成人先天性心脏病的神经内分泌激活与慢性心力衰竭

目的检测成人先天性心脏病(先心病)的神经内分泌因子,探讨成人先心病是否存在神经内分泌激活及其临床意义。方法选取100例成人先心病患者,检测其心房利钠肽(ANP)、脑利钠肽(BNP)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)水平,另选取年龄及性别与之相匹配的正常体检成人30例作为对照组。结果成人先心病血循环中的ANP(55.6±7.5)pmol/L、BNP(35.7±7.4)pmol/L、ET-1(2.42±0.31)pmol/L与对照组[ANP(3.1±0.6)pmol/L、BNP(5.7±0.9)pmol/L、ET-1(0.72±0.08)pmol/L]比较明显增高(均P<0.0001),NE(2.17±0.08)nmol/L、AngⅡ(188.3±11.5)ng/L、ALD(546.1±42.3)pmol/L与对照组[NE(1.63±0.13)nmol/L、AngⅡ(61.2±1.6)ng/L、ALD(336.4±22.8)pmol/L]比较明显增高(均P<0.001)。3个亚组随着疾病严重程度的加重,神经内分泌的激活就越明显。结论成人先心病的神经内分泌明显激活并具有慢性心力衰竭的特征,并与疾病的严重性密切相关。     

小儿心力衰竭神经激素改变及其与心功能的关系

目的:了解小儿心衰时神经激素改变及其与心功能的关系,同时研究神经激素改变能否作为小儿心衰定量诊断指标。方法:23例心衰患儿测定血清肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、心钠素和24h尿中肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺;23例心衰患儿的心脏指数、射血分数,与20名同年龄、同性别的正常小儿测定上述指标做对比;分析血清肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、心钠素、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺与心脏指数、射血分数之间的关系。结果:心衰患儿血清中肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、心钠素升高,24h尿中肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺升高,心脏指数、射血分数下降;其血清肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、心钠素升高程度NYHA心功能Ⅳ级高于Ⅲ级,血清中肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、心钠素以及尿中肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺与心脏指数、射血分数呈直线负相关,相关性最好的是心钠素与心脏指数、射血分数;其相关性为-0.74,P<0.01;血清心钠素与射血分数亦呈直线负相关,相关性为-0.71,P<0.001。结论:血清中肾素、血管紧张素I、醛固酮、心钠素与尿中肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺在小儿心衰时增高;其增高程度与心脏指数、射血分数呈直线负相关,以心钠素与两者相关性最好;血清中心钠素可作为小儿心衰定量诊断指标之一。     

十字交叉心合并先天性心脏病的超声诊断体会

目的探讨十字交叉心合并先天性心脏病的超声诊断体会。方法回顾分析3例十字交叉心合并先天性心脏病患者的二维超声和彩色多普勒检查情况,并与手术结果对比分析。结果 3例十字交叉心患者,心房均为正位,心室左袢,房室序接一致。1例成人心室大动脉连接关系一致,为动脉导管未闭和卵圆孔未闭;1例胎儿和1例儿童为大血管转位伴室间隔缺损。结论超声心动图能准确诊断十字交叉心及合并的心血管畸形,有重要的临床应用价值。     

测定慢性心力衰竭患者窦性心率震荡的临床意义

目的观察慢性心力衰竭患者窦性心率震荡(heart rate turbulence,HRT)的变化,以及与左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、心力衰竭积分的关系。方法共入选慢性心力衰竭患者83例。分别计算HRT初始值(TO)、震荡斜率(TS),对不同患者的TO、TS进行比较并分析TO和TS与LVEF、LVEDD和心力衰竭积分的相关性。结果随访12~22个月,平均(14±2)个月,死亡16例,因心力衰竭住院48例次。死亡患者与存活者相比TO显著升高[(2.4±1.2)%vs(0.9±1.2)%(P<0.001)],而TS显著降低[(2.3±0.7)ms/RRvs(3.0±0.9)ms/RR(P<0.001)];因心力衰竭住院患者与无住院患者相比TO显著升高[(1.9±1.3)%vs(0.3±0.7)%(P<0.001)],而TS显著降低[(2.5±0.9)ms/RRvs(3.4±0.8)ms/RR(P<0.001)]。应用β-受体阻滞剂的患者与未应用者相比TO显著降低,而TS显著升高,分别为(0.6±0.8)%vs(2.5±1.3)%和(3.2±0.8)ms/RRvs(2.2±0.8)ms/RR,均P<0.01;应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的患者与没有应用者相比TO和TS无统计学意义,分别为(1.1±1.2)%vs(1.6±1.5)%和(2.9±0.9)ms/RRvs(2.8±1.0)ms/RR,均P>0.05。TO与LVEDD和心力衰竭积分呈显著正相关,与LVEF呈显著负相关;TS与LVEDD和心力衰竭积分呈显著负相关,与LVEF呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.62、0.74、-0.80、-0.46、-0.68和0.69,均P<0.01。结论慢性心力衰竭患者HRT现象减弱与心功能和预后密切相关,HRT可能成为预测慢性心力衰竭患者预后的一个新指标。     

