雌激素与IL-6、IL-8在卵巢癌细胞中的调节作用

目的 探讨雌激素与IL-6、IL-8在卵巢癌细胞中的交互调节作用及作用机制.方法 选择兼有雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)及IL-6、IL-8受体表达的卵巢癌细胞系CAOV-3和OVCAR-3作为研究模型,分别探讨17B-雌二醇(estradiol,E2)对IL-6、IL-8及其受体表达的作用以及IL-6、IL-8对EB表达及ER转录活性的作用.结果 一方面E2不仅可经NF-κB途径促进卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8分泌,而且还对二者受体的表达具有一定的调节作用.E2诱导的促IL-6、IL-8分泌作用可被其受体阻断剂他莫昔芬(tamoxifen,Txf)完全阻断.另一方面在无雌激素的条件下,IL-6、IL-8能上调卵巢癌细胞Erα表达及下调ERB表达,且还能分别通过丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路和Src活化增强卵巢癌细胞ER的转录活性,该作用可被Txf完全封闭.结论 雌激素与IL-6、IL-8两种细胞因子在卵巢癌细胞中交互调节,由此通过产生的放大信号通路促进卵巢癌的生长和发展.     

卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8及其受体表达的研究

目的分析比较五种常见的上皮性卵巢癌细胞系IL-6、IL-8及其受体表达的差异。方法IL-6、IL-8的表达分别采用RT-PCR和ELISA法进行检测,IL-6受体（IL-6Rα和gp130）及IL-8受体（IL-8RA和IL-8RB）的表达采用免疫印迹技术进行测定。结果①五种上皮性卵巢癌细胞均组成性表达IL-6和IL-8。IL-6和IL-8在CAOV-3细胞中的表达水平均最高,而在HO-8910PM细胞中的表达水平均最低,IL-6在SKOV-3、HO-8910、OVCAR-3细胞中的表达水平依次降低,IL-8在OVCAR-3、SKOV-3、HO-8910细胞中的表达水平依次降低。②五种上皮性卵巢癌细胞均表达IL-6Rα、gp130及IL-8RA;除CAOV-3细胞外,其它细胞均表达IL-8RB。结论本研究旨在筛选表达IL-6和IL-8及其相应受体的细胞株,为研究IL-6、IL-8与卵巢癌发生、发展关系奠定基础,同时也为今后卵巢癌的免疫治疗提供一个新的思路。     

卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8分泌与他莫西芬敏感性及MAPK、Akt活性和ER特异性位点磷酸化水平的关系

目的:分析比较4种常见的人上皮性卵巢癌细胞系(A2780、CAOV-3、SKOV-3和ES-2)IL-6、IL-8分泌与他莫西芬(TAM)敏感性及MAPK、Akt活性和雌激素受体(ER)特异性位点磷酸化水平的关系,探讨IL-6、IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对内分泌治疗产生耐药的机制。方法:RT-PCR及ELISA法检测IL-6、IL-8的表达,MTT法分析卵巢癌细胞对TAM的敏感性,免疫印迹法测定MAPK、Akt活性及ER特异性位点的磷酸化水平。结果:(1)4种卵巢癌细胞除A2780细胞外均组成性分泌IL-6和IL-8,二者转录水平与其蛋白水平基本一致;(2)4种卵巢癌细胞对TAM的敏感性不同,其中A2780细胞最敏感,CAOV-3、SKOV-3和ES-2细胞则有不同程度的耐药性,其耐药倍数分别为4.99、3.76和2.66;(3)4种卵巢癌细胞的MAPK、Akt活性存在差异,CAOV-3细胞的二者活性最强,SKOV-3细胞的MAPK活性弱于ES-2细胞,而其Akt活性则强于ES-2细胞,A2780细胞未检测到二者有活性;(4)ER的第167位丝氨酸(Ser167)在四种卵巢癌细胞中均存在不同程度的磷酸化,ER的第118位丝氨酸(Ser118)除A2780细胞外亦存在不同程度的磷酸化。结论:卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8的自分泌水平与其对TAM的敏感性呈负相关,与其MAPK、Akt活性和ER特异性位点(Ser167、Ser118)的磷酸化水平相一致。     

卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8分泌与其他莫西芬敏感性及ER亚型及p160共激活因子表达关系的初步探讨

