跟骰关节面的解剖测量与临床应用

目的研究跟骰关节面的形态特征,为跟骨前部内固定置钉提供解剖学依据。方法笔者自2013-01—2015-06解剖40只成年人足踝部标本,分为男、女2组(男22只,女18只)。每只标本来源于不同个体,不分左右侧别。以跟骨长轴作为解剖测量基线,解剖观察跟骰关节面形状,测量跟骰关节面水平横径和最大横径,测量并计算后斜角。分析测量指标与跟骨骨折内固定置钉之间关系。结果测量结果显示,男性组跟骰关节面的水平横径为(25.03±1.37)mm,最大横径为(31.24±2.13)mm,女性组水平横径为(23.51±2.11)mm,最大横径为(27.39±1.87)mm。2项指标组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.478,P=0.009;t=6.003,P0.001)。男性组和女性组的后斜角分别为(23.03±1.71)°和(20.69±2.30)°,差异有统计学意义(t=3.689,P=0.001)。结论跟骰关节面是一个不规则的倾斜关节面。自跟骨前部外侧向内侧置钉,关节面的后斜角决定进钉方向,水平横径和最大横径决定进钉长度。按照研究结论和方法置入合适长度螺钉,能避免螺钉误置入跟骰关节,也可以避免由于螺钉过长而损伤跟骨内侧的肌腱、血管和神经。     

下颈椎椎弓根螺旋CT扫描的三维重建及测量

目的 评价应用多层螺旋CT扫描三维重建技术测量下颈椎椎弓根相关参数的可行性. 方法 8具成年男性颈椎标本经螺旋CT扫描后,把信息传送至随机工作站(Silicon Graphics O2),结合下颈椎榷弓根置钉的参数需求,进行三维重建[容积成像(VR)和多平面重组(MPR)]后测量椎弓根各个相关数据.然后对这些数据进行分析. 结果本组下颈椎椎弓根的外展角平均为42.02°±7.55°,C_7最小(35.63°±6.34°),C_4最大(46.94°±5.69°);头倾角平均为76.30°±12.01°,C_3最小(72.93°±6.57°),C,最大(81.27°±13.34°);入点至下关节缘距离平均为(11.23±1.78)mm,C_3最小[(10.54±1.25)mm],C_6最大[(12.05±1.40)mm];入点至侧块外缘距离各椎体相筹较大,平均为(2.65±1.21)mm,C_4最小[(1.69±0.81)mm],C_7最大[(3.74±0.99)mm];入点至椎体前缘距离各椎体差异较小,平均为(31.42±2.13)mm;椎弓根皮质骨高度平均为(8.43±1.30)mm,宽度半均为(5.54±1.26)mm;椎弓根松质骨高度平均为(3.69±1.19)mm,宽度平均为(2.67±1.15)mm;椎弓根皮质高度一般大于宽度,C_4内径最小,C_7内径最大. 结论 VR、MPR重建图像可满足椎弓根参数测量要求,其所测量的下颈椎椎弓根参数可满足经椎弓根手术的术前评估需求;下颈椎椎弓根变异较大.     

跟骨外侧壁的三维形态学特征及跟骨解剖型钢板的匹配性研究

目的 探讨基于CT图像后处理技术的跟骨外侧壁三维形态学特征及跟骨解剖型钢板的匹配度.方法 收集2009年12月至2012年1月期间100例(男50例,女50例)保留正常跟骨患者的16排螺旋CT扫描薄层原始数据.采用表面重建法(SSD)重建跟骨及其周围骨性结构的三维图像;应用三维拓扑窄区分割技术提取跟骨;应用三维空间点、线二元素结合的测量模式进行跟骨外侧壁相关参数的测量;并模拟和观察常用跟骨解剖型钢板的置放情况. 结果 本研究中男性组跟骨外侧壁的长度、高度、跟骨前部高度及跟骨后关节面长度平均分别为(80.4±3.8)、(45.4±3.0)、(24.2±2.2)、(29.3±3.1)mm;女性组平均分别为(69.5±4.2)、(36.2±3.1)、(21.1±1.1)、(23.5±2.5) mm,以上项目两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).男性组跟骨前部长度平均为(21.3±1.5) mm,女性组平均为(21.1±1.1) mm,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).男性组Gissane角和B(o)hler 角平均分别为128.4°±11.7°、51.2°±6.1 °,女性组分别为124.3°±8.6°、58.3°±6.7°,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在钢板匹配度分析中,不同类型钢板均可较理想地贴附骨面,但仍有部分钢板需剪切或折弯. 结论 本研究结果为跟骨骨折的解剖复位标准及畸形愈合矫形术前计划提供了一组科学、客观的参考数据.对跟骨解剖型钢板匹配度的深入认识可协助临床医生合理选择内置物并正确置放.     

