慢性胰腺炎的猫模型制作及磁共振影像表现

目的 制备猫慢性胰腺炎(CP)模型,观察其MRI与MRCP的影像学表现.方法 32只猫按数字表法随机分为对照组及制模后3、5、7周组.采用胰管不全结扎法制备CP模型,术后3、5、7周行MRI平扫及MRCP检查,观察胰腺形态,测量胰管直径及感兴趣区(ROI)的T1信号强度值(Tls),计算同层胰腺及肝脏Tls比值.结果 制模的24只猫中存活19只,其中15只形成CP,病理证实轻、中、重度CP分别为7、5、3只,制模成功率为62.5％.在MRI上,猫的正常胰腺显示清晰,T1加权像信号强度高于肝脏,T2加权像信号强度低于肝脏;在MRCP图像上,4只正常猫显示主胰管,胰管最大径(0.79±0.18)mm,并可见胰管及胆总管共同开口于十二指肠降部.正常胰腺及轻、中、重度CP感兴趣区的rTls值分别为1.03±0.06、0.95±0.08、0.90±0.10、0.80±0.11,各CP组与正常对照组间差异均有统计学意义(t=2.18,P＜0.05;t =2.89,P＜0.05;t =4.63,P＜0.01);胰管最大径分别为(0.79±0.18)、(0.95±0.24)、(1.26±0.31)、(2.67±0.71)mm,中、重度CP组与正常对照组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或＜0.01).结论 胰管不全结扎可制备猫的CP模型.猫的胰腺解剖形态、CP的MRI及MRCP表现与人类相似.     

自身免疫性胰腺炎的CT和MRI影像学征象

目的 探讨自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis,AIP)的CT及MRI影像学表现特征.方法 回顾性分析14例经组织学和(或)类固醇激素治疗证实的AIP患者的CT及MRI资料.10例行CT检查,7例行MRI检查(其中3例同时做CT和MRI检查).结果 11例AIP表现为胰腺弥漫性肿大,3例为胰腺局限性肿大.10例CT平扫见胰腺病变区密度均降低,5例显示节段性胰管,5例见胆总管胰头段狭窄;7例在胰腺病变区周围可见环绕包膜样结构;动态增强后出现延迟均匀强化.7例MRI的抑脂T1WI显示胰腺病变后信号均匀降低(3例)或不均匀降低(4例),抑脂T2WI信号均匀增高(3例)或不均匀增高(4例);4例MRI显示胰管,MRCP见1例胰头部胰管局限性狭窄,2例胰管节段性狭窄;5例MRI见胆总管胰头段狭窄,MRCP见3例胆总管胰头段呈鸟嘴样狭窄;6例见胰腺病变区周围环绕包膜样结构.14例AIP均未见胰腺实质钙化,胰管均未见明显扩张(＞3 mm).结论 AIP的CT、MRI表现具有特征性,主要为胰腺呈腊肠样改变,胰周出现包膜样结构,胰管弥漫性或局限性狭窄,胆总管胰头段炎性狭窄.     

不同MR快扫序列对胰腺肿瘤的诊断价值

目的明确各种MR快扫序列对胰腺肿瘤的诊断价值,确定最佳扫描序列组合.方法对40名临床怀疑胰腺占位患者行MR检查,扫描序列包括:FS FLASH T1WI、TSE T2WI、True-FISPT2WI、MRCP及多时相动态增强3-D FLASH T1WI.测量正常胰腺与病灶的信号强度,计算胰腺-肿瘤的CNR,对各序列图像质量进行评分.最后,将各序列MRI的诊断和评价结果与手术病理相对照.结果胰腺-肿瘤的CNR:多时相动态增强3-D FLASH T1WI中,以胰腺实质期的胰腺-肿瘤CNR最高(9.7),其同期所获得的图像质量也最好(3.54±0.64),均优于平扫各序列(P＜0.05).对胰腺肿瘤的评价:动态增强3-D FLASH T1WI在检出胰腺癌及评价癌肿胰周血管受累、邻近器官受侵及转移灶方面均为最优(P＜0.05);MRCP对胰腺癌导致的胰胆管受侵最敏感,其次是True-FISP T2WI.综合各扫描序列的敏感性和准确性均优于任何单一的平扫、水成像或动态增强扫描序列.结论胰腺肿瘤的MR检查,多种扫描序列各有优缺点,联合应用能发挥最大潜力.理想的检查组合应包括:平扫屏气FS-FLASH T1WI、TSE T2WI、高分辨力的厚层及薄层MRCP、屏气的三维梯度回波序列多时相动态增强扫描.     

