Urogenital dysfunction after laparoscopic surgery for rectal or sigmoid colon cancer

Background/objectiveUrogenital dysfunction is a common complication after surgery for sigmoid colon or rectal cancers and may result from various causes. Herein, we evaluated urogenital dysfunction and the associated factors after laparoscopic surgery at different follow-up times.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study on 91 patients who were diagnosed with sigmoid colon and rectal cancers and underwent laparoscopic surgery during 2014–2016.Voiding and male and female sexual dysfunctions following surgery were evaluated by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), and Female Sexual Function Index-6 (FSFI-6), respectively. Urogenital function was compared at pre-surgery and 3 and 12 months postoperatively, and factors associated with urogenital dysfunction were identified.ResultsThe overall urinary function after surgery was better when compared to that at pre-surgery; however, there was deterioration in both male and female sexual functions. The mean preoperative IPSS, IIEF-5, and FSFI-6 scores were 9.35, 12.18, and 6.09, respectively. The mean differences among IPSS, IIEF-5, and FSFI-6 at 12 months postoperatively and pre-surgery were ?3.08 (95% confidence interval [CI] ?4.77 to ?1.40), ?2.57 (95% CI -4.33 to ?0.80), and ?2.58 (95% CI -4.73 to 0.42), respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age ≤60 years (odds ratio 4.22) and postoperative complications (odds ratio 2.77) were correlated with erectile dysfunction.ConclusionVoiding function improved after laparoscopic surgery in both sigmoid colon and rectal cancer patients. However, sexual function in both male and female patients was worse. Age ≤60 years and postoperative complications were strongly associated with male sexual dysfunction.     

直肠癌手术对男性性功能和排尿功能的影响

目的　研究直肠癌患者术后性功能和排尿功能的变化。方法　对我院 79例直肠癌患者通过调查的方式调查术后性功能和排尿功能情况 ,并按年龄、术式进行回顾性分析。结果　性功能障碍小于 40岁患者为 3 7.5 % ,40 -5 9岁为 60 .4% ,大于 60岁为 95 .7%。Miles术后并发性功能障碍为 80 .5 % ,近期排尿困难为 46.3 % (1 9 41 ) ,远期排尿困难为 4.9% (2 41 ) ;Dixon术后并发性功能障碍5 5 .3 % ,近期排尿困难为 2 8.9% (1 1 3 8) ,无远期排尿困难。结论　男性直肠癌患者术后性功能和排尿功能障碍发生率高。手术时患者的年龄和手术方式对其发生率有直接影响。保留植物神经的直肠癌根治术可有效地减少患者术后性功能和排尿功能障碍     

A pictorial description of extralevator abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer

Aim Extralevator abdominoperineal excision in the prone position has been reported as a method to improve the poor outcome sometimes observed after abdominoperineal excision (APE) for low rectal cancer. In this paper a pictorial guide is presented describing the key anatomical steps and landmarks of the operation. Method Intraoperative footage of five APE operations filmed in high definition was reviewed and key stages of the operation were identified. Still frames were captured from these sequences to illustrate this guide. An edited video sequence was produced from one of these operations to accompany this paper. Conclusion The prone APE allows improved visualization of the perineal portion of the operation by the surgeon, assistants and observers. It permits clear demonstration for teaching. Prospective evaluation is still required to identify patients who would benefit from extralevator APE.     

男性直肠癌切除术后性功能障碍分析

对25例男性直肠癌切除后性功能进行调查。平均年龄为42．5岁，Miles手术18例，性欲减退8例（44．4％），勃起障碍11例（61.1％），射精障碍13例（72．2％）。Dixon手术7例，性欲减退1例（14.3％），勃起障碍1例（14.3％），射精障碍2例（28．6％）。认为手术损伤盆腔神经是造成术后病人性功能障碍的直接和主要因素。防治关键在于术中完整地保护植物神经，注意剥离层次和切除范围。     

经肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术与传统腹会阴联合切除术对低位直肠癌疗效比较的Meta分析

目的系统比较经肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术（ELAPE）与传统腹会阴联合切除术（APE）对低位直肠癌的治疗效果。方法计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、EMbase、中国知网和维普等数据库中以低位直肠癌为研究对象、并设有ELAPE与APE对照的临床研究文献,采用Cochrane系统评价方法对两种术式的术中穿孔率、环周切缘阳性率、术后局部复发率及术后会阴切口并发症发生率进行Meta分析。结果共6篇文献（1篇随机对照研究和5篇非随机对照研究）656例病例纳入研究,其中ELAPE组346例,APE组310例。Meta分析结果显示,ELAPE组环周切缘阳性率（RR=0．48,95％CI：0．36-0．65）和局部复发率（RR=0．43,95％C1：0．19-0．99）明显低于APE组;而两组患者术中穿孔率（RR=0．45,95％CI：0．15-1．37）和术后会阴切口并发症发生率（RR=I．20,95％CI：0．57-2．50）的差异无统计学意义。结论相较于传统APE术,ELAPE术具有更低的环周切缘阳性率和局部复发率。     