寰椎椎弓根显露置钉技术的影像学测量研究

目的 :利用CT三维重建对椎动脉沟后弓高度4 mm的寰椎进行置钉通道相关参数测量,探讨椎弓根显露置钉技术的意义。方法:回顾性分析2015年4月至2015年6月行颈椎CT三维重建检查且排除上颈椎畸形、手术的患者90例,其中单侧或双侧椎动脉沟后弓高度4 mm的51例,共84侧。利用其图像数据行寰椎三维数字化重建,并分别测量置钉通道相关数据。结果:51例患者中,椎动脉沟处后弓最低高度为(3.28±0.51)mm,侧块高度、宽度、与后弓移行处高度均可容纳3.5 mm直径螺钉置入。0°~15°(0°、5°、10°、15°)理想椎弓根螺钉钉道长度依次为(27.36±1.81)、(27.01±1.68)、(27.07±1.75)、(27.48±1.72)mm,椎弓根显露置钉技术钉道长度依次为(23.44±1.79)、(23.87±1.84)、(24.58±1.89)、(25.56±2.01)mm,侧块螺钉钉道长度为(20.78±2.05)mm。螺钉通道5个截面的CT值均值分别为椎弓根螺钉(701.89±141.48)HU、侧块螺钉(599.11±137.33)HU。0°~15°理想椎弓根螺钉通道长度之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),0°~15°椎弓根显露置钉法钉道长度随内倾角增加而增长(P0.05),且均比侧块螺钉钉道长(P0.05),椎弓根螺钉通道穿过骨质CT值均值高于侧块螺钉通道(P0.01)。结论:利用椎弓根显露置钉技术可完成椎动脉沟处后弓高度4 mm的寰椎置钉,且钉道长度损失不多,穿行骨量较大,预期把持力良好。     

前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术的解剖学测量及其临床意义

[目的] 为国人前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术提供解剖学依据.[方法] 在50套中国成人配套干燥寰枢椎标本上,对前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术的相关解剖学数据进行测量.[结果]前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术以枢椎前弓下缘与枢椎椎体侧缘交界点上方4mm处为进钉点,在矢状面上螺钉植入的最小外偏角为(10.80±2.10)°,最大外偏角为(25.13 ±3.12)°,冠状面上最小后偏角为(8.85±2.12)°,最大后偏角为(26.96 3.09)°,枢椎正中至枢椎横突孔内侧缘距离为(14.12±1.28)mm,内、外侧钉道长度分别为(17.48±2.10)mm和(25.41±2.59)mm.[结论] 前路经寰枢关节螺钉内固定术中,两侧置入螺钉的理想的钉道角度为外偏10°-25°,后倾9°-27°、理想的螺钉长度为17～25 mm,由枢椎前缘正中向外分离显露不宜超过14 mm.     