胰腺外分泌功能与胰腺癌分期、肿瘤大小关系的临床研究

目的 研究胰腺外分泌功能与胰腺癌分期、肿瘤大小的关系.方法 采用NBT-PABA试验测定39例胰腺癌、46例CP患者和20名正常人胰腺外分泌功能,分析其与胰腺癌JPS局部进展度(T因子)及肿瘤大小(Ts)的关系.结果 正常人PABA排泄率平均为(78.9±15.9)%;CP患者平均为(58.6±19.3)%,其中轻、中、重度CP的PABA排泄率分别为(75.5±23.6)%、(57.9±21.5)%、(45.5±16.7)%;胰腺癌患者PABA排泄率平均为(47.6±18.3)%.其中,L3+T4期胰腺癌患者PABA排泄率为(42.2±21.7)%,显著低于Tl+T2期患者的(64.8±11.1)%(P<0.05);TS3+TS4患者PABA排泄率为(34.8±17.2)%,显著低于TS1+TS2患者的(55.6±23.5)%(P<0.05);胰头癌PABA排泄率为(42.5±16.4)%,显著低于胰体尾癌的(71.8±9.6)%(P<0.05);33例胰头癌中,主胰管狭窄患者的PABA排泄率为(54.2±14.1)%,显著高于胰管中断患者的(37.6±14.1)%(P<0.05).胰腺癌与中、重度CP的胰腺外分泌功能无显著差异.结论 胰头癌患者的胰腺外分泌功能减低的程度与胰腺癌分期、肿瘤大小及部位有一定相关性,其中胰管中断为影响判定的因素.胰腺外分泌功能不能鉴别胰腺癌与中、重度CP.     

不同MR快扫序列对胰腺肿瘤的诊断价值

目的明确各种MR快扫序列对胰腺肿瘤的诊断价值,确定最佳扫描序列组合.方法对40名临床怀疑胰腺占位患者行MR检查,扫描序列包括FS FLASH T1WI、TSE T2WI、True-FISPT2WI、MRCP及多时相动态增强3-D FLASH T1WI.测量正常胰腺与病灶的信号强度,计算胰腺-肿瘤的CNR,对各序列图像质量进行评分.最后,将各序列MRI的诊断和评价结果与手术病理相对照.结果胰腺-肿瘤的CNR多时相动态增强3-D FLASH T1WI中,以胰腺实质期的胰腺-肿瘤CNR最高(9.7),其同期所获得的图像质量也最好(3.54±0.64),均优于平扫各序列(P＜0.05).对胰腺肿瘤的评价动态增强3-D FLASH T1WI在检出胰腺癌及评价癌肿胰周血管受累、邻近器官受侵及转移灶方面均为最优(P＜0.05);MRCP对胰腺癌导致的胰胆管受侵最敏感,其次是True-FISP T2WI.综合各扫描序列的敏感性和准确性均优于任何单一的平扫、水成像或动态增强扫描序列.结论胰腺肿瘤的MR检查,多种扫描序列各有优缺点,联合应用能发挥最大潜力.理想的检查组合应包括平扫屏气FS-FLASH T1WI、TSE T2WI、高分辨力的厚层及薄层MRCP、屏气的三维梯度回波序列多时相动态增强扫描.     