Heart rate variability following neonatal heart surgery for complex congenital heart disease

BACKGROUND: Altered cardiac autonomic control may play a role in the morbidity and mortality suffered by neonates who undergo surgery for complex congenital heart disease (CHD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate cardiac autonomic activity, as measured by spectral indices of heart rate variability (HRV), prior to and early after infant surgery for CHD and attempt to correlate HRV indices with clinical outcome. In addition, we assessed the hypothesis that single-ventricle physiology and surgical interruption of the great arteries negatively affects HRV. METHODS: Sixty neonates prospectively wore 24-hour Holter monitors at three time points: before and early after CHD surgery, and at 3- to 6-month follow-up. Standard spectral indices of HRV were measured. RESULTS: In the early postoperative time point, patients with single-ventricle physiology had lower low-frequency power (LF) compared to patients with two ventricles (P=0.040). Surgical interruption of the great arteries did not affect HRV in this cohort. For the entire cohort, LF (P=0.004) and high-frequency power (HF) (P<0.001) increased over the three time points, while LF/HF (P=0.119) did not significantly change. In the multivariable linear regression model, significant predictors of longer postoperative hospital stay included longer total support time (P=or<0.001), longer duration of inotrope support (P=0.012), elevated mean heart rate at postoperative time point (P=0.002), and lower LF/HF ratio at the postoperative time point (P=0.014). CONCLUSION: Patients with single-ventricle physiology have a significant physiologic reduction in LF in the early postoperative period compared to patients with two ventricles. Diminished cardiac autonomic control is associated with longer hospitalization following neonatal cardiac surgery.     

曲美他嗪治疗冠心病心力衰竭临床评价

目的评价曲美他嗪治疗冠心病心力衰竭的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择114例冠心病心力衰竭患者随机分为治疗组50例和对照组64例。对照组给予常规抗心力衰竭治疗;治疗组在对照组常规治疗基础上加服曲美他嗪20mg,3次／d。2组疗程均为6个月。观察两组治疗前后临床疗效、左室舒张末内径（LVEDD）、左室射血分数（LVEF）、血清B型尿钠肽（BNP）、6min步行试验及药物不良反应等。结果治疗6个月后,治疗组的总有效率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;在LVEDd、LVEF、6min步行距离及BNP等方面改善的程度,治疗组均优于对照组（P〈0．05）;治疗组发生药物不良反应少而轻微。结论冠心病心力衰竭患者长期服用曲美他嗪可使心功能改善．安伞有效。     

美托洛尔在治疗慢性肺心病心力衰竭中的应用

目的　研究与分析选择性β1受体阻滞剂美托洛尔(倍他乐克)对慢性肺心病心力衰竭(心衰)患者的病 死率、住院率及耐受性方面的疗效。方法　44例重度慢性肺心病心衰患者随机分成两组:对照组20例,给予常规治 疗加维生素B15～60mg/d;治疗组24例,给予常规治疗加倍他乐克6.25～100mg/d,随访1年。结果　随访1年时, 治疗组与对照组对比,在所有预设的病死率研究终点上均明显降低,总死亡数为2例对4例;因心衰恶化死亡数为1 例对3例。另外,与对照组对比,倍他乐克治疗组心衰恶化患者住院率下降64%(P<0.01),患者的心功能(NYHA 分级)改善更明显,不良反应轻微。结论　倍他乐克治疗重度慢性肺心病心衰患者,可降低住院率,改善心功能状态而 且具有良好的耐受性。     

Fetal heart rate tracing interpretation in cases of fetal heart block: A case series

Simple assessment of FHR baseline variability can differentiate second‐degree heart block (SHB) from complete heart block (CHB). In cases of SHB, antepartum NST can be reliably used for fetal surveillance. Intrapartum assessment of FHR variability and accelerations is useful to select cases for safe vaginal delivery.     

