微生态制剂妈咪爱治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的临床观察

目的:探讨微生态制剂妈咪爱治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的临床疗效。方法:100例新生儿黄疸患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组两组,每组50例。对照组进行常规治疗;治疗组在常规治疗基础上,加服妈咪爱,通过检测血清胆红素浓度观察其疗效。结果:治疗组胆红素日均下降值为(61.22±28.63)μmol/L,明显高于对照组(39.87±23.11)μmol/L,P<0.01。结论:妈咪爱用于新生儿黄疸治疗,可迅速降低血清胆红素水平,明显缩短治疗时间。     

多维乳酸菌散辅助治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的临床研究

目的探讨微生态制剂对降低新生儿高未结合胆红素血症(UCHB)血清胆红素的机理和疗效.方法46例UCHB患儿被分为两组,常规治疗基础上,观察组加服多维乳酸菌散(妈咪爱);全自动生化分析仪,重氮偶合比色法测血清胆红素.结果 治疗72小时,观察组血清总胆红素较对照组降低明显(P＜0.05),日均胆红素下降均值分别是44.06±7.22μmol/L和36.35±7.19μml/L(p＜0.001).结论 妈咪爱对降低新生儿UCHB有效,符合当前干预新生儿UCHB主张采用较换血更安全的疗法的趋势.     

妈咪爱佐治新生儿高胆红素血症疗效观察

目的　观察妈咪爱佐治新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效。方法　在常规治疗的同时 ,加用妈咪爱口服 ,0 5 g/次 ,3次 /d。 结果　治疗组血胆红素下降平均每天约 4 4± 13μmol/L ,明显高于对照组平均每天约38± 14 μmol/L。 结论　妈咪爱佐治新生儿高胆红素血症有明显疗效 ,可降低血胆红素水平 ,缩短治疗时间。     

茵栀黄口服液联合枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒治疗新生儿高胆红素血症92例临床观察

目的观察联用中药茵栀黄口服液及枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒（妈咪爱）治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效。方法将195例患者随机分为2组：对照组93例,采用西医常规蓝光照射及对症处理;治疗组92例,在对照组治疗基础上联用茵栀黄口服液及枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒（妈咪爱）;3 d后观察2组疗效。结果治疗3 d后经皮黄疸仪测定胆红素（TBIL）水平,对照组（112.1±10.5）μmol/L,治疗组为（94.3±9.1）μmol/L,2组比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。治疗组有效率为90.2%,高于对照组的83.8%。结论在常规蓝光照射及对症治疗基础上,联用茵栀黄口服液及枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒（妈咪爱）治疗新生儿高胆红素血症,能明显缩短黄疸清退时间,迅速降低胆红素水平。     

间断蓝光加妈咪爱治疗新生儿高胆红素血症疗效观察

目的:探讨蓝光加妈咪爱对新生儿高胆红素血症的治疗效果,以指导临床工作。方法:将196例新生儿高胆红素血症患儿随机分成两组,观察组98例,对照组98例,两组在性别、日龄、体重、黄疸原因及程度等方面相比较,差异无显著性,具有可比性。对照组使用肝酶诱导剂、白蛋白、茵栀黄及蓝光连续照射治疗。观察组使用肝酶诱导剂、白蛋白、茵栀黄及蓝光间断照射、口服妈咪爱治疗。结果:观察组患儿治疗24小时后胆红素值(258.6±35.6)μmol/L,48小时为(212.5±35.6)μmol/L,72小时为(192.8±34.1)μmol/L,黄疸消退情况:平均2.9天降至正常标准以下。与对照组相比较,24、48、72小时胆红素值及退黄时间差异均有显著性(t=2.69,3.73,2.71,5.94;P<0.05)。结论:间断蓝光照射加妈咪爱治疗新生儿高胆红素血症,效果良好。     

微生态调节剂干预新生儿高未结合胆红素血症的疗效观察

目的观察微生态调节剂干预新生儿高未结合胆红素血症的疗效。方法将35例高未结合胆红素血症新生儿,随机分为两组,观察组21例,对照组14例,治疗前两组患儿临床资料及血清总胆红素值均无显著差异。两组患儿予常规治疗和原发病治疗,观察组加用丽珠肠乐胶囊1/2粒8h1次,治疗期间每日定时查经皮胆红素值2次,治疗结束查血清总胆红素。结果观察组日均胆红素下降值49.35±7.32μmol/L,治疗结束血清总胆红素77.43±14.33μmol/L;对照组日均胆红素下降值34.47±7.06μmol/L,治疗结束血清总胆红素104.54±21.72μmol/L;两组间有非常显著差异(P<0.01)。观察组平均治疗天数(4.7±2.6天)与对照组平均治疗天数(7.2±3.8天)有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论丽珠肠乐干预新生儿高胆,疗效确切,提示补充双歧杆菌也可促进新生儿高胆的消退,值得临床推广运用。     

