局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术治疗分析(附63例报告)

背景与目的:资料表明,小肾癌可行保留肾单位手术,其效果与根治性肾切除术相同.本研究拟探讨局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术的临床疗效及可行性.方法:对63例局限性肾癌患者行保留肾单位手术.肿瘤平均直径3.4cm.23例阻断肾蒂,其中冰泥降温8例;切缘多点快速冰冻切片病理学检查21例.评价手术时间、肾蒂阻断时间、出血量、并发症、肿瘤控制情况.结果:63例手术均顺利完成,平均手术时间110 min,平均肾蒂阻断时间15 min.21例切缘快速冰冻切片病理检查均为阴性.术后病理报告显示透明细胞癌53例、颗粒细胞癌3例、错构瘤7例.术后出血2例,尿漏1例.平均随访42个月,均无瘤生存.结论:局限性肾癌患者在密切随诊的基础上,应以行保留肾单位的手术治疗为主.     

灰阶超声对肾肿瘤的诊断价值：附82例报告

本文报告灰阶超声诊断肾肿瘤82例,均经手术和病理证实。其中良性10例,恶性72例,诊断符合率为89％,误诊9例占11％。本文根据肾肿瘤的不同声像图特点来鉴别良、恶性肿瘤,并分别对肾癌、肾盂癌、肾内瘤的声像图表现加以重点描述。认为良性肿瘤的声像图边缘清楚、规则、内部回声均匀,后壁回声增强。恶性肿瘤则多数边缘模糊,不规则,内部回声不均匀,后壁回声衰减。 8例小于5cm的早期肾癌,6例无临床症状;6例经IVP检查,阳性仅3例;CT检查5例,阳性4例;而超声诊断均与手术病理完全符合。证明灰阶超声检查方法完全、方便,对诊断肾肿瘤列为首选手段优于其它检查方法,具有独到之处。     

不典型肾错构瘤诊治的临床分析(附22例报告)

背景与目的:肾错构瘤属良性病变,可采取定期复查或手术治疗,手术疗效满意.但不典型肾错构瘤,术前诊断困难,容易误诊、误治.本研究总结分析22例不典型肾错构瘤诊治体会,以提高不典型性肾错构瘤的诊治水平.方法:回顾性分析1999年1月至2005年11月中山大学肿瘤防治中心及第一附属医院收治的22例不典型肾错构瘤的临床资料、影像学资料、治疗方法、术后病理及随访资料.结果:7例误诊为肾癌,其中6例行肾癌根治术,1例行肾部分切除术.1例误诊为肾盂癌,行肾盂癌根治术.其余14例行B超及CT检查,结合MRI、IVU、超声造影及穿刺活检,诊断为肾错构瘤,9例行肾部分切除术,3例行肾切除术,2例保守治疗.所有手术病例,术后病理学诊断均为肾错构瘤.所有患者随访均未见肿瘤复发.结论:对不典型肾错构瘤,应仔细分析影像学资料,多可明确诊断.肾错构瘤经治疗后,预后好.     

肾腺瘤的临床诊治分析（附9例报告并文献复习）

目的:探讨肾腺瘤的临床及病理特点,提高对肾腺瘤的诊疗水平.方法:回顾性分析9例肾腺瘤患者的临床资料,复习相关文献并对本病的临床、病理特点及诊疗方式进行讨论.结果:所有病例均行超声、IVP、CT检查,其中IVP仅4例提示占位性病变,而超声、CT均误诊为肾癌,仅2例CT提示不除外肾腺瘤可能.临床表现2例有腰痛,1例有肉眼血尿,余6例为体检发现.9例均行肾癌根治性切除术,术后病理诊断均为肾腺瘤.其中7例镜下胞质内有大量红染嗜酸性颗粒诊断为嗜酸细胞腺瘤;1例镜下见肿瘤由密集小管(或腺泡)构成,瘤细胞小而一致,并可见肾小球样结构,诊断为后肾腺瘤;1例镜下可见乳头状腺样结构诊断为乳头状腺瘤.7例获随访,随访时间为6个月-5年,均未出现复发和转移,无瘤生存至今.结论:肾腺瘤分为乳头状腺瘤、嗜酸细胞腺瘤、后肾腺瘤3种类型.临床症状和体征、影像学表现均与肾癌相似,术前难定性,易误诊,临床上应提高认识,综合临床及影像学表现进行诊断.手术为首选治疗方法,保留肾单位手术应优先考虑,其预后良好,但应密切随访.     