Role of endothelin in modulation of heart rate variability in patients with decompensated heart failure

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) can modulate central and peripheral sympathetic outflow. However, if increased ET-1 levels contribute to autonomic perturbations in the setting of congestive heart failure (CHF) is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine if increased ET-1 levels contribute to the depressed HRV in patients with CHF. Sixty-four patients were admitted to the hospital for treatment of decompensated CHF (mean age 59+/-12 years, NYHA Classes III [72%] and IV [28%]). Time- and frequency-domain HRV measures were obtained from 24-hour Holter recordings. Neurohormonal activation was assessed by measuring plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, norepinephrine, and ET-1 levels. Among the time-domain HRV indices, ET-1 correlated negatively with the standard deviation of RR intervals (SDNN) (r = - 0.38, P = 0.002) and standard deviation of all 5-minute mean RR intervals (SDANN5) (r = - 0.48, P < 0.0001), but not with time-domain indices indicative of parasympathetic modulation. Among the frequency-domain HRV indices, ET-1 correlated negatively with the total power (r = - 0.32, P = 0.01) and ultralow frequency power (ULF) (r = - 0.43, P = 0.0004), but not with indices of parasympathetic (high frequency) or sympathovagal (low frequency) modulation. Using multiple linear regression, adjusting for clinical parameters, drug therapies, and other neurohormones, the strong negative relationship between ET-1 and SDNN (P = 0.027), SDANN5 (P = 0.002), and ULF power (P = 0.017) persisted. In conclusion, ET-1 may play an important role in the autonomic dysfunction characteristic of CHF. The correlation between ET-1 levels and prognostically important indices of overall HRV suggests that these HRV measures are better markers of neurohormonal activation in CHF, which may partially account for their greater discriminatory power for risk stratification.     

不同性别静息心率与冠心病的关系

目的观察不同性别静息心率与冠心病的关系。方法观察208例入选者的静息心率,据冠状动脉造影结果将其分为对照组及冠心病组。结果男性冠心病组静息心率（77．7±12．5次／min）显著高于对照组（69．1±9．0次／min）（P〈0．05）;女性冠心病组静息心率（76．25±10．8次／min）与对照组（72．2±11．9次／min）无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论静息心率与冠心病的关系因性别不同而存在一定差异,其中男性静息心率与冠心病相关性较女性强。     

停跳和不停跳行心脏直视手术对心肌保护作用的对比研究

目的：探讨浅低温体外循环(CPB)下温血停搏液持续灌注和不停跳行心内直视手术对心肌的保护作用。方法：18只同种健康山羊采用单盲法随机分为冷晶体间断灌注组(Ⅰ组)，温血停搏液持续灌注组(Ⅱ组)，不停跳组(Ⅲ组)3组，每组6只；分别在CPB的不同时刻测定心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量及静脉血心钠素(ANP)含量，并切取心肌组织在电镜下观察超微结构的改变。结果：Ⅰ组MDA和ANP在CPB期间逐渐升高，恢复正常灌注后升高更明显：Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组MDA和ANP虽也有所升高，但较Ⅰ组低，且恢复正常灌注后无升高趋势。心肌超微结构也显示Ⅰ组改变明显，而Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组则基本不变。结论：温血停搏液持续灌注和不停跳行心内直视手术可有效避免心肌的缺血和再灌注损伤，有良好的心肌保护作用。     

Role of ivabradine and heart rate lowering in chronic heart failure: guideline update

Introduction: This review summarizes the current management of heart failure (HF) in patients with reduced ejection fraction and the potential role of heart rate lowering agents in select populations, as recommended in the updated guidelines.

Areas covered: PubMed was searched for studies that evaluated the role of heart rate lowering or ivabradine in HF management.