妈咪爱干预新生儿黄疸的临床观察

目的:探讨妈咪爱干预新生儿黄疸的临床疗效。方法:84例新生儿随机分为干预组和对照组。干预组生后0.5h喂妈咪爱0.5g,2次/d,连用5d。两组新生儿每天测胆红素一次。结果:干预组总胆红素≥205.2μmol/L的占9%,对照组为32.5%(P<0.05),黄疸持续时间分别为(5.71±3.15)d、(7.80±4.20)d,(t=2.56,P<0.01)。结论:妈咪爱早期口服可减少新生儿胆红素异常升高,缩短黄疸持续时间,使新生儿安全度过黄疸高峰期。     

茵栀黄口服液佐治新生儿高胆红素血症69例疗效观察

目的:观察茵栀黄口服液佐治新生儿高胆红素血症的临床疗效。方法:以患有高胆红素血症新生儿为研究对象,随机分为两组,对照组30例,采用西医常规治疗,治疗组39例,在对照组治疗的基础上加用茵栀黄口服液。结果:用药3d和用药5d后治疗组胆红素水平分别降至(106.4±20.8)μmol/L和(74.2±18.6)μmol/L,对照组胆红素水平下降至(142.8±21.6)μmol/L和(125.6±17.22)μmol/L。两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:茵栀黄口服液可有效降低新生儿高胆红素水平,提高临床疗效。     

酪酸梭菌二联活菌联合苯巴比妥结合蓝光治疗早期新生儿高胆红素血症疗效评估

目的观察酪酸梭菌二联活菌联合苯巴比妥结合蓝光治疗在早期新生儿高胆红素血症中的疗效,探讨其是否更优于其各自单独联合光疗的治疗效果。方法收集 2018年 12月至 2019年 7月间在皖南医学院弋矶山医院新生儿科收治的确诊为新生儿高胆红素血症需要光疗的病儿 150例,通过随机数字表法分为试验组:酪酸梭菌二联活联合苯巴比妥结合光疗组,对照组:苯巴比妥结合光疗组(苯巴比妥组)及酪酸梭菌二联活菌结合光疗组(常乐康组)每组各 50例。疗程 5~7 d。分别观察各组中病儿经皮胆红素值的水平变化。结果治疗第 3天苯巴比妥组经皮胆红素为(17,7.2±35.1)μmol/L,常乐康组为( 176.6±34.0)μmol/L,试验组为( 178.7±46.9)μmol/L,差异无统计学意义( F＝0.033,P＝0.967);治疗第 5天苯巴比妥组经皮胆红素为(136.1±39.0)μmol/L,常乐康组为( 136.1±38.3)μmol/L,试验组为( 112.3±38.6)μmol/L,差异有统计学意义( F＝5.367,P＝0.006);治疗第 7天苯巴比妥组经皮胆红素为( 131.2±21.0)μmol/L,常乐康组为( 127.4±23.9)μmol/L,试验组为( 108.1±34.7) μmol/L,差异有统计学意义( F＝3.394,P＝0.036),其中试验组降低胆红素的疗效明显优于两个对照组。试验组光疗的不良反应总发生率明显低于两个对照组( P＜0.05),疗效明显优于两个对照组( P＜0.05)。结论酪酸梭菌二联活菌联合苯巴比妥结合蓝光治疗在早期新生儿高胆红素血症中的疗效肯定,更优于其各自单独联合光疗的治疗效果。     

微生态制剂辅助治疗新生儿高胆红素血症40例疗效观察

目的观察妈咪爱辅助治疗新生儿高胆红血症的临床效果。方法将患儿随机分为2组,对照组（36例）常规采用蓝光照射治疗,适当地补液促胆红素排泄治疗;治疗组（40例）在常规治疗的基础上加用微生态制剂枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒（妈咪爱）1袋﹑每日2次口服。观察2组患儿胆红素水平下降情况及胆红素降至正常值时间。结果治疗组胆红素日均下降值为（46±5）μmol/L,明显高于对照组的（31±3）μmol/L;胆红素降至正常值的天数为（4.1±1.1）d,明显短于对照组的（5.8±1.3）d,差异有非常显著性（P〈0.01）。结论微生态制剂辅助治疗新生儿高胆红素血症疗效显著。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.