囊性肾癌的诊断和治疗（附6例病例报告并文献复习）

目的：提高对囊性肾癌的认识,探讨囊性肾癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法：回顾性分析2008年1月至2011年2月我科收治的6例囊性肾癌患者的临床特点、影像学表现、手术方式的选择、病理特点和预后情况.结果：6例囊性肾癌患者平均年龄为52.1岁（39岁至71岁）.6例均行根治性肾切除术,术后病理报告均为肾透明细胞癌.6例均获随访,平均随访27.9个月（12个月至48个月）,均无肿瘤复发和转移.结论：囊性肾癌是一种少见的临床病理亚型,熟悉囊性肾癌的影像学特点是提高囊性肾癌诊断率的关键.对可疑囊性肾癌患者,术中须行快速冰冻病理检查,确诊者宜行肾癌根治术治疗,效果满意,预后较好.     

保留肾单位手术治疗双肾细胞癌十例临床分析

目的:观察保留肾单位手术治疗双侧肾细胞癌的疗效.方法:回顾性分析10例双侧肾细胞癌患者的临床资料.7例同时性肾癌中,1例行双侧Ⅰ期手术,6例行分期手术.其中3例行双肾肿瘤剜除术,1例行双肾部分切除及右肾上腺切除术,2例行一侧肾癌根治性切除术及对侧肾肿瘤剜除术,1例行一侧肾癌根治性切除术、下腔静脉切开取癌栓术及对侧肾肿瘤剜除术.3例异时性肾癌均分期手术,其中2例行双肾肿瘤剜除术,1例行一侧肾癌根治性切除术,对侧肾肿瘤剜除术.所有患者术后均行生物学治疗3个月.10例获随访3个月～8年,平均19个月.结果:7例未见肿瘤复发和转移.1例术后6个月出现肺转移,已带瘤生存3个月;1例术后1年出现残肾肿瘤复发,经生物学治疗,已带瘤生存3个月;1例术后3个月后死于肾衰竭.异时性肾癌者的先发一侧行肾癌根治术,对侧肾出现肿瘤的时间分别为9个月、2年和6年.结论:保留肾单位的肾切除术是目前双侧肾癌较为理想的治疗方法,它对肾功能的影响较少.双侧肾癌的预后和单侧肾癌一样,与肿瘤的分期和分级有关,而与肿瘤是否多发无关.     

不典型肾癌35例临床分析

[目的]探讨不典型肾癌的临床特征,提高其诊治水平。[方法]回顾性分析35例不典型肾癌的临床资料、影像学检查和手术病理结果。[结果]透明细胞癌18例、乳头状肾细胞癌9例、肾嫌色细胞癌4例,多房囊性肾细胞癌3例,肾囊肿癌变1例。随访5年,1例在术后第2年复发,2例在第5年转移。1、2、5年生存率分别为96.9%、84.8%、71.2%。[结论]不典型肾癌的术前诊断是关键,仔细分析影像学检查,结合病史尽量明确诊断。术中应行冰冻病理检查,以提高肿瘤的治愈率。     

肾嫌色细胞癌的诊断和治疗(附5例报告)

目的:探讨肾嫌色细胞癌的临床病理特点和诊治方法。方法:回顾性分析5例肾嫌色细胞癌资料,4例男性,1例女性,年龄34~75岁,平均55岁,结合文献复习进行讨论。结果:5例均行肾癌根治术,术后病理证实为肾嫌色细胞癌。病理分期:pT1N0M02例,pT2N0M01例,pT3N0M02例。病理分级:G12例,G21例,G32例。随访1至13个月,5例均无瘤存活。结论:肾嫌色细胞癌是一种低度恶性的肾细胞癌,确诊有赖于典型病理表现及影像学检查,治疗以手术为主。与同期、同级的其他类型肾癌相比,肾嫌色细胞癌预后较好。     