中国成人腰椎“V”形置钉固定的影像学研究

[目的]通过对中国成人腰椎“V”形置钉钉道的影像学测量与分析,研究“V”形置钉的可行性与安全性,为“V”形置钉技术提供影像学参考数据.[方法]应用多层螺旋CT,对60例中国成人进行腰椎三维重建,在椎板轴位断面中测量骨性直线通道长度、最小厚度,测量经椎板关节突螺钉钉道与矢状面和水平面的夹角,以及经椎板关节突螺钉钉道与椎弓根螺钉钉道在水平面和矢状面的夹角.[结果] L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1经椎板关节突螺钉钉道最大长度分别为(42.93±1.01) mm、(44.81±1.59) mm、(46.33 ±2.27) mm,L3/4和L5/S1男女间存在统计学差异,钉道最大直径分别为(5.44±0.23)mm、(6.27±0.41) mm、(5.18±0.34) mm,男女间不存在统计学差异.经椎板关节突螺钉钉道与矢状面夹角较为固定,与水平面夹角从L3/4～L5/S1逐渐加大.经椎板关节突螺钉钉道与椎弓根螺钉的位置关系较为固定,在水平面夹角为36.438°±2.41°,在矢状面夹角为52.884°±2.54°.[结论]在中国成人腰椎中沿椎板轴线存在一个贯穿关节突关节的骨性直线通道,该通道内可置入经椎板关节突螺钉.经椎板关节突螺钉与邻近椎弓根螺钉存在较固定的位置关系,此影像学测量可为术中置钉提供安全依据.     

跟距关节内跟骨骨折移位变化的CT测量

目的 :测量跟距关节内跟骨骨折移位的具体数据 ,分析其移位规律。方法 :对 6 6例跟骨骨折患者双侧跟骨同时行冠状面CT扫描 ,以健侧跟骨CT冠状面上能完整显示后距下关节面、载距突和跟骨体的一幅扫描面图像为基准 ,分别对健侧和患侧跟骨进行测量 ,包括冠状面上跟骨最远端的宽度、跟骨中部的宽度、跟骨长度及Perie角 ,并进行统计学分析。结果 :患侧前跟部宽度较健侧增宽 9 6 6mm(P <0 0 1) ;冠状面中央部跟骨平均增宽 8 81mm (P <0 0 1)。Perie角患侧 32 15° ,健侧 17 4 0°,两者相差 14 75°(P <0 0 1)。跟骨的长度患侧为 5 5 6 7mm ,健侧为 6 0 5 9mm ,差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :跟距关节内跟骨骨折以最远端横向移位最大 ,故此在治疗上应高度注意这种病理变化 ,彻底矫正其横向移位。     

基于三维CT重建的寰椎椎弓根解剖学测量及临床意义

目的：研究螺旋CT三维重建测量人正常状态下寰椎椎弓根形态及其相关解剖学数据。方法：选取150例正常成人志愿者,年龄18—52岁（平均36．3岁）,对其寰枢椎进行螺旋CT扫描,三维重建后观察椎弓根形态,并测量其双侧椎弓根各主要解剖数值：椎弓根高度、宽度、进钉点距后正中矢状面距离、椎根弓内倾角及上倾角。结果：根据椎弓根高度分为正常型;相对狭窄型;狭窄型;无椎弓根型。正常寰椎椎弓高度（4．10±1．17）mm,上倾角（8．24±1．31）°,内倾角（6．53±2．35）°,椎弓根宽度（8．24±1．31）mm,长度（28．73±1．66）mm,进钉点距后正中矢状面距离（19．36±1．27）mm。结论：三维CT重建能够全面观察寰椎影像解剖的立体结构,准确提供寰椎椎弓根的解剖学形态、解剖学参数,为寰椎椎弓根螺钉内固定技术提供解剖学依据。     

枢椎棘突、椎板和椎弓根的CT测量

目的探讨CT测量枢椎棘突、椎板和椎弓根的临床疗效及其临床意义。方法自2011年2月~2011年10月使用多层螺旋CT扫描机进行枢椎扫描,测量枢椎棘突基底部宽度和棘突中段高度、枢椎椎板中段的宽度和高度、枢椎椎弓根中段的宽度和高度。结果枢椎棘突基底部宽度、椎板中段宽度和椎弓根中段宽度测量结果分别为(19.57±2.11)、(6.12±1.23)、(5.82±1.39)mm,枢椎棘突宽度明显大于椎板和椎弓根,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。枢椎棘突、椎板和椎弓根中段的高度测量结果分别为(13.13±2.06)、(12.63±1.91)、(5.73±1.25)mm,枢椎棘突和椎板中段的高度明显大于椎弓根,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论枢椎棘突具有枢椎椎板和椎弓根具有更大的置钉空间,枢椎棘突螺钉也可以作为一种补充内固定的方法。     

