介入法治疗室间隔缺损修补术后残余漏

目的评价室间隔缺损（VSD）修补术后经导管封堵治疗的临床效果。方法9（男4,女5）例患者,年龄5～40岁。其中膜部VSD术后7例,法洛四联症（TOF）术后2例。经胸超声心动图测量VSD术后残余漏直径为3～12mm。有7例为1个残余漏口,2例有2个残余漏口。结果左心室造影5例膜部瘤的左室面直径14～28mm,漏口均在膜部瘤的出口。其中3例残余漏有1个孔,其大小分别为4、6和7mm,用6、9和10mmVSD封堵器。2例有2个孔,其大小分别为3、6mm和9、7mm,两孔之间距离分别为8和10mm,均放置两个封堵器,1例为5和9mmVSD封堵器,1例为14mmVSD封堵器和12/14mm动脉导管未闭封堵器。2例膜部VSD,其漏口直径分别为3和10mm,用5和14mm封堵器。2例TOF术后并发VSD残余漏,其漏口直径分别为9和14mm,用12和18mm封堵器。术后即刻左心室造影8例无残余分流,1例两个封堵器的患者有少量残余分流。升主动脉造影全部患者无主动脉瓣返流。随访1～6月复查超声心动图,有残余分流的1例在3月消失,全部患者封堵器无移位,无主动脉瓣返流。结论经导管封堵治疗室间隔缺损修补术后残余漏是一项操作安全、疗效可靠的治疗方法。     

介入封堵在治疗室间隔缺损修补术后残余漏上的疗效

目的:探讨介入封堵治疗室间隔缺损（VSD）修补术后残余漏的方法与疗效。方法: 全组18例,年龄3～46（14±11）岁。残余漏大小3～8（42±15） mm。通过建立轨道法,封堵VSD术后残余漏,封堵15 min后行左心室造影,术后1 d及3个月行超声心动图检查,观察封堵效果。结果: 全组18例VSD修补术后残余漏患者,除1例因残余漏直径过大,1例因建立轨道困难,封堵未成功外,余均治愈。结论: 介入治疗VSD修补术后残余漏疗效满意、可靠。     

应用小腰大边封堵器封堵多出口膜部瘤型室间隔缺损

目的:评价国产小腰大边封堵器封堵多出口膜部瘤型室间隔缺损(VSD)的可行性、安全性和疗效。方法:选择69例多出口膜部瘤型VSD患者,经左心室造影证实右心室面均有多个出口。其中29例患者选用普通对称封堵器进行封堵(A组);40例患者选用小腰大边封堵器进行封堵(B组)。2组患者分别根据膜部瘤大小、形态、位置及膜部瘤组织粘连牢固程度,置入相应型号的普通对称封堵器或小腰大边封堵器,封堵后15min重复左心室造影和经胸超声心动图检查(TTE),观察封堵的即刻效果。术后连续心电监护5d。2组患者均于术后1、3、6个月定期心电图、TTE检查。结果:A组成功封堵19例,术中并发左、右束支传导阻滞各1例,1例术后造影示少量残余分流(<3mm),1个月后超声复查无残余分流,另10例因封堵器未能完全覆盖多发缺损口或封堵器引起心室流出道狭窄而换用小腰大边封堵器封堵成功;B组40例患者均一次封堵成功,3例术后造影示少量残余分流(<3mm),1个月后超声复查无残余分流,术中并发左、右束支传导阻滞分别为3例和2例。结论:经导管应用国产小腰大边封堵器封堵多出口膜部瘤型VSD疗效可靠,成功率高,并发症少,与普通对称封堵器相比有明显的优势。     

应用双封堵器封堵治疗复杂膜部瘤型室间隔缺损

目的:探讨应用双封堵器对复杂膜部瘤型室间隔缺损（VSD）进行介入封堵治疗的可行性、有效性和安全性。方法: 12例复杂膜部瘤型VSD患者,左心室造影后常规右股动脉-左心室-VSD-右心室-右股静脉输送轨道,对VSD进行封堵,重复左心室造影,发现存在不能接受的残余分流,遂建立右股动脉-左心室-VSD-右心室-左股静脉输送轨道,应用第2枚封堵器对残余分流进行封堵,左心室、升主动脉造影以及超声心动图检查确认封堵效果良好,释放封堵器。术后1、3、6、12个月复查超声心动图、X线检查和12导联心电图。结果: 12例患者均封堵成功。术毕即刻造影和超声心动图检查示封堵效果良好,无残余分流,各组瓣膜功能良好,无并发症发生。随访期间所有患者杂音消失,超声心动图检查无残余分流,心电图检查均为窦性心律,无房室传导阻滞或束支传导阻滞。结论: 应用双封堵器对复杂膜部瘤型VSD进行封堵治疗是可行的,且具有满意的疗效和安全性。     