肾细胞癌保留肾实质手术的临床探讨

目的：探讨保存肾实质手术在肾细胞癌治疗中的临床价值。方法：1995年2月～2002年12月，对14例肾细胞癌病人施行保留肾实质手术，其中双侧肾癌3例，对侧肾有病变或潜在功能受损的肾癌5例，对侧肾功能正常的肾癌6例。肿瘤直径2．0～5．8cm，平均3．9cm。病理分期：T1期8例、T2期6例。9例行肾部分切除术，5例行肿瘤剜出术。结果：本组14例术后无并发症，随访13例，6个月～7年10个月，平均为50个月，1例术后3年发现肺转移，12例无瘤生存，本组均无肿瘤局部复发。1例失访。结论：根治性肾切除术是肾癌手术的金标准，而保留肾实质的手术一般只用于双侧肾癌及解剖或功能上的孤立肾肾癌患者。近年来，随着医学影像学的不断发展、外科技术的日益提高以及偶发肾癌病例的增加，选择保留肾实质的手术也日渐增多。保留肾实质手术是治疗局限性肾细胞癌患者的有效手段，能安全有效地保存肾功能，而手术效果与肾癌根治手术相当。     

囊性肾癌的诊治(附6例报告)

目的:提高临床对囊性肾癌的认识.方法:对6例囊性肾癌的临床特点,影像学、病理学特征及治疗预后情况进行回顾性分析.结果:6例术后病理学诊断均为囊性肾透明细胞癌,5例获随访,4例生存至今.结论:熟悉囊性肾癌的病理学特征及影像学特点是提高囊性肾癌诊治率的关键.     

A renal cell carcinoma mimicking a multilocular renal cyst

A 38-year old man was admitted to the hospital for an investigation of abnormal ultrasonographic findings of the left kidney. Ultrasonography demonstrated multiple, fluid-filled masses separated by a highly echogenic septa and CT revealed a large cystic mass and a thick, irregular wall in the upper and middle poles. Selective, left renal arteriography showed a hypovascular mass. Thus, a presumptive diagnosis was made of multilocular renal cysts. Taking into accounted the possibility of a renal cell carcinoma. Surgical exploration and a left nephrectomy was performed. Microscopically, a multiloculated renal cell carcinoma thus was diagnosed, A definite, preoperative diagnosis is very difficulty to make in most cases, and surgical exploration is considered to be the only way to achieve an accurate diagnosis. Treatment for a multiloculated cystic renal mass containing multilocular renal cysts is a total or partial nephrectomy.     

Primary renal lymphoma

Lymphoma arising in the kidney is rare. Although 31 cases have been reported in the literature, it is likely that most of these neoplasms do not arise in the kidney. This report describes two cases of primary renal lymphoma and compares their clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, treatment, and survival with the previously reported patients who satisfied our criteria for the diagnosis of primary renal lymphoma.     