42例青少年慢性胰腺炎的病因及临床特征分析

目的 探讨青少年慢性胰腺炎(CP)的病因及临床特征.方法 依据2002年亚太共识报告中提出的CP诊断标准,回顾分析1997年1月至2006年8月间住院治疗的42例青少年CP患者的病因、临床表现及影像学资料.结果 42例青少年CP患者占同期住院CP患者的9.84%,男、女各21例,平均住院年龄15.1岁,平均首发年龄为11.8岁;发病时间超过2年者25例(59.5%);首发到确诊时间超过2年者24例(57.1%).病因中以特发性慢性胰腺炎(ICP)为主(27例,64.3%),其次为胆道疾病和胰腺分裂等.轻、中度腹痛为主要症状,23例(54.8%)患者入院前腹痛发作4次以上,39例(92.9%)患者至少有一次"AP"发作.ERCP、CT、MRI(或MRCP)、腹部B超的阳性发现率分别为100%(37/37)、92.9%(13/14)、76.9%(20/26)和78.4%(29/37),以病理学诊断或ERCP所见为"金标准",CT、MRI(或MRCP)、腹部B超显示胰管改变的阳性率分别为74.1%、74.1%和51.4%;显示胰腺钙化或胰管结石的阳性率分别为87.5%、61.5%和45.4%.结论 青少年CP的首要病因为ICP,对反复发作的轻中度腹痛尤其是有"AP"病史者,应考虑CP的存在,辅助检查以MRI(或MRCP)和CT为优.     

自身免疫性胰腺炎的影像特征及其诊断价值

目的 探讨自身免疫性胰腺炎(AIP)的影像特征及其在AIP诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析13例AIP患者的影像和临床资料.结果 11例AIP表现为胰腺弥漫性肿大,2例胰头局限性肿大.CT平扫病变密度均均匀.4例在MR T1WI上信号降低、T2WI上信号轻度升高,增强后动脉期病变轻度强化,门脉期及延迟期进一步强化.9例胰腺周围有包膜样结构.横轴位图像上肝内外胆管扩张、胆总管胰腺段狭窄或闭塞10例,胰管未显影11例.6例行MRCP者有4例显示胆总管胰腺段较大范围狭窄或闭塞,胰管节段性狭窄.7例ERCP显示胰管弥漫性、不规则狭窄.胰周静脉受累8例,肾脏多发低密度灶6例,腹膜后纤维化2例,肝门部胆管狭窄1例,肺间质病变1例,强直性脊柱炎1例.结论 AIP的影像学征象具有一定特征性,影像检查在AIP诊断中起重要作用.识别胰腺外脏器受累对正确诊断AIP有帮助.     

阿尔茨海默病与2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)与胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法选取AD患者78例、2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者42例和同期体检健康者33例作为研究对象;按痴呆严重程度将AD组分为轻度痴呆组19例、中度痴呆组33例和重度痴呆组26例。测定各组受试者空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)及稳态胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果 HOMA-IR T2DM组(3.72±1.82)>AD组(2.05±1.40)>健康对照组(1.46±0.62),各组间均有统计学差异(均P<0.05)。重度痴呆患者HOMA-IR水平(2.67±1.93)明显高于轻度(1.48±0.73)、中度痴呆患者(1.90±0.98)(均P<0.05),轻度与中度患者之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论胰岛素抵抗与AD有一定的相关性,减轻胰岛素抵抗有助于延缓AD病情进展。     

基于M-ANNHEIM分类系统的307例慢性胰腺炎临床特征分析

目的 以M-ANNHEIM分类系统为指导,研究慢性胰腺炎(CP)的临床表现、病因、危险因素,探讨M-ANNHEIM分类系统对CP的有效性及临床指导意义.方法 收集2007年12月到2009年12月在长海医院住院的CP患者的临床资料,按M-ANNHEIM分类系统进行分类.结果 307例CP患者入组,其中男性214例,女性93例,男∶女=2.3∶1,成人256例,青少年(＜18岁)51例.有饮酒史129例(42.0%),吸烟110例(35.8%),血脂升高31例(10.1%),12例有胰腺分裂、胰腺创伤后胰管瘢痕形成等胰腺导管因素.胰腺钙化231例(75.2%),外分泌功能不全(脂肪泻)45例(14.7%),内分泌功能不全(糖尿病)58例(18.9%),曾行胰腺外科手术者32例(10.4%),伴有胰腺假性囊肿、胆管梗阻、胰腺癌等严重的器质性并发症者39例(12.7%).M-ANNHEIM临床分期:0期患者为0,Ⅰ期患者220例(71.7%),Ⅱ期69例(22.5%),Ⅲ期12例(3.9%),Ⅳ期6例.M-ANNHEIM临床特征及严重性评分平均为7.78分.轻度69例(22.5%),中度174例(56.7%),进展62例(20.2%).结论 M-ANNHEIM 分类系统是临床实践的一个简单的、客观的、精确的、有效的和相对非侵害性的分类系统,有助于研究各危险因素对疾病的影响及其交互作用.     