目的分析比较4种常见的人上皮性卵巢癌细胞系(A2780、CAOV-3、SKOV-3和ES-2)IL-6、IL-8分泌与其他莫西芬(Tamoxifen,TAM)敏感性及雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)亚型及p160共激活因子表达的关系,为今后研究IL-6、IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对内分泌治疗产生耐药的机制奠定基础。方法 IL-6、IL-8的表达采用RT-PCR及ELISA法进行检测,卵巢癌细胞对TAM的敏感性采用MTT试验进行分析,ERα、ERβ及p160共激活因子的表达采用免疫印迹和RT-PCR技术进行检测。结果 4种卵巢癌细胞除A2780细胞外均组成性分泌IL-6和IL-8;4种细胞对TAM的敏感性不同,其中A2780细胞最敏感,CAOV-3、SKOV-3和ES-2细胞则有不同程度的耐药性(耐药倍数分别为4.98、3.75和2.66);这些细胞均不同程度地表达ERα,其中A2780细胞较低,CAOV-3和SKOV-3细胞较高,ES-2细胞居中;ERβ的表达情况则与ERα恰好相反;3种p160共激活因子mRNA的表达水平均以A2780细胞为最低,而ES-2、SKOV-3和CAOV-3细胞则依次升高。结论卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8的自分泌水平与其对TAM的敏感性呈负相关,与其ERβ(而非ERα)及3种p160共激活因子的表达水平相一致。     

卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8分泌与其化疗敏感性及耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因表达关系的初步探讨

目的 分析比较4种常见的人E皮性卵巢癌细胞系IL-6、IL-8分泌与其化疗敏感性及部分耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因表达的关系,为今后研究IL-6、IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对化疗药物产生耐药的机制奠定基础.方法 IL-6、IL-8及其受体的表达采用RT-PCR、ELISA及免疫印迹技术进行检测,卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性采用M1Tr试验进行分析,耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因的表达则采用RT-PCR进行测定.结果 1)4种卵巢癌细胞除A2780细胞外均组成性分泌IL-6和IL-8,二者转录水平与其蛋白水平基本一致.2)4种卵巢癌细胞均表达IL-6受体和IL-8受体.3)4种卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性不同,其中A2780细胞最敏感,ES-2细胞次之,CAOV-3和SKOV-3细胞则有不同程度的耐药性.4)部分耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因在A2780和ES-2细胞中的表达水平均较低,而在CAOV-3和SKOV-3细胞中的表达水平均较高.结论 卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8的自分泌水平(尤其是IL-6的水平)与其对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性基本呈负相关趋势,与其部分耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因的表达水平相一致.     

IL-4 enhances IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell proliferation yet has no effect on IL-6 secretion

Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) form an important line of defence at the intestinal mucosa by providing a barrier to lumenal contents and also by their ability to secrete various inflammatory cytokines. Recently, several T cell-derived cytokines have been shown to regulate specific IEC functions. In this study, the effect of IL-4 on IEC proliferation and secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was investigated using the non-transformed rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell line. Recombinant rat (rr)IL-4 was found to enhance IEC-6 cell proliferation over 4 days of culture, and this enhancement was dose-dependent. Further studies using specific antibodies confirmed that IL-4 induced the effect and that the effect was not mediated by autocrine-produced transforming growth factor-alpha. However, IL-4 did not induce IL-6 secretion by the IEC-6 cells, nor did it alter IL-1β-induced IL-6 secretion. These results indicate that T cells may be capable of regulating IEC proliferation via the secretion of IL-4 without altering the capacity of the IEC to function in the inflammatory response by secreting IL-6.     

Airway epithelial IL-15 transforms monocytes into dendritic cells

IL-15 has recently been shown to induce the differentiation of functional dendritic cells (DCs) from human peripheral blood monocytes. Since DCs lay in close proximity to epithelial cells in the airway mucosa, we investigated whether airway epithelial cells release IL-15 in response to inflammatory stimuli and thereby induce differentiation and maturation of DCs. Alveolar (A549) and bronchial (BEAS-2B) epithelial cells produced IL-15 spontaneously and in a time- and dose-dependent manner after stimulation with IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha. Airway epithelial cell supernatants induced an increase of IL-15Ralpha gene expression in ex vivo monocytes, and stimulated DCs enhanced their IL-15Ralpha gene expression up to 300-fold. Airway epithelial cell-conditioned media induced the differentiation of ex vivo monocytes into partially mature DCs (HLA-DR+, DC-SIGN+, CD14+, CD80-, CD83+, CD86+, CCR3+, CCR6(+), CCR7-). Based on their phenotypic (CD123+, BDCA2+, BDCA4+, BDCA1(-), CD1a-) and functional properties (limited maturation upon stimulation with LPS and limited capacity to induce T cell proliferation), these DCs resembled plasmacytoid DCs. The effects of airway epithelial cell supernatants were largely blocked by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to IL-15. Thus, our results demonstrate that airway epithelial cell-conditioned media have the capacity to differentiate monocytes into functional DCs, a process substantially mediated by epithelial-derived IL-15.     

