素。结论 i PTH、FGF-23、BALP、OPG、P3+可作为尿毒症合并矿物质及骨代谢异常的标记物;HP串联HDF能有效清除i PTH、FGF-23、BALP、OPG、P3+,从而有利于改善尿毒症合并矿物质及骨代谢异常。     

中心静脉压监测在血液净化中的应用

目的研究中心静脉压(CVP)的监测在血液净化治疗中的作用以及对超滤量的指导意义.方法从本中心自1996年至2003年行中心静脉压监测的血液净化患者中选出22人,定为A组,回顾性的观察其在中心静脉压监测指导下血液净化中的超滤量、血压、心率和血液净化间期血压、心功能的状态及身体状况.选取同期未行中心静脉压监测的身体和病情相似的患者31人,为B组.A组和B组分别在血液净化中低血压的发生率、血液净化间期心力衰竭的发生率、APACHEⅢ评分方面进行比较,同时A组在血液净化中的超滤量与临床估算超滤量进行比较,分析有无差异性.结果A组与B组相比,在血液净化中低血压的发生率、血液净化间期心力衰竭的发生率、APACHEⅢ评分方面均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).A组的超滤量和临床估算的超滤量比较亦有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论中心静脉压监测便于观察血液净化患者循环血量的动态变化,对于及时、准确的调整超滤量有指导意义,并对危重患者心功能的改善和预后有积极作用.     

老年高血压患者血压变异性与早期肾功能损害的相关性研究

目的 观察老年高血压患者血压变异性对早期肾功能损害的影响.方法 对62例老年原发性高血压患者按照24 h动态血压变异性高低将其分为A组和B组(A组血压变异性小于B组).进行24 h动态血压监测和血清胱抑素C及肾功能生化测定,观察比较患者血压变异性对早期肾功能损害的影响.结果 两组患者血压变异性有显著差异(P<0.05);两组血肌酐、尿素氮结果无显著性差异(P>0.05);A组血清胱抑素C含量明显低于B组,有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论 老年高血压患者血压变异性与高血压性早期肾脏损害密切相关.     

不同方法口服非洛地平治疗高血压的疗效观察

目的比较两种不同方法服用非洛地平对24h动态血压的影响,从而寻求一种较好的服药方法,以获得良好的降压效应。方法120例1~2级高血压患者随机分成A组和B组,A组每晨6时口服非洛地平10mg,B组每晨6时、下午4时分别口服非洛地平5mg,比较两组患者4周服药后平均血压下降值、血压负荷、平滑指数,评价降压效果。结果服药后两组患者的24h平均收缩压、平均舒张压、白昼平均收缩压、平均舒张压均较服药前有明显下降,但两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(t分别=0.89、1.01、0.55和0.73,P均>0.05)。B组夜间平均收缩压、平均舒张压、24h收缩压血压负荷、舒张压血压负荷、夜间收缩压血压负荷、舒张压血压负荷低于A组,两组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=2.11、2.05、3.02、2.95、5.52和8.20,P均<0.05)。A组收缩压平滑指数为1.12±0.54,舒张压平滑指数为1.02±0.42,B组收缩压平滑指数为1.32±0.62,舒张压平滑指数为1.24±0.46,B组大于A组,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.85、2.75,P均<0.05)。结论两种方法口服非洛地平均能控制1~2级高血压患者24h血压,在平稳降压方面非洛地平5mg早晚两次口服优于非洛地平10mg每晨一次口服。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.