龙眼参中多糖的含量测定

目的 :测定龙眼参中多糖的含量。方法 :以苯酚—硫酸比色法测定 ,λm ax=490 nm。结果 :五批龙眼参中的多糖含量分别为 0 .2 4%、0 .2 3 %、0 .2 4%、0 .2 5 %和 0 .2 4%。结论 :龙眼参中的多糖含量较高 ,平均为 0 .2 4± 0 .0 0 71% (n=5 )。     

二味康中多糖的含量测定

目的 :建立二味康中多糖的含量测定方法。方法 :用苯酚 硫酸比色法测定多糖的含量 ,测定波长 488nm。结果 :本法线性范围为 6～ 6 0 μg·ml- 1,平均回收率 =97.94%,RSD =2 .33%(n =6 )。测得 5批样品中多糖含量分别为 56 .7,6 8.4,73.1 ,73.4,90 .4mg·ml- 1。结论 :该法可用于二味康中多糖的含量测定。     

参麦注射液治疗冠心病30例临床分析

参麦注射液 (5 0 ml/安瓶 )是由雅安三九药业有限公司采用新技术从红参、麦冬中提取 ,含有人参皂甙、麦冬皂甙、麦冬黄酮及微量人参多糖和麦冬多糖组成的中药制剂。我院自1998年 8月至 2 0 0 0年 8月 ,用参麦注射液观察治疗 30例冠心病人 ,现报告如下。1　资料及方法1.1　病例选择 :选自我院就诊病人 ,按 WHO1978年诊断标准诊断为冠心病心绞痛型 ,无心脏扩大、左室肥厚者 6 0例 ,男 40例 ,女 2 0例 ;年龄 5 4～ 80岁 ,平均 6 2岁。按随机分配原则 ,分为治疗组 30例 ,对照组 30例。1.2　给药方法 :治疗组用参麦注射液 10 0 ml加于 10 %葡萄…     

注射用卡提素冻干粉针中核糖与多糖的含量测定

目的　 建立注射用卡提素中核糖与多糖含量测定的方法。 方法 　采用紫外分光光度法 ,在 6 5 0nm波长处测定核糖的含量 ,在 6 2 0nm波长处测定多糖的含量。 结果 　核糖的平均回收率为 10 0 2 7% ,RSD为0 88%。多糖的平均回收率为 10 0 30 % ,RSD为 0 96 %。 结论 　此方法可行。     

3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测二味康口服液中多糖的含量

目的 :建立二味康中多糖含量测定方法。方法 :采用 3 ,5 二硝基水扬酸法 (简称DNS法 )对制剂中多糖进行含量测定。结果 :样品经DNS试剂显色后于 5 2 0nm处测定吸收度 ,在此波长处溶液的吸光度与葡萄糖含量呈良好线性关系 ,线性范围 :0 .0 0 8～ 0 .0 40g·L- 1 ,r =0 .9998,加样回收率为 10 0 .7% ,RSD为 2 .2 % (n =6) ;测得 9批样品 ,多糖含量以葡萄糖计为14 .0 3～ 2 2 .91g·L- 1 。结论 :DNS法用于测定多糖含量简单易行 ,且重复性好 ,可作为该制剂常规分析方法。     

天芎注射液中多糖的含量测定

目的　建立天芎注射液中多糖含量的测定方法。方法　硫酸蒽酮作为显色液,采用比色法测定天芎注射液中多糖的含量。结果　线性范围为10～5 0 μg·ml-1(r=0 . 9999) ;高、中、低浓度平均回收率为98. 7% ,RSD =0 .83% (n =6 )。结论　所用方法操作简便,重复性好,适用于天芎注射液中多糖的含量测定。     

HPLC测定利福定胶囊的含量

目的　建立利福定胶囊的含量测定方法。方法　采用KromasilC18柱 (4 .6mm× 2 0 0mm ,5 μm) ,以甲醇 - 0 0 5mol·L-1乙酸铵溶液为流动相 ,进样 2 0 μl,检测波长 2 5 4nm。 结果　利福定在 0 0 5～ 0 5 4mg·ml-1范围内 ,呈良好的线性关系 (r =0 9999) ,平均回收率为 10 0 6 6 % ,RSD =0 82 %。结论　方法准确可靠 ,可用于测定利福定胶囊的含量     

RP-HPLC法测定复方甲硝唑片中甲硝唑和维生素B_6的含量

目的 :建立RP HPLC法测定复方甲硝唑片中甲硝唑和维生素B6的含量。方法 :采用Shim packCLC ODS柱 (4 .6mm× 2 0 0mm ,5 μm) ,甲醇 水 (30∶70 )为流动相 ,2 90nm为检测波长 ,外标法测定含量。 结果 :甲硝唑和维生素B6的线性范围分别为 5 0～ 5 0 0 μg·ml-1(r=0 .9996 ) ,5～ 5 0 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ,平均回收率分别为 10 0 .2 % (RSD =0 .93% ) ,99.5 %(RSD =0 .4 2 % ) ,n =6。结论 :RP HPLC法测定复方甲硝唑片中甲硝唑和维生素B6的含量 ,方法准确 ,操作简便 ,结果可靠。     

仙人掌提取物的提取及含糖量的测定

目的　研究对墨西哥仙人掌的粗多糖的提取及糖含量的测定。方法　酒精沉淀法提取粗多糖 ,利用分光光度法测定糖含量。结果　沉淀 48～ 6 0h ,酒精用量 6 5倍 ,为提取仙人掌粗多糖方法。仙人掌酸提物的糖含量 46 19%,水提物的糖含量为 43 5 2 %。结论　酸提物中粗多糖的阿拉伯糖含量高于水提物中粗多糖的阿拉伯糖含量。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定参麦颗粒中6种成分的含量

目的建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定参麦颗粒中的尿囊素、原儿茶醛、儿茶素、表儿茶素、麦冬甲基黄烷酮A和甲基麦冬二氢高异黄酮B的含量。方法采用Agilent C_(18)(4. 6 mm×250 mm,5μm);以乙腈-0. 5%冰醋酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;柱温30℃。结果尿囊素、原儿茶醛、儿茶素、表儿茶素、麦冬甲基黄烷酮A和甲基麦冬二氢高异黄酮B的线性范围分别为3. 87～96. 75μg/ml (r=0. 999 9)、1. 29～32. 25μg/ml(r=0. 999 3)、0. 73～18. 25μg/ml (r=0. 999 2)、1. 56～39. 00μg/ml (r=0. 999 8)、1. 19～29. 75μg/ml (r=0. 999 6)和0. 86～21. 50μg/ml (r=0. 999 5),平均加样回收率分别为99. 46%、98. 28%、96. 97%、98. 55%、97. 99%、97. 26%,RSD分别为1. 10%、0. 96%、1. 43%、1. 29%、0. 77%、1. 36%。结论所建立的HPLC波长切换法可同时测定参麦颗粒中尿囊素、原儿茶醛、儿茶素、表儿茶素、麦冬甲基黄烷酮A和甲基麦冬二氢高异黄酮B的含量,可以为参麦颗粒的质量控制提供依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.