胃肠减压与进食活动对膀胱全切回肠膀胱术后病人肠道功能恢复的影响

[目的]观察胃肠减压与进食活动对膀胱全切回肠膀胱术后病人肠道功能恢复的影响。[方法]将105例行膀胱全切回肠膀胱术的病人分为实验组(肛门排气后继续胃肠减压2d或3d、禁食)和对照组(肛门排气后即拔除胃管并进流质饮食),观察腹胀及肠梗阻的发生率。[结果]实验组肠梗阻的发生率低于对照组,P<0.01。[结论]肠道排气后适当延长胃肠减压及进食时间可降低肠梗阻的发生率。     

膀胱全切回肠膀胱术后不留置胃肠减压的效果

目的探讨膀胱全切回肠膀胱术（Bricker’s术）术后留置胃肠减压的必要性。方法选择136例行膀胱全切回肠膀胱术的患者,按随机数字表法将住院号尾号偶数者分为试验组,尾号奇数者分为对照组,各组68例。对照组按传统方法术前半小时给予预防性留置胃肠减压,试验组术前不留置胃肠减压,只有患者在术后出现腹胀、恶心,经保守治疗无效或出现肠瘘等并发症时留置胃肠减压。结果两组患者术后进食时间,术后平均住院天数,腹胀、恶心、呕吐程度,并发症的发生率,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,试验组术后重置胃管率2．94％,对照组咽喉部不适的发生率为77．9％。结论膀胱全切回肠膀胱术不留置胃肠减压是安全有效的,且更有利于患者的舒适护理。     

全程系统化护理干预对膀胱全切、回肠膀胱术后病人生活质量的影响

[目的]探讨全程系统化护理干预对膀胱全切、回肠膀胱术后病人生活质量的影响.[方法]将2007年4月-2009年4月在泌尿外科住院治疗的60例膀胱癌行膀胱全切、回肠膀胱术后病人随机分为对照组和观察组,每组30例.对照组入院后进行常规护理,观察组在此基础上进行全程系统化的认知干预、行为干预和心理干预.记录两组病人术后肛门首次排气时间、卧床时间,出院前评价两组病人相关知识掌握程度,出院半年后评价两组病人的生活质量.[结果]观察组术后肛门首次排气时间、卧床时间均显著低于对照组,对相关知识的了解程度大大提高,自我护理能力增强,生活质量优于对照组(P均<0.01).[结论]对膀胱全切术病人全程系统化护理干预对提高病人的自我护理能力、改善生活质量有显著意义.     

即时风险评估系统在膀胱全切老年病人下肢深静脉血栓形成预防中的应用研究

[目的]探讨床边即时风险评估系统在膀胱全切并回肠代膀胱输出术后老年病人下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）预防中的应用,促进病人康复。[方法]将136例膀胱全切并回肠代膀胱输出术老年病人随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组入院后给予即时评估理念为基础的针对性DVT预防与管理,对照组予常规DVT预防与健康管理,评定病人手术后3 d及7 d DVT发生率、行为完成指标情况。[结果]术后3 d及7 d观察组DVT发生率、行为完成指标均优于对照组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。[结论]通过床边即时风险评估能及时、全面地对老年病人进行评估,对病人DVT危险因素进行等级划分,能更好地指导医务工作人员针对性指导,使病人知晓 DVT知识、树立自信心态、更好处理自身健康问题。     

