降纤酶并依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察降纤酶并依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选择182例急性脑梗死患者随机分为治疗组、对照组各91例。对照组应用降纤酶等综合治疗,治疗组在此基础上加用依达拉奉30mg加入生理盐水100ml静滴,bid。并对临床疗效、治疗前后神经功能缺损程度评分(NDS)、血浆纤维蛋白酶原含量比较。结果2组NDS减分幅度治疗组与对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.01),2组间Fg均显著降低。结论降纤酶并依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死能明显提高疗效,降低Fg水平,且安全性好。     

依达拉奉治疗急性大面积脑梗死的临床研究

目的 研究依达拉奉治疗急性大面积脑梗死的临床疗效及安全性.方法 采取随机对照试验,将我院73例急性大面积脑梗死患者随机分为对照组(34例)及依达拉奉治疗组(39例),2组均给予脱水降颅内压、控制脑水肿、脑细胞保护剂(自由基清除剂除外)、神经营养剂等常规治疗;治疗组在此基础上加用依达拉奉30mg静滴,2次/d.2组疗程均为14d,治疗前和治疗后第7、14、21、28天对患者进行神经功能缺损评定及肝、肾功能检测,神经功能缺损采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评定,以治疗第28天病死率和NIHSS评分的改变作为主要疗效判断标准.结果 治疗后治疗组神经功能缺损评分及病死率明显低于对照组,治疗组临床疗效明显优于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗组与对照组的不良反应比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 依达拉奉治疗急性大面积脑梗死疗效显著,安全性高.     

依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死98例疗效观察

目的 评价依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的疗效.方法 选择急性脑梗死196例,随机分为2 组:治疗组98 例,给予依达拉奉和血塞通注射液,对照组98 例,单用血塞通注射液,治疗后进行神经功能缺损评分比较.结果 治疗后治疗组和对照组ESS 评分均有改善(P< 0.05) ,但治疗组改善更明显,且与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05) .结论 依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死疗效确切,无明显不良反应,值得推广.     

依达拉奉联合降纤酶治疗进展性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察依达拉奉联合降纤酶治疗进展性脑梗死(PCI)的疗效。方法对50例PCI患者用依达拉奉30mg加入生理盐水100ml静脉滴注,每天2次,连用14d;降纤酶首次10BU,以后5BU加入生理盐水250ml静脉滴注,隔日1次,共4次。在治疗前、后进行欧洲卒中量表(ESS)和Barthel指数(BI)评分、血浆纤维蛋白原(Fib)含量检测;并与单用降纤酶的对照组比较。结果联合治疗组治疗7d、14d、21d时的ESS评分显著高于对照组(均P<0.05);治疗后血浆Fib水平明显低于治疗前(P<0.01),与对照组差异无统计学意义。联合治疗组的显效率(72%)和有效率(90%)明显高于对照组(42%、66%)(均P<0.05)。两组各有3例尿常规出现少量红细胞,联合治疗组有4例丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)轻度升高。结论依达拉奉联合降纤酶治疗PCI有显著疗效,无明显不良反应。     

自由基清除术与亚低温结合治疗急性脑梗死107例临床分析

目的观察依达拉奉联合亚低温治疗急性脑梗死的疗效及安全性。方法将发病3 d内的急性脑梗死患者209例分为观察组(107例)和对照组(102例),对照组仅用常规药物治疗,观察组在常规药物治疗基础上加头颅局部亚低温联合依达拉奉治疗。在治疗前、治疗后2周、30 d时分别进行神经功能缺损评分(NDS)。结果 2组治疗后均无基本痊愈患者,对照组总有效率为39.2%,观察组总有效率为74.8%,经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组均无不良反应,肝肾功检查均正常。结论头颅局部亚低温联合依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死比常规药物治疗更为安全、有效。     