IL-27 regulates IL-4-induced chemokine production in human bronchial epithelial cells

IL-4 coordinates the Th2-type immune response in inflammatory diseases such as asthma. IL-27 can inhibit the development of both Th2 and Th1 cells. However, IL-27 can also drive naïve T cells to differentiate toward the Th1 phenotype. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-27 on the activation of IL-4-induced human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Compared to controls, both IL-4 and IL-27 (25–100 ng/mL) increased the concentrations of CCL2 and IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner. However, compared to cells stimulated individually with IL-4 or IL-27, treatment with a combination of both cytokines reduced CCL2 and IL-8 concentrations in a dose- and time-dependent manner. IL-4 increased the activation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, STAT6 and NF-κB, while IL-27 increased the activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 but not STAT6 and NF-κB. Compared to IL-4-stimulated cells, cells treated with both IL-27 and IL-4 displayed decreased activation of STAT6 and NF-κB but not ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-27 plays a pro-inflammatory role when administered alone but downregulates bronchial epithelial cell activation when combined with IL-4. Therefore, IL-27 may be an interesting target for the treatment of Th2 inflammatory diseases.     

Histamine induces IL-6 production by human endothelial cells.

Histamine is one of the major mediators implicated in the physiopathology of allergy. On vascular endothelium, histamine mainly induces early effects: an increase in vasopermeability leading to oedema, a release of lipid mediators and a transient expression of P-selectin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of histamine on adhesion molecule expression and IL-6 production by human endothelial cells. Histamine did not modulate the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin, but induced a transient expression of P-selectin as previously reported. In addition, histamine increased in a dose- (from 10(-5) to 10(-3) M) and time- (from 4 h to 24 h) dependent fashion the IL-6 synthesis by endothelial cells. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced IL-6 production was also potentiated in a dose-dependent manner by histamine, without modification of the time course of IL-6 secretion. Moreover, this increase of IL-6 production induced by histamine was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by H1 and H2 histamine receptor antagonists (50% inhibition of IL-6 production at 5 x 10(-4) M and 4 x 10(-5) M, respectively). So, histamine induces, besides already well known effects, a late stimulation of endothelial cells, i.e. the production of IL-6.     

IL-2对辐射损伤后小肠上皮细胞生长影响的实验研究

目的: 观察电离辐射对体外培养的IEC -6细胞株生长的影响及IL- 2对其损伤后增殖和恢复的作用, 并进一步探讨肠黏膜免疫与肠上皮辐射损伤及修复的关系。方法: 用 4、8、12Gy的γ射线照射IEC- 6细胞株, 并于照后 3、6、9、12h及 1、2、3d, 用MTT比色法、光镜、电镜、DNA凝胶电泳和流式细胞术等, 检测受照射后IEC- 6细胞的增殖活力、形态和死亡方式的改变; 用不同浓度IL 2 ( 25×103、5×104、1×105U/L)处理 8Gyγ射线照射的IEC 6细胞, 并于照射后 3、6、9、12、24h, 采用MTT比色法检测其增殖活力的变化。结果: 在 0~12Gy的范围内, IEC 6细胞的增殖活力随γ射线照射剂量的增加而降低。8. 0γ射线照后 24h, 凋亡的IEC- 6细胞明显增多, DNA凝胶电泳显示有梯状带形成。IL- 2可促进照射后的IEC- 6细胞增殖且呈一定的剂量 效应关系, 尤以1×105U/L组的作用更明显。结论: 在一定剂量范围内, γ射线照射可降低IEC 6细胞增殖活力, 且存在剂量 效应关系;可导致IEC 6细胞发生凋亡。IL- 2可促进受照射的IEC- 6细胞增殖, 增强其抗辐射的作用。     

Rat thymic epithelial cells in culture constitutively secrete IL-1 and IL-6.

