Lipodystrophy and metabolic changes in HIV-infected children on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy

BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has recently been implemented in Thailand. Its long-term effects have not been clearly evaluated. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of lipodystrophy (LD) and other metabolic changes in HIV-infected children receiving HAART. METHODS: Ninety children who began HAART (either nevirapine or efavirenz, together with lamivudine and stavudine) were prospectively followed. LD was assessed by waist-to-hip ratio and LD checklist. Hypercholesterolaemia was defined as total cholesterol > 200 mg/dl and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 130 mg/dl. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperglycaemia were defined as HDL-c < 40 mg/dl, triglyceride > 200 mg/dl and plasma glucose > 110 mg/dl, respectively. RESULTS: The mean age at entry was 7.6 (SD 2.9) years. Fifty-three children received nevirapine- and 37 received efavirenz-based HAART. The prevalence of LD was 9%, 47% and 65% at 48, 96 and 144 weeks after HAART initiation, respectively. Patterns of LD at week 144 were central lipohypertrophy (46%), peripheral lipoatrophy (20%), and combined type (34%). A higher prevalence of LD was found among females (61% versus 39%; P = 0.04) and those with more advanced disease (CDC category B or C) at baseline (73% versus 51%; P = 0.04). There was no difference in prevalence of LD between the two regimens. At 144 weeks, fasting hypertriglyceridaemia was detected in 12%, hypercholesterolaemia in 11%, and increased plasma glucose in 4% of children. Low HDL-cholesterolaemia decreased from 94% at baseline to 12% at week 144 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the children developed LD at 144 weeks after HAART. Dyslipidaemia occurred in 11-12% of children.     

HIV-1 genotype resistance pattern and evolution in patients failing nelfinavir-containing regimens

Clinical and in vitro studies have suggested that nelfinavir (NFV)-containing regimens may not preclude the use of other protease inhibitors (PIs) in treatment sequencing. We have studied the prevalence of 30N mutation in a human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected cohort and the virological response to a PI-containing regimen in patients who had previously failed NFV. A total of 335 patients were included in the study; 32 of them were antiretroviral-naive and 303 were antiretroviral-experienced (251 were PI-experienced). Mutations 30N and/or 90M were not detected in sequences obtained either from the antiretroviral naive or non-PI-experienced patients. The 30N mutation was detected in 21/251 (8.3%) of PI-experienced patients and 90M in 103/251 (41%). Moreover, we have observed that the 88D and 77I mutations were present in more than 75% of patients harbouring the 30N HIV-1 variant and the 71T mutation was present in almost 50% of them. Finally, mutations 30N+90M were never detected together in the same HIV-1 strain. The 30N and 90M mutations were not observed together. The presence of mutations at positions 36, 46, 71, 77, and/or 88 in a 30N background, increases the risk of the cross-resistance to other PIs. The use of NFV as a first-line PI, as an application of drug sequencing strategies, may help preserve future PI options.     

北京市一例HIV-1 CRFl5_01B亚型类似毒株的鉴定

目的 通过对一例HIV-1毒株env、gag和pol基因的序列分析,表明HIV-1 CRF15_01B亚型类似毒株已在北京市出现.方法 从一例在北京居住的四川籍女性HIV-l感染者(BJ06108,通过性途径感染)血浆中提取病毒RNA,使用套式PCR方法扩增env、gag和pol基因,并进行序列测定和亚型分析.结果 病例BJ06108在env、gag和pol基因区与CRF15_01B亚型参考株1501B.TH.99.99TH_MU2079基因离散率较近,基因离散率分别为8.8%、6.1%和7.2%.系统进化树分析表明BJ06108与CRF15_01B亚型参考株1501B.TH.99.99TH_MU2079聚在一起.结论 CRF15_01B亚型类似毒株已在北京市出现,应该加强HIV-1毒株亚型变异的监测.     

应用高通量测序方法研究CRF01-AE亚型HIV-1毒株耐药突变的分子进化规律

目的 探讨CRF01-AE亚型人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)毒株在药物选择压力下耐药突变发生和演变的规律.方法 选取5例一线方案治疗失败的CRF01-AE亚型HIV-1患者,收集其6～8年抗病毒治疗过程中的系列血样,应用高通量测序方法进行基因型耐药突变分析.结果 ①5例患者在启动治疗后早期即出现M184V突变以及非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTIs)类耐药突变,常见的有K101E、G190A和K103N,其中M184V+ G190A+ TAMs是常见突变组合,停药或更换二线药物,这些突变也始终存在.②胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷类似物变异(TAMs)突变形成过程中,有3例患者表现为TAM2路径,1例患者为TAM1途径,还有1例患者前期只有TAM2路径的突变,后期累加上TAM1途径的突变.③有3例患者在治疗过程中分别形成TAMs、Q151M复合体和T69插入复合物等多重耐药突变,更换二线方案后仍然治疗失败.结论 ①CRF01-AE亚型耐药患者在用药早期即开始出现耐药突变,数种突变逐渐累加,最终导致临床耐药,应尽早进行耐药突变监测.②TAMs突变通过2种途径竞争性发展,CRF01-AE亚型更偏向于TAM2途径,但随着治疗时间延长,2种途径可以产生融合.③更换二线方案前应排查针对替诺福韦(TDF)的耐药突变,其可能会导致二线方案无效.     

Evaluation of mixtures of wild-type HIV-1 and HIV-1 with resistance point mutations against reverse transcriptase inhibitors

The presence of resistance-related mutations in 185 serial proviral DNA samples from 108 HIV-infected patients was monitored using the line probe assay (LiPA). The proportions of wild-type and mutant virus in each sample were determined. Subsequent samples from the same patient were analysed. Resistance mutations were detected in 58 of 108 patients studied (53.7%), 53 of 73 (72.6%) treated with antivirals and 5 of 35 (14.2%) untreated. The mutations were against zidovudine (51), lamivudine (1), zidovudine and lamivudine (4), zidovudine and zalcitabine (1) and zidovudine and didanosine (1). Among the 58 patients with resistant virus, 168 related mutations were observed: 161 to zidovudine (90 in codon 70, 25 in codon 41 and 46 in codon 215), 5 to lamivudine (codon 184), 1 to zalcitabine (codon 69) and 1 to didanosine (codon 74). Mixtures of wild-type and resistant mutants were detected in 76 of 90 (84.4%) mutated at codon 70, 28 of 46 (60.8%) mutated at codon 215 and in 21 of 25 (84%) mutated at codon 41. The mutations at codon 184 were mixtures of wild-type and resistant in 4 of 5 samples. The agreement between LiPA and sequencing was 96.5%. LiPA was more sensitive for the detection of mutants that were present at low frequency. The analysis of sequential samples from the same patient allowed evaluation of the dynamics of appearance of the resistant mutants.