Impact of laparoscopic surgery on bladder and sexual function after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer

Background  Bladder and sexual dysfunction are well-documented complications of rectal cancer surgery. This study aimed to determine whether laparoscopy can improve the outcome of these dysfunctions or not. Methods  The study included 63 of the 116 patients who underwent surgery for rectal cancer between 2002 and 2006. Bladder and male sexual function were studied by means of a questionnaire on the basis of the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). In addition, bladder function was determined by means of postvoid residual urine measurement and uroflowmetry. Postoperative functions were compared with the preoperative data to detect subjective functional deterioration. Outcomes were compared between patients who underwent open (group 1, n = 29) and laparoscopic (group 2, n = 34) total mesorectal excision. Results  Only minor disturbances of bladder function were reported for one patient (3%) in group 1 and three patients (9%) in group 2 (p > 0.05). Impotency after surgery was experienced by 6 of 17 preoperatively sexually active males (29%) in group 1 and 1 of 18 males (5%) in group 2 (p = 0.04). Similarly, 5 of 10 women (50 %) in group 1 and 1 of 14 women (7%) in group 2 felt that their overall level of sexual function had decreased as a result of surgery (p = 0.03). Conclusions  Open rectal cancer resection is associated with a higher rate of sexual dysfunction, but not bladder dysfunction, compared with laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery offers a significant advantage with regard to preservation of postoperative sexual function and constitutes a true advance in rectal cancer surgery compared with the open technique. The proposed advantages can be attributed to improvement in visibility by the magnification feature of laparoscopic surgery. Presented orally at the 8th National Endoscopic Laparoscopic Surgery Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 1–4 July 2007.     

Circumferential resection margin involvement after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer

Aim This study aimed to evaluate circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma after laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision (APR). Method Prospectively collected data were analyzed on consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic APR for histologically proven rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, from 1998 to 2006. Patients with no sphincter involvement were not included and underwent intersphincteric resection with coloanal anastomosis. CRM involvement was defined as ≤ 2 mm using a standardized pathology protocol. Data were presented as mean ± SD or as median (range). Results Seventy‐four patients (60 ± 14 years of age; body mass index = 29.7 ± 7.9 kg/m²) underwent laparoscopic APR. The distance of the tumour from the anal verge was 3.1 ± 0.93 cm. All patients had sphincter involvement. The operative time was 180 ± 73 min, and estimated blood loss was 269 ± 149 ml. There were no conversions and no postoperative mortality. The adverse event rate was 11%. There were two reoperations and three readmissions. Seventy‐one patients had a T3 tumour and three patients had a T4 tumour. The median tumour size was 3.1 (range, 0–10) × 3 (range, 0–8.5) × 2 (range, 0–3.6) cm, and 26 (range, 3–41) lymph nodes were harvested. The median CRM was 7 (range, 1–11) mm. This was localized at the waist of the specimen in 12 (16.2%) of patients. Adjuvant therapy was given to 92% and 97% of patients with an involved and an uninvolved CRM, respectively. At 50 ± 27 months of follow up of 73 patients, 12 had CRM involvement and had a significantly decreased cancer‐specific survival (log rank test, P = 0.002). Conclusion Laparoscopic APR resulted in CRM involvement in 16.2% of patients with rectal cancer.     

Quality of life after surgery for rectal cancer with special reference to pelvic floor dysfunction

Aim Conventional outcomes such as survival, tumour recurrence and complication rates after surgery for rectal cancer have been rigorously assessed, but the importance of maintaining quality of life (QOL) after surgery for rectal cancer has received less attention. The aim of the current study was to analyse QOL and the occurrence of pelvic dysfunction after the surgical treatment of rectal cancer. Method Between May 2005 and May 2008, 150 patients with rectal cancer underwent abdominoperineal resection (APR) or anterior resection (AR). Seventy‐four answered two preoperative questionnaires. At a follow up of 1 year, 65 were alive without sign of recurrence and answered the same questionnaires: (a) validated RAND 36‐item health survey QOL questionnaire; and (b) self‐administered disease‐related questionnaire with special reference to anorectal and urogenital function. Results The postoperative general QOL was similar after surgery, and mental functioning was better (P < 0.001). Problems with physical functions were associated with anal dysfunction after AR (P < 0.001) and problems with social functioning were associated with urinary dysfunction (P = 0.038). At 1 year after surgery, urinary incontinence was worse (P = 0.026) after all operations, and the incidence of dysuria was higher after APR than AR (P = 0.001). Male sexual function also worsened (P = 0.060). Anorectal dysfunction caused more inconvenience among patients who underwent AR (P = 0.028). Preoperative radiation was associated with postoperative ejaculation problems (P = 0.028) and anal incontinence (P = 0.012). Conclusion Factors affecting QOL and pelvic floor function should be taken into account when making treatment decisions in rectal cancer.     