Expert commentary: Targeting heart rate may offer benefit when added to renin-angiotensin aldosterone antagonists, and beta-blockers. Ivabradine is a heart rate lowering agent that acts on the funny current (I_f) in the sinoatrial node, thereby reducing heart rate without directly affecting cardiac contraction and relaxation. Clinical data from a phase III trial demonstrated that ivabradine reduced the composite end point of cardiovascular death or hospital admission for worsening systolic HF, while maintaining an acceptable safety profile in patients receiving standard of care therapy. These data, in addition to more recently published guidelines, suggest ivabradine as a promising new treatment option for lowering heart rate after optimizing standard therapy in select patients with chronic HF.     

护理干预对冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者的疗效分析

目的 探讨护理干预对冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者的临床效果.方法 以45例冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者作为试验组,给予护理干预;以同期收治的40例冠心病慢性心力衰竭患者作为对照组,给予常规基础护理及生活护理,比较两组不良生活方式改变及治疗依从性情况.结果 试验组在低盐饮食、低脂饮食、合理休息并锻炼、戒烟及戒酒等方面的改善优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);出院后随访6个月,试验组治疗依从率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 护理干预可改善患者生活质量,提高治疗依次性和整体护理质量.     

慢性肺源性心脏病合并冠心病的诊断体会

目的探讨慢性肺源性心脏病合并冠心病的临床特点及诊断。方法将慢性肺源性心脏病的患者150例,分两组：慢性肺源性心脏病合并冠心病的患者（A组,54例）和不合并冠心病患者（B组,96例）,并将两组临床资料进行分析。结果两组比较,易患因素高血压、糖尿病和肥胖比率有显著差异（P〈0.05）,临床表现陈旧性心肌梗塞史、完全性左束枝传导阻滞（LBBB）、心界向左或向左下扩大、持续缺血的ST-T改变、Ⅱ～Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞、电轴右偏和重度右心衰竭有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论慢性肺源性心脏病合并冠心病时症状、体征相互掩盖,使病情更加复杂,漏、误诊率高,故根据上述临床表现及辅助检查诊断该病非常重要。     

β受体阻滞剂对老年慢性心衰患者HRV与Tei指数的影响

目的通过观察心率变异性(HRV)指标与Tei指数,探讨β受体阻滞剂对心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ级心衰患者HRV与心功能的影响。方法选择心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ级心衰患者68例,分为β受体阻滞剂组(40例)和常规治疗组(28例),β受体阻滞剂组患者在常规治疗的基础上加用小剂量的β受体阻滞剂治疗,治疗前及治疗6月后分别检测HRV各项指标及Tei指数。结果两组的SDNN、SDANN、rMSSD、pNN50指标和Tei指数治疗后与治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=3.38、5.30、2.22、3.68、7.60;2.11、1.89、2.33、1.73、1.72,P均<0.05),β受体阻滞剂组与常规治疗组治疗后比较,差异亦均有统计学意义(t分别=1.75、1.83、1.87、5.06、4.59,P均<0.05)。β受体阻滞剂组LF/HF和MHR治疗后较治疗前明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=2.76、3.40,P均<0.05),与常规组治疗后比较,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=1.75、2.18,P均<0.05),而常规组治疗前后比较,差异均无统计学意义(t分别=0.04、0.16,P均>0.05)。结论随着心功能的改善,β受体阻滞剂可减慢老年慢性心衰患者平均心率,改善老年慢性心衰患者自主神经功能和心功能。     

冠心病患者心率变异性分析

目的了解冠心病（CHD）患者的心率变异性（HRV）特点,探讨CHD患者自主神经变化的临床意义。方法测定93例CHD患者和49例健康对照者24h心率变异性的时域指标,并进行比较分析。结果CHD组24hHRV指标水平明显低于健康对照组（P〈0．01）,差异有统计学意义。结论CHD患者HRV降低提示心血管自主神经系统功能受损害。     

浅低温不停跳心内直视手术的体外循环管理探讨

目的探讨浅低温不停跳下心内直视手术的体外循环管理。方法回顾性分析我院78例不停跳心内直视手术的体外循环资料,观察患者的一般情况,体外循环时间,转机中血压、尿量、血气分析、停机时患者的心率、心律、血压、术后并发症等。结果78例患者均平稳完成体外循环,术后无严重并发症,均痊愈出院。结论浅低温不停跳心内直视手术安全可靠,心肌保护良好,可有效减轻低温和缺血再灌注对心肺等脏器的损伤,术后并发症少,患者恢复快。