胰蛋白酶在猪慢性胰腺炎胰腺组织中的分布及免疫组化阳性标准

目的:建立慢性胰腺炎(CP)胰蛋白酶免疫组化阳性判断标准,探讨胰蛋白酶在CP中的分布特征及与CP严重程度的关系.方法:取正常猪4例及不同程度CP猪14例的胰腺组织,用链菌素亲生物素-过氧化酶连接法(streptavidin peroxidase conjugated method,SP)免疫组化法检测胰蛋白酶在实验性CP胰腺组织中的分布特征并初步建立阳性判断标准,分析胰蛋白酶的阳性标准与CP严重程度的相关性.结果:胰蛋白酶在CP胰腺组织主要表现为腺泡细胞质内、间质及胰管内棕色或棕黄色染色,染色程度在轻度CP以强阳性( )为主,中度CP以中等阳性( )为主,重度CP以弱阳性(±)为主,3组染色程度之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).胰蛋白酶强阳性染色与慢性胰腺炎严重程度具有相关性(r=0.742).结论:胰蛋白酶原异常活化可见于腺泡细胞质内、间质及胰管内,建立了胰蛋白酶阳性判断标准.随着慢性胰腺炎实质纤维化,胰蛋白酶阳性率降低.     

Pancreatic duct changes are not associated with early signs of chronic pancreatitis at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

Abstract

Objective. The association between chronic pancreatitis (CP) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) has been reported previously. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the presence of early pancreatic abnormalities and duct changes, using MRCP/MRI in PSC and to evaluate possible risk factors for these changes and their clinical importance. Materials and methods. One hundred and three patients with PSC were identified among all MRI liver/pancreas referrals in 2001–2005. MRCP was used to grade pancreatic duct changes in three groups: grade 0 (normal), grade 1 (mild) and grade 2 (severe). For detection of early MRI signs of CP, the pancreas-spleen signal intensity ratio (SIR), the arterial and early venous phase ratio (A/PV ratio) and the age-related size of the pancreas were evaluated. Results. Pancreatic duct changes were found in 24% of the PSC patients. The pancreatic duct changes were associated with extrahepatic biliary involvement and long duration of PSC but not associated with pancreas-spleen SIR, A/PV ratio, pancreas size, previous post-ERCP or acute pancreatitis. Severe pancreatic duct changes were significantly associated to abdominal pain. Clinically significant CP was seen in one PSC patient (1%). Conclusions. Pancreatic duct changes are associated with extrahepatic bile duct strictures and not with the early MRI signs of CP. Therefore, pancreatic duct changes seem to be part of the spectrum of PSC and should not be defined as CP. Pancreatic duct changes are of limited clinical importance but may contribute to abdominal pain in PSC.     

影像学检查在诊断慢性胰腺炎中的意义

目的　分析评价多种影像学检查在慢性胰腺炎诊断中的作用 ,有助于慢性胰腺炎的诊断。方法　回顾性总结北京协和医院 1991～ 2 0 0 0年间确诊的慢性胰腺炎患者 12 9例 ,分析体外超声 (US)、计算机X线断层摄影 (CT)、内镜逆行胰胆管造影 (ERCP)、超声内镜 (EUS)及磁共振胰胆管显影 (MR CP)在诊断慢性胰腺炎中的作用。结果　①EUS和MRCP诊断慢性胰腺炎的敏感性高 ,与ERCP的一致性较好。②ERCP的敏感性显著高于US与CT(P <0 .0 5 )。③US对胰管扩张检出的敏感性与特异性为 5 9.4 %与 93.8% ,CT分别为 6 0 .0 %与 95 .7%。④胰管病变重度组ERCP与BT PABA的一致率(87.5 % )较轻 中度组 (6 6 .7% )高。⑤慢性胰腺炎并发症越多 ,胰管病变程度越重。结论　在传统检查中 ,ERCP诊断慢性胰腺炎的敏感性最高 ;新近开展的EUS和MRCP敏感性高 ,且与ERCP有较好的一致性 ,是很有前途的检查方法     