To study the in vitro interactions between rat thymic non-lymphoid cells and thymocytes, we established a system for long-term cultivation of thymic epithelial cells (TEC). TEC were cultivated and successfully propagated for over 8 months in RPMI 1640 medium containing 15% FCS, dexamethasone, insulin, epidermal growth factor, and poly-L-lysin as an adhesive matrix. Their epithelial nature has been confirmed using monoclonal anti-cytokeratin (CK) antibodies. More than 95% of these cells were reactive with K 8.13 and CK 8 mAbs, which are pan-epithelial markers for rat TEC in situ. An epithelial cell clone (TE-R 2.5) established from a long-term TEC culture was 100% reactive with these anti-CK antibodies. Phenotypic analysis of TEC cultures was performed by a large panel of mAbs reactive with a subset of rat TEC or CK polypeptides as well as UIex europaeus agglutinin I using a streptavidin-biotin immunofluorescence assay. Although the results obtained demonstrated phenotypic heterogeneity among these cells, most cultures, including the TE-R 2.5 clone, were of subcapsular/medullary phenotype. Medium conditioned by TEC cultures exhibited IL-1 and IL-6 activities when tested on D10S and B9 sensitive cell lines, respectively. Cytokine activities were neutralized (IL-1) or significantly inhibited (IL-6) by specific polyclonal antibodies. In addition, both anti-IL-1 and anti-IL-6 antibodies reacted with TEC in culture and epithelial (CK-positive) cells on thymic cryostat sections, indicating that thymic epithelium provides an important intrathymic source for molecules contributing to T cell activation.     

Polarized secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by human retinal pigment epithelial cells

A number of cell types situated along interfaces of various tissues and organs such as the peritoneum and the intestine have been shown to secrete inflammatory cytokines in a polarized fashion. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are positioned at the interface between the vascularized choroid and the avascular retina, forming part of the blood–retina barrier. These cells are potent producers of inflammatory cytokines and are therefore considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ocular inflammation. Whether cytokine secretion by these cells also follows a vectorial pattern is not yet known, and was therefore the subject of this study. Monolayers of human RPE cells (primary cultures and the ARPE-19 cell line) cultured on transwell filters were stimulated to produce IL-6 and IL-8 by adding IL-1β (100 U/ml) to either the upper or the lower compartment. After stimulation, the human RPE cell lines showed polarized secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 towards the basal side, irrespective of the side of stimulation. The ARPE-19 cell line also secreted IL-6 and IL-8 in a polarized fashion towards the basal side after basal stimulation; polarized secretion was, however, not apparent after apical stimulation. The observation that human RPE cells secrete IL-6 and IL-8 in a polarized fashion towards the choroid may represent a mechanism to prevent damage to the adjacent fragile retinal tissue.     

IL-6 inhibits the proliferation of fibroblastic synovial cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor

IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha have been proven to play an important role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is well known that TNF-alpha induces IL-6 production from synovial cells as well as their proliferation. The effect of IL-6 on synovial cells, however, is not clear. An in vitrostudy was performed to determine the effect of IL-6 on the proliferation of synovial cells. Fibroblastic synovial cells isolated from the synovial tissues of eight RA patients were employed after the third to sixth passages. IL-6 in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) inhibited the proliferation of synovial cells in a dose-dependent manner in seven cases without increasing the number of necrotic or apoptotic cells, while TNF-alpha increased synovial cell proliferation in all cases. The inhibitory effect of IL-6 was observed only in the presence of sIL-6R although small amounts of IL-6R were detected in these cells by RT-PCR analysis. However, anti-IL-6R or anti-gp130 mAb treatment increased spontaneous growth of synovial cells in all eight cases, suggesting that endogenous IL-6 and a small amount of IL-6R expressed in synovial cells suppressed their growth without exogenous IL-6 or sIL-6R. In addition, the IL-6-sIL-6R complex reduced the TNF-alpha-induced proliferation of synovial cells while TNF-alpha induced their IL-6 production. These data suggest that IL-6 may act as a negative feedback factor for TNF-alpha-induced synovial cell growth.     

