反相高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定血浆及膀胱中阿霉素的浓度

目的建立测定血浆及膀胱组织中阿霉素含量的反相高效液相色谱法。初步应用于膀胱癌患者膀胱内灌注阿霉素预防膀胱肿瘤术后复发的疗效观察。方法血浆中样品用二氯甲烷-异丙醇混合液提取,膀胱组织制成匀浆后经二氯甲烷-异丙醇混合液提取,Hypersil ODS柱(4.6 mm×200 mm,10μm)为分析柱,甲醇-0.01 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾-冰醋酸(85∶15∶0.5)为流动相,检测波长为E4X75 nm、E54M5 nm,以柔红霉素为内标。结果血浆及膀胱组织中阿霉素的线性范围分别为10~300 ng.ml-1和0.1~1.0μg.g-1,日内、日间误差RSD均小于10%,平均回收率分别为104.39%和94.52%。结论本法测定血浆及膀胱组织中阿霉素含量准确、简便,适用于阿霉素药代动力学的研究。     

氯雷他定血药浓度的HPLC荧光检测法及生物等效性研究

目的建立高效液相色谱法荧光检测血浆中氯雷他定(loratadine)含量的方法,以评价氯雷他定的相对生物利用度。方法色谱柱为Alltech C₁₈,4.6 mm×150 mm;流动相为乙腈-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(90∶100∶6∶0.15);流速为1 mL·min^-1;荧光检测器测定波长,E_x＝274 nm,E_m＝450 nm。结果HPLC测定线性范围为0.2～30 μg·L^-1,最低定量限0.2 μg·L^-1,方法回收率为96％～98％。人体生物利用度结果表明,实验片、胶囊与对照片间的AUC,t_max,C_max和t_1/2β均无显著性差异(P>0.05),两者的相对生物利用度分别为107%±17%和100%±14%。AUC和C_max经可信区间法检验生物等效。结论3种制剂生物等效。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中氯氮平浓度

目的 建立测定人血浆中氯氮平高效液相色谱法。方法 血浆样品经适当处理,色谱柱为Vova-pak C₁₈柱,流动相为0.5%三乙胺溶液-乙腈(74∶26,v/v),流速1 ml·min^-1,检测波长215 nm,安定为内标。结果 测定方法在50～1600μg·ml^-1范围内,氯氮平线性关系良好(r=0.9992);日内、日间相对标准误差(RSD)在3.6%～5.7%之间。结论 本方法快速、简便、准确,可用于血药浓度监测。     

反相HPLC法测定兔血浆异钩藤碱浓度及其药物代谢动力学

用ODS柱分离,甲醇—水(95∶5)为流动相,检测波长UV254nm,建立了兔血浆异钩藤碱浓度的HPLC测定方法。结果显示,血药浓度在0016～16μg·ml^-1范围内呈线性关系,血浆最低检测浓度为0.016μg·ml^-1,绝对回收率为80.5%～85.1%。兔iv IRHY 2及5mg·kg^-1,药代动力学过程符合二室开放模型,T_1/2β分别为1.32h和1.25h。兔经十二指肠给2及5mg·kg^-1后,T_1/2β分别为1.75h和1.26h。生物利用度为42.4%～69.4%。此法简便、快速。IRHY在兔体内吸收迅速,消除也较快。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血清和尿中盐酸青藤碱浓度及药代动力学研究

用RP-HPLC法,以三唑仑为内标,反相C₁₈为分析柱,乙腈—0.01mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠—四甲基乙二胺(46∶54∶0.22v/v)为流动相,磷酸调至pH6.9,检测波长263nm,测定血清和尿中盐酸青藤碱浓度,线性范围分别为6～480ng·mL^-1和0.06～3μg·mL^-1,平均回收率75.88%和91.35%,日内日间误差小于5%,最低检测浓度血清4ng·mL^-1,尿40ng·mL^-1。8名健康男性志愿者单次口服盐酸青藤碱片80mg,测定血清及尿浓度,该药符合二室开放模型,体内消除符合一级动力学消除过程,主要药代动力学参数:T_1/2α0.791±0.491h,T_1/2β9.397±2.425h,T_{max 1.040±0.274h,Cmax246.604±71.165ng·mL^-1,AUC 2651.158±1039.050ng·h·mL^-1,CL 0.033±0.01ng·mL^-1。}     