依达拉奉与巴曲酶联用治疗脑梗死的疗效评价

目的研究依达拉奉与巴曲酶联用在脑梗死治疗中的疗效。方法120例脑梗死的患者分为联用组(巴曲酶加依达拉奉),依达拉奉组,巴曲酶组和对照组,每组30例。观察治疗后神经功能改善情况及血浆纤维蛋白原(F IB)的变化。结果联用组治疗后各时期ESS评分均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),21d及90d显著高于巴曲酶组和依达拉奉组(P<0.05);联用组的显效率在90d显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),21d后有效率显著高于其它组(P<0.05);联用组及巴曲酶组治疗后血浆纤维蛋白原含量显著降低(P<0.01)。结论依达拉奉与巴曲酶联用能显著提高脑梗死患者的疗效。     

依达拉奉联合阿魏酸钠治疗急性脑梗死38例疗效观察

目的探讨依达拉奉联合阿魏酸钠治疗急性脑梗死的临床效果。方法将77例患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,对照给组组予依达拉奉治疗,治疗组给予依达拉奉联合阿魏酸钠治疗。观察2组治疗后血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平,行美国国立卫生研究院脑卒中量表(NHISS)评分,并对治疗效果进行评价。结果治疗2周后,治疗组SOD水平比治疗前及对照组均显著提高(均P0.05)。治疗4周后,治疗组NHISS评分与治疗前及对照组相比,均显著改善(均P0.05);治疗组有效率高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论依达拉奉联合阿魏酸钠治疗急性脑梗死患者,与单独使用依达拉奉治疗相比,能显著提高体内抗氧化水平,改善患者神经功能评分,提高治疗有效率。     

依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死30例疗效观察

目的探讨常规治疗急性脑梗死和加用依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的疗效变化。方法60例急性脑梗死患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例,对照组用常规治疗方法(丹参和胞二磷胆碱静滴,口服阿司匹林等),治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用依达拉奉(30mg静滴,2次/d,共14d),2组患者治疗前及治疗后均进行神经功能缺损程度评分及临床疗效评定。结果治疗组总有效率90.0%,显效率70.0%;对照组总有效率56.7%,显效率46.7%,2组对比差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死安全有效。     

依达拉奉和巴曲酶联合治疗急性进展型脑梗死的疗效观察

目的 观察依达拉奉和巴曲酶联合治疗急性进展型脑梗死的疗效.方法 将80例急性进展型脑梗死患者随机分为联合治疗组和对照组各40例.联合治疗组使用依达拉奉30 mg静脉滴注,每天2次,连用10 d;同时在第1 d、3 d、5 d静脉滴注巴曲酶,剂量分别是10 BU、5 BU、5 BU.对照组则单用巴曲酶,用法同联合治疗组.两组治疗前后均进行神经功能缺损程度评分(NDS)及凝血指标检查.结果 联合治疗组的总有效率(95%)明显高于对照组(75%)(P＜0.05).治疗后两组的血纤维蛋白原水平均明显降低(均P＜0.05),血小板数、出凝血时间、凝血酶原时间差异无统计学意义.联合治疗组有1例出现皮下出血.结论 依达拉奉联合巴曲酶治疗急性进展型脑梗死效果显著,无明显不良反应.     

依达拉奉联合降纤酶治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的观察依达拉奉联合降纤酶治疗急性脑梗死的疗效。方法对32例急性脑梗死患者给予依达拉奉联合降纤酶(联合组)治疗,并与单纯应用降纤酶(降纤酶组)和复方丹参注射液(丹参组)治疗的患者进行临床疗效、治疗前后神经功能缺损程度评分(NDS)、血浆纤维蛋白原(Fg)含量变化的比较。结果治疗后联合组显效率(75.0%)明显优于丹参组(34.4%)和降纤酶组(31.3%)(均P<0.01);NDS减分幅度与降纤酶组相比(P<0.05)和丹参组相比(P<0.01)差异均有显著性。联合组与降纤酶组Fg水平亦较治疗前明显降低(均P<0.001)。结论依达拉奉联合降纤酶治疗急性脑梗死能明显提高显效率,降低Fg水平,改善神经功能,是治疗急性脑梗死的有效措施之一。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.