脂多糖对人近端肾小管上皮细胞IL-18及其受体复合物表达的影响

观察脂多糖(LPS)对体外培养人近端肾小管上皮细胞IL-18及其受体表达的影响,以初步探讨IL-18在肾小管-间质炎症损伤过程中的作用。以不同浓度LPS(0.01、0.1、1、5、10μg/ml)处理人近端肾小管上皮细胞株(HK-2)24 h、36 h及48 h,然后应用RT-PCR及ELISA测定IL-18及其受体α链(IL-18Rα)和β链(IL-18Rβ)mRNA及蛋白的表达水平变化。静息培养的HK-2细胞表达IL-18 m RNA和蛋白、IL-18Rα和IL-18Rβm RNA,LPS促进HK-2细胞IL-18 mRNA和蛋白的表达及IL-18Rα和IL-18RβmRNA的表达,并呈剂量和时间依赖趋势。肾小管上皮细胞可能既是IL-18的产生者,又是IL-18的靶细胞之一,炎症状态下肾小管上皮细胞通过IL-18自分泌方式参与肾小管-间质的炎症损伤过程。     

Escherichia coli-induced expression of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-8 in normal human renal tubular epithelial cells

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the IL-1 family cytokines, in addition to IL-6 and IL-8, could be induced in normal human cortical epithelial cells in response to bacterial stimuli. Human renal tissue was obtained from 9 patients undergoing elective tumour nephrectomy. Renal cortical epithelial cells of tubular origin were prepared from the unaffected tissue. The proximal tubular cells were stimulated for 2, 6 and 24 h with a heat-inactivated pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli strain DS-17. Cultured unstimulated tubular cells served as controls. IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-alpha, G-CSF and GM-CSF were analysed using immunohistochemistry at the single cell level. The nonstimulated cells were found to express low levels of IL-6 and IL-8 (mean value < 3% of total cells). In contrast, E. coli exposure resulted in significantly increased incidences of IL-6 and IL-8 expressing cells (mean values approximately 18% of total cells) peaking within two hours of stimulation (P < 0.008 and P < 0.02 versus non-stimulated cells, respectively). A gradual decrease was thereafter observed at 6 and 24 h, respectively, although persistently higher compared to controls. A different kinetic response was found for IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist-expressing cells, which peaked 24 h after E. coli stimulation (mean values 3--10%) (P < 0.008, P < 0.02, P < 0.02 versus non-stimulated cells, respectively). Low levels of TNF-alpha and GM-CSF were found in 3 of the 9 donated epithelial cells, peaking at 2 h, and IL-10 and G-CSF producing cells in 1 patient each. In conclusion we found that heat-inactivated pyelonephritic E. coli induced a proinflammatory cytokine response in the normal human proximal tubular cells including the IL-1 family, IL-6 and IL-8.     

Characterization of IL-1 inhibitory factor released from human alveolar macrophages as IL-1 receptor antagonist.

IL-1 possesses pleiotropic properties on various cells and its activity may be stringently regulated in several ways. We have previously reported that both IL-1 and its inhibitory factor are concomitantly released from alveolar macrophages in both healthy subjects and patients with chronic inflammatory lung diseases. An increase in IL-1 activities and a decrease in inhibitory activities are characteristics found in both healthy smokers and patients with interstitial lung diseases. In this study, we further examined the biological properties of IL-1 inhibitory factor. The inhibitor exhibited a dose-dependent specific inhibition of an augmentation by IL-1 of PHA-induced murine thymocyte proliferation, while no inhibition of the augmentation by IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, or tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was found. 125I-labelled IL-1 alpha binding on PHA-stimulated murine thymocytes revealed two types of IL-1 binding sites, 44 sites/cell with a Kd of 2.7 x 10(-10) M and 230 sites/cell with a Kd of 2.5 x 10(-9) M. Alveolar macrophage culture supernatants blocked the binding of labelled IL-1 to the IL-1 receptor in a dose-dependent fashion. Scatchard plot analysis revealed that the inhibitory factor in the supernatants blocked the binding competitively. These results indicate that alveolar macrophages produce a specific IL-1 inhibitory factor, functioning as an IL-1 receptor antagonist.     

Cytokine-specific ELISPOT assay single cell analysis of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 producing cells