MRCP诊断胰头癌的特异征象

目的 探讨磁共振胰胆管水成像（MRCP）诊断胰头癌的特异征象,提高胰头癌的确诊率。方法 对经手术和病理证实的25例胰头癌患者的术前MRI、MRCP表现进行分析,扫描序列包括SE序列T1WI、FSE序列T2WI、T1WIFS、T2WIFS及MRCP冠状位扫描成像。结果 MRCP扫描确诊胰头癌24例,确诊率为96％。25例胰头癌MRCP上均有胆总管和主胰管胰头段破坏残留段信号增高且扩张而不相交征。结论 MRCP可用于诊断胰头癌。胆总管和主胰管之胰头段破坏,残留段信号增高且扩张而不相交征是其特异征象。     

MRCP and MRI findings in 9 patients with autoimmune pancreatitis

AIM: To evaluate magnetic resonance cholangiopancre-atography (MRCP) findings in conjunction with magnetic resonance (MR) images in autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) patients. METHODS: Nine patients with AIP underwent MRI, MRCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), computed tomography, and ultrasonography. The MRCP and MR images taken before and after steroid therapy were reviewed and compared with other imaging modalities. The MRCP findings of the AIP cases were compared to those of 10 cases with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. RESULTS: On MRCP, the narrowed portion of the main pancreatic duct noted on ERCP was not visualized, while the non-involved segments of the main pancreatic duct were visualized. The degree of upstream dilatation of the proximal main pancreatic duct was milder than that seen in cases of pancreatic carcinoma. Stenosis or obstruction of the lower bile duct was detected in 8 patients. MR images showed enlargement of the pancreas with decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images, increased signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images, and, in 3 patients, a hypointense capsule-like rim. After steroid therapy, the previously not visualized portion of the main pancreatic duct was seen, along with improvement of the bile duct stenosis. Pancreatic enlargement decreased, and the abnormal signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted MR images became isointense. CONCLUSION: MRCP cannot differentiate irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct seen with AIP from stenosis of the main pancreatic duct seen with pancreatic carcinoma. However, MRCP findings in conjunction with MR imaging of pancreatic enlargement that shows abnormal signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted MR images are useful in supporting a diagnosis of AIP.     

Evaluating the role of imaging methods in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of imaging methods in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) in improving the accuracy of a clinical diagnosis of CP. METHODS: The results of the imaging methods used for 129 cases diagnosed as CP in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1991 to 2000 were retrospectively analyzed. The imaging methods included ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). RESULTS: The sensitivity of EUS and MRCP was high and was in good agreement with ERCP in the diagnosis of CP. The sensitivity of ERCP was superior to US and CT (P < 0.05). The sensitivity of US and CT for diagnosing dilation of the pancreatic duct was 59.4% and 60%, respectively, the specificity was 93.8% and 95.7%, respectively. BT‐PABA had a better correlation with ERCP in the group with severe changes of the pancreatic duct than in the mild or moderate group. The more complications of CP that were present, the more severe the lesions of the pancreatic duct. CONCLUSION: Among the traditional imaging modalities for diagnosing CP, ERCP is the most sensitive. MRCP and EUS, the promising and novel examination techniques, have high sensitivity and good agreement with ERCP.     

Acute interstitial edematous pancreatitis： Findings on non-enhanced MR imaging

INTRODUCTIONAcute pancreatitis (AP) is a protean disease of wide clinical variation ranging from mild discomfort to severe multiorgan failure and death. Acute interstitial edematous pancreatitis (IEP), found in approximately 75% of patients presenting wit…