Total perineal reconstruction after abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer: long‐term results of dynamic graciloplasty with Malone appendicostomy

Aim This study aimed to assess long‐term function after total perineal reconstruction (TPR) with dynamic graciloplasty (DG) and systematic Malone appendicostomy (MA) adjunction after abdominoperineal excision (APR) for rectal cancer. Method From 1999 to 2004, TPR using DG and MA was performed in 10 patients [seven women; median age 40 (range 28–55) years] after APR for rectal cancer (cT2 in one patient, cT3 in six patients and cT4 in three patients). We prospectively recorded early and late morbidity, mortality, oncological outcome, functional results (using the modified Working Party on Anal Sphincter Replacement ‘WPASR’ scoring system) and quality of life (QoL; using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer ‘EORTC’ QLQ‐C30 and QLQ‐CR38 questionnaires). Results There was no procedure‐related mortality. One patient required intra‐abdominal re‐operation. Nine patients required local and multiple revisions [there was one coloperineal anastomosis (CPA) stenosis, five CPA mucosal prolapse, three stenosis related to graciloplasty, two MA stenosis and one MA reflux]. After a median follow up of 78 months, there was no local recurrence and six patients were alive and disease‐free. Regarding the functional results, the median modified WPASR score, of 8, after a follow up of 78 months, was good. The overall QoL scores remained stable over time. Conclusion In carefully selected patients who want to avoid definitive abdominal colostomy after APR for rectal cancer, reconstruction involving MA and DG after APR for low rectal cancer is followed by good long‐term function and QoL.     

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目的 探讨中下段直肠癌局部切除的途径和方法。方法 对近１０年来采用Ｍａｓｏｎ手术作局部切除的３０例中下段直肠癌病例进行分析。结果 Ｔｉｓ期癌５例,Ｔ１期癌１３例,Ｔ２期癌１０例,Ｔ３期癌２例。所有标本切缘经病理检查未发现癌残留。平均随访为５２个月。５年存活率为９３％。目前未发现癌复发病例。结论 Ｍａｓｏｎ手术应作为中下段直肠癌局部切除术的首选术式。     

腹会阴联合切除与经肛提肌外腹会阴切除术治疗低位直肠癌的近期疗效比较

目的探讨经肛提肌外腹会阴切除术(ElAPE)治疗进展期低位直肠癌的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法回顾分析33例进展期低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,其中采用ELAPE手术18例,传统腹会阴联合切除术(APR)15例。结果两组患者年龄、性别、肿瘤分期、肿瘤位置、手术时间、术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),ElAPE组与APR组患者术中失血.量、术后标本环周切缘阳性率及肠管穿孔率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论进展期低位直肠癌行ELAPE手术安全可行,可减少术中出血,降低术中标本穿孔率及标本环周切缘阳性率,且未增加并发症发生率。     

直肠癌手术对男性患者术后排尿功能和性功能的影响

排尿功能和性功能障碍是直肠癌手术治疗后的常见并发症,有许多研究对这一问题进行了探讨,现就这一问题的现状做一综述.     

直肠癌行肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术研究进展

肛提肌外腹会阴联合切除术（ELAPE）是治疗低位进展期直肠癌的重要术式。近年来,ELAPE手术方式和技术在逐渐发展,其突出的优点是手术简单、精准、根治性有所提高。腹腔镜和机器人手术系统行ELAPE亦取得肯定效果。多数研究认为,ELAPE降低了环周切缘阳性率、肿瘤穿孔发生率,并可能进一步降低局部复发率和提高存活率。由于切除了更多的肿瘤周围组织,ELAPE可能会增加术后会阴部伤口并发症、泌尿生殖功能障碍和骶尾部慢性疼痛的发生,但有关生活质量研究认为,ELAPE术后病人总体生活质量与传统经腹会阴联合切除术（APR）无显著差别。个体化ELAPE手术可能降低术后并发症发生率。应用生物补片重建盆底有助于缩短住院时间,减少住院花费。笔者认为,ELAPE从理念上强调了沿肛门外括约肌-提肛肌外侧筋膜平面切除的重要性,尽可能保留坐骨直肠窝脂肪,以解剖学基础指导手术,符合肿瘤根治的精准原则。