优化术前肠道准备方案对根治性膀胱全切加回肠通道术患者的影响

目的 探讨优化术前肠道准备方案对根治性膀胱全切加回肠通道术患者的影响。方法 选取北京某三级甲等医院泌尿外科膀胱癌患者100 例,按随机数字表法分成观察组和对照组各50 例。对照组于术前3 d开始进行常规术前肠道准备,包括饮食管理（即术前3 d半流食,术前2 d全流食,术前1 d禁食）、口服泻药、清洁灌肠（术前晚和术日晨）。观察组于术前1 d进行优化的术前肠道准备,包括饮食管理（即术前1 d全流食、术前晚22:00禁食）,术日晨灌肠1次,期间无需口服泻药。观察2组患者肠道准备后不适、术后早期并发症和康复效果等指标。结果 观察组术前肠道准备后肛门不适、腹痛、腹胀、恶心等不适发生率显著低于对照组（P<0.01）,观察组的排气、排便时间早于对照组（P<0.05）;2组术后早期并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,2组均未发生严重不良反应。结论 优化术前肠道准备方案可减少根治性膀胱全切加回肠通道术患者术前肠道准备不适,促进术后快速康复,且不增加术后并发症发生率。     

个体化肠道快速康复外科措施在回肠膀胱术病人中的应用

[目的]观察采用个体化肠道快速康复外科(ERAS)措施对回肠膀胱术病人术后肠道功能恢复的影响。[方法]选择2014年1月—2015年1月在我科行膀胱根治性切除术+回肠膀胱术病人32例为对照组。选择2016年2月—2017年9月在我科行根治性膀胱切除术+回肠膀胱术病人58例为观察组,ERAS标准路径参照《中国加速康复外科围术期管理专家共识》。观察组中32例进入ERAS标准组,26例进入ERAS个体化组,ERAS标准组按每项措施标准完成路径;ERAS个体化组因个体差异原因不能按每项措施标准完成1项及以上,采用个体化策略适当调整此措施标准并依据修改后的标准完成该项措施。对照组采用传统围术期肠道管理方法。比较3组病人术后肠道功能恢复情况。[结果]ERAS个体化组与ERAS标准组比较,在术后早期下床活动时间、早期进食时间、肛门排气时间和排便时间方面明显延长(P0.05)。ERAS个体化组与对照组比较,术后早期下床活动时间、早期进食时间、肛门排气时间和排便时间方面明显缩短(P0.05)。ERAS个体化组与ERAS标准组术后严重并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。[结论]个体化肠道ERAS措施可以加快回肠膀胱术病人术后肠道功能恢复。     

根治性全膀胱切除加原位回肠代膀胱术病人胃肠功能恢复的护理

[目的]总结根治性全膀胱切除加原位回肠代膀胱术病人胃肠功能恢复的护理。[方法]对10例行根治性全膀胱切除加原位回肠代膀胱术病人加强术前饮食指导、心理护理、肠道准备,术后胃肠减压的护理、对症营养支持治疗的护理、促进肠蠕动、饮食指导。[结果]术后2d~4d恢复肠蠕动,4d~5d进水及少量流质,胃肠功能恢复良好,无严重并发症发生。[结论]加强根治性全膀胱切除加原位回肠代膀胱术病人的护理是胃肠功能恢复的保证。     

即时风险评估系统在膀胱全切老年病人下肢深静脉血栓形成预防中的应用研究

[目的]探讨床边即时风险评估系统在膀胱全切并回肠代膀胱输出术后老年病人下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)预防中的应用,促进病人康复。[方法]将136例膀胱全切并回肠代膀胱输出术老年病人随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组入院后给予即时评估理念为基础的针对性DVT预防与管理,对照组予常规DVT预防与健康管理,评定病人手术后3d及7dDVT发生率、行为完成指标情况。[结果]术后3d及7d观察组DVT发生率、行为完成指标均优于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。[结论]通过床边即时风险评估能及时、全面地对老年病人进行评估,对病人DVT危险因素进行等级划分,能更好地指导医务工作人员针对性指导,使病人知晓DVT知识、树立自信心态、更好处理自身健康问题。     