国产对称双盘状封堵器经导管治疗室间隔缺损21例

目的:分析国产对称双盘状封堵器经导管治疗室间隔缺损（VSD）的疗效。方法:21例,全部为膜部室间隔缺损,年龄3.035.0（7.6±8.4）岁。VSD左室面直径为2.212.0（6.2±4.2）mm。经6F-10F传送鞘置入国产对称双盘状封堵器,封堵后即刻行左心室造影,术后1 d、1、6及12月行超声心动图检查观察有无残余分流。结果:封堵器植入成功20例,植入技术成功率95%。术后即刻左心室造影示4例（20%）存在微少量残余分流,16例（80%）封堵完全无残余分流。术后2448 h超声心动图示分流完全消失19（95%）、微少量残余分流1例（5%）。1例封堵术后3 d发生一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,经过410 d内科保守治疗治愈。1月超声心动图所有病例未见残余分流。结论:应用国产双盘状封堵器治疗VSD是一种安全有效的介入方法,操作简便,成功率高,近期疗效可靠。     

室间隔缺损介入治疗后并发封堵器移位的原因分析

目的探讨经导管介入治疗室间隔缺损（VSD）发生封堵器移位的原因和预防措施。方法介入治疗后封堵器移位患者4（男3,女1）例,3例为膜周部VSD伴膜部瘤,1例为嵴内型VSD,缺损直径分别为13、12、12和10mm,所选用的封堵器分别为16、12mm国产对称型膜部VSD封堵器,14mmAmplatzer膜部VSD封堵器和14mm国产偏心型膜部VSD封堵器。结果4例均一次性封堵成功。术后即刻均无残余分流。2例在术后4和12h分别发生溶血,超声心动图检查封堵器位置无明显变化,但均有明显残余分流。经药物治疗后,溶血恢复正常,残余分流消失。1例术后第4天,心电图检查为Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,超声心动图发现封堵器明显向囊袋出口移位。转心脏外科手术取出封堵器并修补缺损,术后患者Ⅲ度AVB恢复。1例嵴内型VSD术后2周,超声心动图发现封堵器向右心室移位,有明显残余分流。随访4个月残余分流减少。结论VSD封堵治疗后,封堵器移位与缺损的病理解剖特性有关。多发生在伴有膜部瘤的膜部VSD和嵴内型VSD。     

自制封堵器闭合膜部室间隔缺损196例疗效评价

目的评价应用自制双盘形室间隔缺损封堵器闭合膜周部室间隔缺损的可行性和临床疗效.方法196例先心病膜周部室间隔缺损患者,男88例,女108例,年龄2～56岁,平均17.17±12.00岁.术前超声测量室间隔缺损直径3～15mm,平均(4.94±2.23)mm.应用7F～10F输送鞘管从右心系统送入双盘形封堵器.封堵后15min重复左心室造影和经胸心脏超声波检查,观察封堵的即刻效果.术后连续心电监护5天.出院前、术后1月、6月和1年定期复查心电图和心脏超声.结果196例中,191例患者封堵成功,成功率97.4%.左心室造影测量室间隔缺损直径3～17mm,平均4.76±2.96mm.所用封堵器直径为4～20mm,平均6.68±2.76mm.未成功的5例中,3例因导管未能通过室间隔缺损处,2例因封堵器放置后影响主动脉瓣关闭,而放弃封堵治疗.180例患者术后15min重复左心室造影和经胸心脏超声检查显示无残余分流,11例示少量残余分流,1月后复查经胸心脏超声,8例残余分流消失,其余3例仍存在微量残余分流.术中并发短暂的左、右束支传导阻滞分别为5例和12例,2例并发-过性完全性房室传导阻滞.封堵器放置后出现完全性右束支传导阻滞2例,随访期间未恢复.术后心电监护示非阵发性室性心动过速4例,1周后恢复.封堵器放置后脱落到左肺下动脉1例,经圈套器取出,并继续完成封堵治疗.合并房间隔缺损4例、动脉导管未闭2例,同期成功封堵.X线透视时间5～60min,平均13.17±7.68min,操作时间39～160min,平均59.48±18.18min.随访1个月～2年,无感染性心内膜炎、血栓栓塞和溶血等并发症.结论应用自制双盘形封堵器经导管闭合膜部室间隔缺损操作简便,疗效可靠,使用安全.     