In order to assess cytokine-producing cells at the single cell level, the cytokine-specific ELISPOT assay has proven to be an important and sensitive method. The purpose of this study was to adapt this method to elucidate individual cells producing murine IL-2, IL-4 or IL-6. In order to establish these cytokine-specific ELISPOT assays, IL-2-, IL-4- and IL-6-specific cDNA transfected myeloma cell lines, e.g., X63-Ag8-653 X2, X63-Ag8-653 X4 and X63-Ag8-653 X6, respectively, were used as specific cytokine-producing cells. In the IL-2 ELISPOT assay, the coating reagent, monoclonal antibody (mAb) rat IgG2a anti-mouse IL-2 (CR #40014) was used while rabbit IgG polyclonal anti-mouse IL-2 was employed for detection of IL-2 spot forming cells (SFC). The mAbs anti-mouse IL-4, BVD4-1D11 and BVD6-24G2 were selected as capture and detection antibodies for enumeration of IL-4 SFC. For the IL-6 ELISPOT assay, anti-mouse IL-6 (MP5-20F3) mAb was used for coating and MP5-32C11 mAb was used for detection of IL-6 SFC. When IL-2 producing X63-Ag8-653 X2 cells were subjected to these three different ELISPOT assays, IL-2-specific SFC were only noted with the IL-2 ELISPOT system. In the case of IL-4 SFC, only X63-Ag8-653 X4 cells formed specific spots using the tandem of BVD4-1D11 and BVD6-24G2 mAbs. IL-6-specific spots developed in MP5-20F3 mAb pre-coated wells containing X63-Ag8-653 X6 cells, when developed with mAb anti-IL-6 (MP5-32C11). Addition of cycloheximide (50 μg/ml) inhibited formation of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 SFC by approximately 90%. When an unrelated mAb was used as detection antibody in these three different cytokine-specific ELISPOT assays, IL-2-, IL-4-and IL-6-specific SFC were not detected. Further, when concanavalin A stimulated T cells from Peyer's patch of normal mice were subjected to the respective cytokine-specific ELISPOT assay, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 SFC were enumerated. These results have shown that cytokine-specific IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6 ELISPOT assays have now been established and will allow analysis of the frequency of cytokine-secreting cells at the single cell level.     

白细胞介素-8研究进展

白细胞介素-8（IL-8）在趋化性细胞因子家族中属于C-X-C亚家族，IL-8是一个多种细胞来源的趋化性细胞因子，而且不同类型的细胞对不同的诱导剂的反应也不相同，因为由不同的实验室从不同的来源得到该因子，所以对于IL-8的许多不同的描述术语，对于IL-8的生理生化特性，目前已基本清楚，对于IL-8基因表达的调节，现认为主要是在转录水平的调控，并且发现其基因5′-侧翼区的AP-1，NF-кB及NF-IL-6结合位点是调节IL-8启动子功能的主要顺式作用元件，IL-8基因的表达需要这些元件之间高度的协同以达到有效的转录，IL-8受体则是一个由59KDa和67KDa亚单位组成的二聚体糖蛋白，存在于多种类型的细胞上，甚至包括一些不表达IL-8的细胞，IL-8的生物学活性并不表现出种族的特异性，IL-8可激活中性粒细胞，对T-淋巴细胞有趋化性并能刺激嗜碱性粒细胞，内皮细胞IL-8基因的表达除了受化学因子的调节外还受力学因素的影响，流体切应力诱导内皮细胞表达IL-8，可能在急性炎症和动脉粥样硬化的发生，发展过程中具有重要作用。     

Augmentation of naive,Th1 and Th2 effector CD4 Responses by IL-6, IL-1 and TNF

The role of antigen-presenting cell (APC)-derived cytokines in T cell activation is still controversial. Highly purified CD4 T cell populations of the naive and short-term Th1 and Th2 effector subsets were examined. Stimulation from anti-CD3 in the absence of APC was used to analyze directly T occurring cell-mediated effects, and the requirement for co-signaling was addressed using anti-CD28. Exogenous IL-6, IL-1 and TNF each enhanced proliferation and IL-2 secretion from naive cells, although IL-6 was most active in this regard. Peak responses, however, were obtained with IL-1 or TNF in combination with IL-6 resulting in up to 11-fold increases in IL-2 secretion. Enhanced naive T cell responses were only observed with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, suggesting that co-signaling through surface-bound receptors was required to initiate IL-2 production. Although the cytokines enhanced naive activation, little effect was seen on differentiation into effector populations. IL-6 alone, or in combination, partially suppressed effectors secreting IFN-γ, but did not promote generation of effectors secreting IL-4. In contrast to reports on cloned cell lines, IL-6, TNF and IL-1 had enhancing activities on all cytokines elicited from already generated Th1 and Th2 effector populations. Again combinations of IL-6, TNF and IL-1 were most effective and generally required CD28 signaling. Induced responses with preexisting effector cells were far less than with naive cells and predominantly directed at augmenting IFN-γ and IL-5 secretion rather than IL-2 and IL-4. These studies show that APC-derived cytokines can promote T cell responses directly but largely after co-stimulation from accessory molecule co-receptors, that the effect is not specific for one T cell subset or cytokine, and that the naive T cell is the main target of action.