胃肠减压在根治性膀胱切除术后应用的必要性评价

目的探讨根治性膀胱切除术后留置胃肠减压的必要性。方法回顾性分析211例行根治性膀胱切除术患者的临床资料,根据是否留置胃肠减压分为胃肠减压组（18例）和对照组（193例）,比较两组的临床效果和并发症情况。结果211例根治性膀胱切除术后有32例发生肠梗阻,占15.2%。其中胃肠减压组有4例发生肠梗阻（22.2%,4/18）,对照组有28例发生肠梗阻（14.5%,28/193）,两组相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。胃肠减压组和对照组的术后进食时间、住院时间和并发症差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。211例患者按术后有无肠梗阻分为肠梗阻组（32例）和无肠梗阻组（179例）,两组进食时间分别为9.1和4.9 d,肠梗阻组进食时间明显长于无肠梗阻组（P〈0.01）,但两组在年龄、性别、手术时间、失血量和住院时间方面差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。肠梗阻组有7例肺部感染（21.8%,7/32）,无肠梗阻组有3例肺部感染（1.7%,3/179）,肠梗阻组肺部感染明显高于无肠梗阻组（P〈0.01）。结论根治性膀胱切除术后不留置胃肠减压是安全有效的,且更有利于患者的恢复;围手术期的护理有待进一步改进,以减少术后并发症和缩短住院时间。     

快速康复外科护理措施在腹腔镜膀胱全切术围手术期的应用

目的 探讨快速康复外科护理措施在腹腔镜膀胱全切术围手术期的应用价值.方法 将62例行腹腔镜膀胱全切术患者随机分为实验组（n=32）和对照组（n=30）,实验组患者应用快速康复外科护理措施,对照组采取传统护理方案,比较两组临床治疗效果、术后恢复情况及并发症发生情况.结果 实验组术前未常规安置胃管,未常规行肠道准备,与对照组比较,该组患者术后进食时间、肛门排气时间、首次排便时间和术后住院时间明显减少（P＜0.01）,术后并发症少于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 快速康复外科护理措施应用于腹腔镜膀胱全切术围手术期能明显减轻患者痛苦,减少并发症的发生,加速患者术后康复.     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

胃癌DNA含量与E-cad、EGFR表达的关系及其意义

目的　探讨胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR表达的关系 ,评价其在浸润、转移潜能及预后判断中的作用。方法　应用图像分析仪及SP免疫组化法检测 30例正常胃黏膜上皮、30例不典型增生和 5 0例胃癌组织DNA含量与E cad、EGFR蛋白表达情况。结果　①正常胃黏膜上皮、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌组的DI、PI、S %、>5c %逐渐增高 ,与胃癌分期、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。②E cad在正常胃黏膜上皮阳性表达率 10 0 % ,EGFR呈阴性表达 ;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级不典型增生及胃癌E cad阳性表达率逐渐降低 ,EGFR的阳性表达率逐渐升高 ,且差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;E cad表达减弱、EGFR表达升高与胃癌分化差、淋巴结转移显著相关 (P <0 0 1)。③E cad表达阴性的胃癌DNA指数及EGFR表达水平显著高于E cad阳性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　检测DNA含量及E cad、EGFR蛋白表达有助于胃癌的早期诊断及转移潜能和预后的判断。     

Quality and suitability of antimicrobial discs: theoretical and practical sources of error and variability

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The use of antimicrobial discs remains one of the main methods for assessing antibiotic activity. Most discs are made to one of three main standards (FDA, WHO, DIN); these all describe an assay method for assessing the quality of discs using a linear method. Theory predicts a curved relationship, and this is backed up in many cases in practice. In such cases, the assays are potentially invalid. Other sources of uncertainty arising from the manufacturing processes employed are also discussed.

Areas covered: This includes error arising from applying FDA, WHO, and DIN standards, the manufacturing techniques employed, and variation in the materials used in production. The need for a specification that relates directly to the use of the discs is also discussed.

Expert opinion: Manufactured discs, some of which may be out of specification due to curvature and other sources of error, have been used to establish quality zone sizes. Quality zone sizes have then been used to measure the quality of discs. This circular quality system where there is no quantitative check is potentially unsafe. In the many decades of their use, there has been no comprehensive check on the quality of manufactured discs using quantitative, validated assays.