肾包膜侵犯状况对于肾癌临床症状及分期的意义

背景与目的：肾细胞癌是致死率最高的泌尿系统肿瘤,肾包膜侵犯状况可能与肾癌的临床病理特征及预后相关,但目前在这方面的研究很少。本研究探讨了肾包膜侵犯状况对于。肾癌临床症状及分期的意义。方法：根据肿瘤与。肾包膜之间的关系把肾包膜侵犯状况分为浸润而未穿透包膜和浸润且穿透包膜。回顾分析2006年在我科接受手术治疗的经病理确诊的101例连续肾癌病例的临床症状、术后病理显示的肾包膜侵犯状况以及TNM分期（AJCC 2002年版）,并比较3者之间的联系。结果：55例为体检发现,24例诉腰痛,18例有肉眼或镜下血尿,14例有恶液质等全身症状或者伴有转移症状。大体标本77例肿瘤直径≤7cm,50例44cm。病理T1期68例,T2期9例,〉T2期24例,其中N1-2或M1期的有19例。24例主诉腰痛的病例,肿瘤均未穿透肾包膜;而11例穿透肾包膜的,患者均无腰痛主诉。对于≤4cm的肾癌,腰痛与肾包膜穿透与否无明显相关：当肿瘤〉4cm时,29％（10／35）例无腰痛主诉的病例肿瘤已穿透肾包膜;当肿瘤〉7cm时,53％（8／15）例无腰痛主诉的病例中肿瘤穿透肾包膜;有转移症状或全身症状的病例,43％（6／14）肿瘤穿透肾包膜;无转移症状或全身症状的病例中,6％（5／87）肿瘤穿透肾包膜。40％（40／101）的病例出现肾包膜浸润,其中11例穿透肾包膜：在肿瘤〉7cm的病例中,71％（17／24）出现肾包膜浸润。当肾癌局部未穿透。肾包膜时,是否有包膜浸润对于肿瘤的淋巴结或内脏器官的转移无影响（4／29 vs 9／61,P〉0．05）;当肾癌浸润肾包膜时,如无进一步的肾包膜穿透,则肿瘤转移显著减少（6／11 vs 4／29,P〈0．01）。结论：就诊时腰痛主诉提示肾癌可能尚为局限性病变,对于较大的肾脏占位,如无腰痛主诉,则肿瘤可能已穿透。肾包膜肾包膜侵犯状况与肾癌的临床症状和病理分期有关联。肾包膜浸润在肾癌中比较常见,尤其对于较大的肿瘤,但穿透肾包膜的肿瘤很少。仅仅肾包膜浸润而不穿透不增加肾癌诊断时出现转移的概率,肾包膜的存在一定程度上减少了肿瘤的转移,在限制肿瘤扩散中有一定的保护性作用。     

Comparison of the morphology of renal cysts and cystic renal tumors

Renal tumors appear uncommonly with cystic changes. They may develop due to necrosis though well-formed real cysts are also known. Such lesions may present problems in distinguishing them from benign renal cysts. Conditions leading to cyst formation are not known, however cell proliferation, altered extracellular matrix production and oncoprotein expression have been reported in cystic renal disorders. In the present study, we analysed the morphological features of 23 cystic renal tumors in comparison with 16 benign cysts using immunohistochemical and lectin binding methods. By our knowledge there has not been any piblication on such studies. The cystic renal tumors were represented predominantly in males and the size of the cysts was slightly larger than that of benign cysts. Tumorous cysts shared similar morphological appearance to solitary and multilocular cysts. They all showed strong epithelial membrane antigen reactivity on the luminal surface of the cells indicating distal tubular origin. Cell proliferation and p53 expression proved to be low excluding their role in the formation of the cysts. The amount of extracellular matrix and basement membrane was increased with an elevated type IV collagen and reduced fibronectin content. Polycystic kidney disease is different from tumorous cysts as cell proliferation, p53 oncoprotein expression and the composiition of extracellular matrix proved to be the opposite. As renal cell tumors arise from proximal tubules, neoplastic or metaplastic differentiation toward distal tubular direction seems to be the key even in cyst formation. Altered cell-matrix or cell-cell contact can modulate this transformation providing a basis for further results.     

Surgery of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and use of renal infarction

Surgery can play an important role in selected patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma although nephrectomy alone neither promotes regression of metastases nor improves survival. However, nephrectomy preceded by renal infarction and followed by medroxyprogesterone acetate produced ten complete responses, nine partial responses, and 22 stabilizations among 145 patients (CR + PR = 13%; overall response rate = 28%). Only patients with parenchymal pulmonary metastases without adenopathy, pleural effusion, or other organ involvement responded consistently (23% objective, 41% overall), and we currently recommend this combination therapy only for this group. However, infarction alone is an easy way to palliate symptoms due to primary or secondary tumors.     