HPLC法测定国产洛索洛芬钠片人体相对生物利用度

目的 建立人血浆中洛索洛芬钠浓度的HPLC测定方法,研究健康受试者口服国产洛索洛芬钠片的药代动力学,以进口洛索洛芬钠片作为参比制剂,计算两制剂的相对生物利用度,判断两种制剂是否等效。方法 血浆样品加入内标后经三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白、涡旋、离心,吸取上清液进样。色谱柱为Shimadzu VP-ODS(150mm×4.6mm i.d.,5μm C₁₈),流动相为0.05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾-甲醇(27∶73)(v/v),紫外检测波长230nm。测定了20名受试者单剂量口服两种洛索洛芬钠片60mg后血药浓度时间过程。结果 最低检测浓度0.2μg·ml^-1,回收率大于80%,日间和日内的变异系数小于10.5%,线性范围为0.2～12.0μg·ml^-1(r=0.9998),符合生物样品分析的要求。主要药动学参数分别为:国产洛索洛芬钠片:t_1/2为1.39±0.15h,AUC_0-6h 10.71±1.45μg·h·ml^-1,C_max7.23±1.02μg·ml^-1,t_max0.4±0.1h；参比制剂t_1/2为1.41±0.15h,AUC_0-6h 10.46±1.32μg·h·ml^-1,C_max7.49±1.26μg·ml^-1,t_max0.4±0.1h。结论 建立的HPLC法简单快速，定量可靠准确，适合于洛索洛芬钠临床研究。洛索洛芬钠受试制剂的相对生物利用度为（103.2±15.1）%。经统计学分析，两制剂生物等效。     

非手性与手性色谱法研究尼莫地平及其对映体在大鼠体内的药代动力学及组织分布

目的研究尼莫地平及其对映体在大鼠体内药代动力学及组织分布特性。方法生物样品在碱性条件下,经正己烷-醋酸乙酯(1∶1)提取。非手性色谱分析用ODS柱(150 mm×4.6 mm ID),以甲醇-水(70∶30)为流动相;手性色谱分析用Chiralcel OJ柱(250 mm × 4.6 mm ID),以正己烷-无水乙醇(85∶15)为流动相;检测波长为236 nm。结果尼莫地平及其对映体分别在非手性及手性色谱系统中分离良好,在血浆及组织匀浆液中线性关系、最低检测限、精密度和准确度均满足分析要求。对映体间主要药动学参数T_max,C_max,AUC和CL_s,S-(-)-尼莫地平为:(2.1±0.3) h,(197±5) μg·L^-1,(656±18) μg·h·L^-1和(0.30±0.03) mL·min^-1,r-(+)-尼莫地平为:(1.7±0.5) h,(128±4)μg·L^-1,(381±8) μg·h·L^-1和(0.53±0.03) mL·min^-1;在主要的效应器官中S-(-)-尼莫地平的浓度高于r-(+)-尼莫地平,在主要消除器官中r-(+)-尼莫地平浓度高于S-(-)-尼莫地平的浓度。结论尼莫地平对映体在大鼠体内药代动力学及组织分布存在着立体差异性。     

小鼠血浆中马钱素的高效液相色谱测定法及药代动力学

目的建立测定小鼠血浆中马钱素浓度的高效液相色谱法,并研究马钱素在小鼠体内的药代动力学。方法色谱柱为C18柱,流动相甲醇-水(30∶70),流速为0.8 mL·min^-1,检测波长240 nm;血浆样品用固相萃取法预处理。结果线性范围0.01～5.00 μg·mL^-1。日内RSD<10%,日间RSD<15%,回收率86.0%～91.5%,最低定量浓度为10 ng·mL^-1。ig给药0.5 h后血浆药物浓度达峰值,C_max为6.8 μg·mL^-1,_t1/2α为26.1 min,_t1/2β为29.01 min。结论 该方法灵敏度高,操作方便,适用于马钱素的药代动力学研究;本品口服吸收快消除也快。     

溴泰君(W198)在大鼠和比格狗体内的药代动力学

目的研究溴泰君(W198)在大鼠和比格狗的药代动力学。方法采用HPLC紫外检测方法测定大鼠及比格狗注射W198后血清药物浓度。结果大鼠iv W198 10,20和40 mg·kg^-1 3个剂量的T_1/2β分别为6.60,7.36和6.77 h,AUC_0-24h分别为3.797,7.371和15.192 mg·h·L^-1,V_d分别为7.14,4.33和4.13 L·kg^-1,CL分别为2.83,2.60和2.71 L·(kg·h)^-1。大鼠im W198 20 mg·kg^-1后T_1/2β为11.61 h,AUC_0-24h为4.191 mg·h·L^-1,im的生物利用度为56.9%。比格狗iv W198 5 mg·kg^-1,T_1/2β为11.72 h,AUC_0-24h为12.646 mg·h·L^-1,V_d为0.70 L·kg^-1,CL为0.46 L·(kg·h)^-1。W198与人血浆蛋白的结合率平均为78.0%。结论W198 im的T_1/2β比iv的略长,其生物利用度为56.9%。在10～40 mg·kg^-1剂量内的吸收呈现一级动力学特征。     

RP-HPLC法测定盐酸哌唑嗪片的含量及有关物质

目的　以HPLC法测定盐酸哌唑嗪片的含量及有关物质。方法　采用Zorbax SB-C₁₈色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm ,5μm) ,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(490∶460∶45∶5) ,流速为1.0ml·min^-1,柱温30℃,检测波长为247nm ,用外标法测定。结果　盐酸哌唑嗪的保留时间约为4.2min ,且与其它峰的分离度大于1.5。盐酸哌唑嗪的线性范围为5～50μg·ml^-1(r=0.9999) ,最低检测限为0.4ng·ml^-1,平均回收率和RSD分别为100.8%和0.68%。结论　该方法简便、快速,结果准确可靠,适用于盐酸哌唑嗪片的含量及有关物质的定量检测。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.