枢椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点及植钉方式的解剖研究

目的对成人尸体枢椎干骨标本进行解剖学测量,探索一种简便、精确的植钉方法,为临床枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定提供解剖学依据。方法取60具完整且无畸形的成人尸体枢椎干骨标本,以椎弓根内、外侧缘与侧块交界处连线的中点作纵垂线,经横突后支与下关节突外侧缘交界处作水平线,两线交点偏外1~2 mm处为进钉点,经椎弓根植钉,分别测量椎弓根高度及宽度、最大进钉长度、钉道至椎管和横突孔最短距离、进钉角度等解剖参数,评估枢椎椎弓根螺钉植钉的可行性及安全性。结果椎弓根上缘、中部、下缘宽度分别为(7.35±0.89)、(5.50±1.48)、(3.97±1.01)mm,椎弓根高度为(9.94±1.16)mm。最大进钉长度为(25.91±1.15)mm,进钉方向与冠状面夹角为(26.95±1.88)°、与矢状面夹角为(22.81±1.61)°。钉道至椎管、横突孔的最短距离分别为(2.72±0.83)mm和(1.98±0.26)mm。结论分别经椎弓根内、外侧缘与侧块的交界处,以及经横突后支与下关节突外侧缘的交界处作为枢椎椎弓根进钉点坐标的定位标志进行植钉,在解剖形态学方面是安全、可行的。     

股骨后髁角CT测量和实体测量的比较研究

目的采用CT测量和实体测量方法对膝关节置换术患者的股骨后髁角进行测量并探讨其临床意义。方法选取40例择期、初次、单侧因骨性关节炎行膝关节表面置换术患者作为研究对象,其中男9例,女31例;内翻屈曲畸形35例（内翻≤15°,屈曲≤15°）,无内外翻畸形5例,年龄56～81岁,平均68.3岁。所选病例术前用CT图像测量股骨后髁角,术中用股骨后髁角测量仪测量,算出后髁角。结果测量仪测得后髁角为（3.50°±0.85°）;CT测得为（3.26°±0.98°）;两种测量方法所得结果之间差异没有统计学意义（t=1.192,P〉0.05）;个体术前CT测量值和实体测量值之间差异范围0°～0.9°,平均0.41°,说明两种测量方法的结果可以相互印证。结论术前CT测量股骨后髁角是准确的,有助于股骨假体正确安装。     

成人枕骨厚度解剖学和CT测量的相关性研究

目的了解枕骨厚度解剖学与CT两种测量结果的相关性,为枕颈融合术中螺钉长度的选择提供解剖学依据。方法对10具成人湿润颅骨标本进行CT和解剖学测量,测量方法参照McRac线,共66个点,每格相距1cm的矩阵,并对两组数据的相关性进行统计学分析。结果两组数据具有良好的相关性。最厚处位于枕骨粗隆部,最薄处位于小脑窝处,其中厚度大于8mm的区域位于水平线P5、6间ML线旁开2cm、P4、5间ML线旁开1cm及P3、4间ML线处的近似倒三角形区域;厚度介于6～8mm的区域位于上述倒三角形外周1cm的区域。结论各枕骨之间的厚度存在个体差异,CT和解剖学测量结果具有良好的相关性,术前CT测量结果可为术中螺钉长度选择提供参考依据。     