应用国产对称双盘状封堵器经导管治疗小儿室间隔缺损的疗效评价

目的应用国产对称双盘状封堵器经导管治疗小儿室间隔缺损（VSD）并对其疗效进行初步评价。方法全组446例,其中443例为膜部VSD,3例为肌部室VSD,年龄7±8（2～12）岁。VSD左室面直径为6.8±3.9（2.0～12.0）mm。经6F～10F传送鞘置入对称双盘状封堵器,封堵后即刻行左心室造影,术后1d、1个月、6个月及行超声心动图检查观察有无残余分流。结果全组446例封堵器植入成功,植入技术成功率100%。术后即刻左心室造影示81例（18.2%）存在微～少量残余分流,365例（81.8%）封堵完全无残余分流。术后24～48h超声心动图示分流完全消失410例（91.9%）、微～少量残余分流36例（8.1%）。1例封堵术后24h发生溶血,经过7d内科保守治疗治愈。8例封堵术后3d发生一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,经过4～10d内科保守治疗治愈。1个月超声心动图发现2例残余分流（0.9%）。结论应用国产双盘状封堵器治疗小儿室间隔缺损是一种安全有效的介入方法,操作简便,成功率高,近期疗效可靠,中远期疗效尚需进一步观察。     

偏心型封堵器治疗先天性干下型室间隔缺损的探讨

目的探讨先天性干下型室间隔缺损(VSD)偏心型封堵器介入治疗的可行性及近期疗效。方法经皮介入治疗先天性干下型室间隔缺损患者7例。经胸超声心动图提示VSD的直径为4~8mm,缺损上缘距主动脉瓣的距离1~2mm,距肺动脉瓣距离4~6mm,轻度主动脉瓣反流6例,中度1例。均选用偏心型VSD封堵器治疗。术中在右前斜45度下行左室造影、建立股动静脉轨道、经右心系统释放封堵器,并分别于术后2周、1个月、3个月、6个月进行随访。结果7例患者封堵器均成功置入。术后即刻超声及造影示完全封堵6例,少量残余分流1例,在3个月后消失。封堵器对主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣和房室瓣均无影响,术中及术后未有其它严重并发症发生。结论应用偏心型封堵器经皮介入治疗先天性干下型室间隔缺损是安全有效的,近期效果良好。     

膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗的临床评价

目的:评价膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)经导管封堵治疗的临床效果。 方法:456例患者,经胸超声心动图测量VSD直径为3-18(6.2±3.1)mm,VSD距主动脉右冠瓣距离0.5-5.0(2.3±1.0)mm。其中6例合并动脉导管未闭,7例合并房间隔缺损,1例合并动脉导管未闭和房间隔缺损。19例伴轻度主动脉右冠瓣脱垂。先行左心室造影,通过VSD建立动静脉轨道,应用7-10F输送鞘管从右心系统送入封堵器。 结果:左心室造影测量VSD直径为3-20(6.4±3.0)mm,VSD距主动脉右冠瓣距离0.5-6.0(2.4±1.1)mm,其中86例患者VSD距主动脉右冠瓣距离<2 mm。391例伴膜部瘤形成。448例患者封堵成功,成功率为98％。未成功的8例中,2例导管未能通过缺损处,2例术中导丝通过VSD出现Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞(AVB),2例封堵后出现间歇性Ⅲ度AVB,2例伴主动脉右冠瓣轻度脱垂患者封堵后有少-中量主动脉瓣反流而放弃封堵治疗。所选封堵器大小为4-22(8.6±3.1)mm。封堵器到位后即刻左心室造影示微量残余分流68例,6个月复查超声心动图有1例微量残余分流。术后发生高度AVB 6例,1例安装永久起搏器。封堵器向膜部瘤出口明显移位1例,外科取出封堵器并行手术修补VSD。溶血2例,三尖瓣中量反流1例。合并动脉导管未闭6例、房间隔缺损7例、合并动脉导管未闭和房问隔缺损1例,同时成功封堵。 结     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。