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma without evidence of a primary renal tumour

Although metastases are common in patients with renal cell carcinoma (rcc), it is extremely rare for patients to present with metastatic rcc (mrcc) without evidence of a primary mass in the kidney. Two cases of mrcc with no detectable primary renal mass are reported here. Both patients had bilateral native kidneys in situ and no significant prior urologic history. The first patient presented with a hip fracture and was found to have multiple radiologic bony and lung metastases. Biopsy of a mass involving the pubic bone demonstrated clear cell mrcc. Multiple scans by computed tomography (ct) and confirmatory imaging by magnetic resonance demonstrated no renal mass. This first patient had disease stabilization for 18 months on sunitinib and was still alive at last follow-up. The second patient was diagnosed with clear-cell mrcc after thickened synovium was discovered and biopsied during a knee arthroplasty. Multiple scans by ct in this second patient demonstrated no primary renal mass. Sunitinib and radiotherapy to the knee lesion were initiated, but unfortunately, the patient deteriorated clinically and passed away from disease progression shortly after diagnosis. Because of the rare nature of these cases, a standardized course of action has not yet been established. However, we hypothesize that it is reasonable to manage metastases in these patients by following established mrcc protocols.     

Spontaneous renal subcapsular hematoma renal angiography as a diagnostic aid.

Prior to the development of angiography, a definite diagnosis of spontaneous subcapsular renal hematomaa was not often made preoperatively. The classic triad of blood loss, pain, and mass on the affected side is seldom presented by the patient. The one constant finding on scout film is an enlarged renal shadow, presenting a problem in differential diagnosis. Chief among cause of subcapsular renal hemorrhage are trauma, tumor, infarct, arteritis, and bleeding diathises. Selective renal arteriography gives specific information about the renal vascular supply and the state of the renal parenchyma not available by other means. Diagnosis of subcapsular renal hematom is facilitated by this modality. A correct diagnosis of subcapsular renal hematoma may well spare an otherwise innocent kidney. A review of current literature was undertaken, and three documented cases of spontaneous subcapsular hematoma diagnosed prior to surgery and confirmed at surgery are presented.     

非同步处理肾蒂血管技术在后腹腔镜复杂性肾癌肾盂癌根治术中的应用探讨

目的:探讨经后腹腔入路行腹腔镜复杂性肾癌肾盂癌根治术肾蒂血管非同步处理技巧。方法:2010年1月至2018 年 4月就诊于我科的109例肾癌、肾盂癌患者接受腹膜后入路腹腔镜根治性肾切除术。根据肾蒂血管处理方式的差异分别纳入非同步组和同步组。非同步组患者61例,其中肾癌43例,肾盂癌18例;同步组患者48例,其中肾癌33例,肾盂癌15例;均采用3套管技术,从腹膜后入路,显露肾蒂,非同步组优先处理肾动脉,游离肾脏,最后结扎肾静脉。同步组先游离出肾动脉及肾静脉予以结扎,最后游离肾脏。分别对两组患者的手术时间、术中失血量进行统计分析。结果:非同步组1例男性患者因左肾肉瘤浸润腰大肌、腹膜及结肠,粘连严重转为开放手术,予以排除,两组其余患者均顺利完成手术。非同步组与同步组手术时间分别为:肾癌（94.3±28.1）min vs （113.3±40.3）min,肾盂癌（135.2±43.3）min vs （168.2±37.2）min;术中出血量分别为:肾癌（68.4±56.8）ml vs （100.7±93.1）ml,肾盂癌（105.4±37.3）ml vs （131.3±36.3）ml。比较两组患者病种间手术时间及术中出血量均有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论:肾蒂血管的处理是复杂性肾癌、肾盂癌经后腹腔镜根治切除的关键,术中灵活的肾血管处理应对尤为重要,非同步肾蒂血管处理技巧有助于减少术中出血量,缩短手术时间,增加手术安全性。