Analysis and measurement of neck loads

To examine the loads imposed on the structures of the neck by the performance of physical tasks, a biomechanical model of the neck was constructed. The model incorporated 14 bilateral pairs of muscle equivalents crossing the C4 level. A double linear programming optimization scheme that minimized maximum muscle contraction intensity and then vertebral compression force while equilibrating external loads was used to calculate the muscle contraction forces required and the motion segment reactions produced by task performance. To test model validity, 14 healthy adult subjects performed a series of isometric tasks requiring use of their neck muscles. These tasks included exertions in attempted flexion, extension, and left and right lateral bending and twisting. Subjects exerted maximum and submaximum voluntary efforts. During the performance, surface myoelectric activities were recorded at eight locations around the periphery of the neck at the C4 level. Calculated forces and measured myoelectric activities were then linearly correlated. Mean measured voluntary neck strengths in 10 male subjects were as large as 29.7 Nm. Four female subjects developed mean strengths that were approximately 60%-90% of those of the males. In both sexes, neck muscle strengths were approximately one order of magnitude lower than previously measured lumbar trunk strengths. Mean calculated neck muscle contraction forces ranged to 180 N. Mean calculated compression forces on the C4-5 motion segment ranged to 1164 N, lateral shear forces ranged to 125 N, and anteroposterior shear forces ranged to 135 N. Correlation coefficients between the calculated muscle forces and the measured myoelectric activities were as large as 0.85 in some muscles, but generally were smaller than this.     

Detection and measurement of urinary protein

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The measurement of urine total protein and albumin is central to the diagnosis and management of subjects with kidney disease and in assessing cardiovascular risk. Accurate assessment is vital to enable detection and management of the patient with proteinuria. RECENT FINDINGS: The spot urine protein has been suggested as an acceptable alternative to 24-h urine collections. Recent studies suggest that this holds true for screening to exclude significant proteinuria (>1 g/day) but data are lacking for the quantification of proteinuria and in assessing response to therapy. For albuminuria, while 24-h urinary albumin excretion remains the gold standard, spot urine samples are appropriate for screening. The optimal technique for the laboratory determination of urinary albumin has been questioned with the high-performance liquid chromatography-based method demonstrating significantly more albumin in the urine. Population-based studies have found dramatic increases in the prevalence of microalbuminuria with the new high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Whether this extra immunounreactive albumin detected by high-performance liquid chromatography is clinically important remains to be established. SUMMARY: Twenty-four-hour urine collection remains the gold standard for the accurate determination of both total urinary protein and albumin. Spot urine samples can be used for screening patients for albuminuria and proteinuria. The optimal method for measuring urinary albumin concentration remains to be established.     

Reliability and measurement error of digital planimetry for the measurement of chronic venous leg ulcers

Area measurements of a chronic wound are the gold standard outcome measure to determine if a wound is on a healing or nonhealing trajectory. The use of digital planimetry can provide increased accuracy in measuring wound area however it is important to know the reliability and measurement error of these devices when used by multiple assessors. The aim of this study is to determine the within rater, between rater, and standard error of measurement of a digital planimetry device. Wound area in 42 patients was measured weekly for 12 weeks by two different raters, with each rater measuring the wound 10 times per visit. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 1,k) and standard error of measurement were calculated for both within and between raters using 10 and the first three repeated measures to determine if using less measurements was as reliable. The true change in wound area was calculated by dividing stander error of measurements by mean wound areas. Within rater reliability for raters 1 and 2 were 0.995 and 0.992 for 10 measurements, and 0.996 and 0.992 for 3 measurements per time point. Between rater reliability was 0.979 for 10 measurements and 0.996 for 3 measurements per time point. The within rater standard error of measurement for raters 1 and 2 was 0.98 cm² and 1.28 cm² for 10 measurements and 0.895 cm² and 1.29 cm² for 3 measurements at each time point. The standard error of measurement for between raters was 2.07 cm² for 10 measurements and 2.25 cm² for 3 measurements per time point. The true change in wound size varied from 6.4% for within one rater to 15.7% for across different raters. This study found that both within and between rater reliability of the digital planimetry device was very high for three measurements per time point.     

Clinical measurement and assessing agreement

Measurement comparison studies are common in the anaesthetic and critical care literatures. Unfortunately many researchers do not define what should constitute acceptable agreement for the particular clinical scenario. This article suggests a pragmatic approach to this issue.