中医内科对糖尿病人的医治新进展

近几年人们生活水平不断提升,也导致了糖尿病的发病率不断提升,这就对糖尿病的根治提出了新的要求,因此我国的中医内科也经过积极的研究分析,发现了许多糖尿病治疗方面的新的方法,取得了微量元素辅助治疗和高位降糖法辅助治疗糖尿病的新进展。这些中医内科对糖尿病人方面的医治新进展,也更好的保证了糖尿病治疗的效果。     

益气活血法治疗缺血性脑卒中研究进展

从理论基础、临床疗效观察、作用机制等方面论述益气活血法治疗缺血性脑卒中研究新进展,指出益气活血法在临床上是治疗缺血性脑卒中主要方法之一。     

有关肾脏疾病理论与临床的若干进展

近几年来,在内科肾脏病领域内,不论在基础理论研究,诊断方法,还是治疗方面都有一些新进展。下面仅就几个方面作一简要介绍。     

妊娠甲状腺机能亢进症的研究进展

综述妊娠合并甲状腺机能亢进症的发病机制、转归、诊断、治疗和监控等方面的国外研究新进展。     

评述根除幽门螺杆菌策略的演变和新进展

本文从根除幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter phlori,Hp）的方法、根除失败后的措施,对Hp治疗认识观念的转变等三方面评述了根除却策略的演进和新进展,对印的研究和治疗具有重要意义。     

2004年里约热内卢IOF世界骨质疏松会议介绍

2004年国际骨质疏松基金会(IOF)世界骨质疏松会议上共发表论文467篇,内容涵盖了目前骨质疏松症的基础研究、流行病学及诊断治疗等的最新进展。其中骨质疏松的治疗、骨量评估及流行病学调查等方面的文章占绝大多数,有关继发性骨质疏松症和骨质疏松的病理生理方面的研究也较多。在细胞生物学及基因方面的研究也有了很大的进展,骨重建的生化指标碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素、血清Ⅰ型胶原C末端交联肽、尿Ⅰ型N末端交联肽等可用作评估疗效及病人对药物顺应性的指标。在诊断的新进展方面,定量超声和Micro-CT等的出现使诊断更加准确和简单。治疗方面的新进展则涉及到了甲状旁腺激素(1-34)、雷尼酸锶盐、大剂量及长效的双膦酸盐制剂及选择性雌激素受体调节剂等。     

卒中的基因研究进展

卒中的基因研究进展很快,新方法和新技术的应用以及致病基因的确定有助于卒中的预防、早期诊断和积极治疗.文章主要介绍了卒中基因研究方面的新进展.     

2型糖尿病治疗药物的最新研究进展

随着近年来2型糖尿病治疗的新进展,一些新型药物不断被推出,这些新型药物在糖尿病治疗方面提供了新的途径,本文就与此做出相关数据的统计和研究,以便实际运用中有更多种选择.     

卒中的基因研究进展

卒中的基因研究进展很快，新方法和新技术的应用以及致病基因的确定有助于卒中的预防、早期诊断和积极治疗。文章主要介绍了卒中基因研究方面的新进展。     

溃疡性结肠炎研究的新进展

病因和发病机制尚未阐明,未能建立理想的动物模型及治疗效果不够理想成为溃疡性结肠炎(UC)研究的难点和重点.近年来,在上述诸方面都取得了一些新进展,本文就此作一简述.     

河北围场县动物鼠疫调查分析

目的调查围场县啮齿动物及寄生蚤的种群组成和数量动态，收集可检材料，开展动物鼠疫疫情监测。方法在不同的生境中，捕获啮齿动物调查其数量，收集其寄生蚤，并进行细菌学和血清学检验。结果发现围场境内有啮齿动物14种，以达乌尔黄鼠为优势种平均密度1.87只／hm^2；蚤类30种．以方形黄鼠蚤松江亚种为优势种；近5年剖验各种动物2183只，蚤培养144组1109只，动物血清1153份，经检验均为阴性。结论虽未分离出鼠疫菌，但仍存在着动物鼠疫流行的可能性。     

A Microsurgical Methodology for Human Cells in Vitro: Evolution and Applications

A methodology for micromanipulating human cells of normal and malignant origin, in vitro, has evolved from the study of about 2000 HeLa, ERK (a subline of HeLa cells), and human embryonic lung cells during interphase and mitosis. It is now possible to microinject interphase cells with aqueous and nonaqueous fluids intracytoplasmically. Chromosomes from human embryonic lung metaphase cells have been transplanted. Chromosomes have been manipulated within mitotic human embryonic lung, ERK, and HeLa cells. Clones have been obtained from HeLa cells subjected to such manipulation. Predictable derangements of mitotic cells and their progeny have been obtained. Intranuclear injections of silicone oil, DNA, and sodium chloride solutions have been made with survival of the cells. HeLa cells have been cloned from such injected cells. Subcellular fractions have been introduced into the nuclei and cytoplasms of HeLa and human embryonic lung cells. The lung cells have been subjected to nuclear micropuncture in groups and a clone has been obtained. Virus suspensions have been introduced into the nuclei of HeLa cells without killing the cells. Applications of this methodology are discussed.     

Optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy: importance of programmed parameters

One of the basic tenets of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is that optimization of programmed parameters is important to maximize the therapeutic response. Both atrioventricular (AV) and interventricular (VV) timing intervals have been suggested as potential methods to improve response rates. A variety of techniques have been described to determine the optimal AV and VV delays. Many of these methods have demonstrated acute hemodynamic benefits; however, multicenter data proving long-term clinical benefit have been lacking. Echocardiography-guided methods have been most commonly employed, but no technique has been shown to be superior. In fact, many of these techniques have poor reproducibility and are time-consuming. Device-based algorithms allow for a rapid, simplified approach to CRT optimization; however, their clinical value has also been called into question. This review will describe the different techniques for CRT optimization and evaluate their potential value and limitations.     

Ischemic myelopathy.

Ischemic myelopathy and Angiology of the Spinal Cord have recently drawn the attention of both paraplegists and angiologists, and their details are now fairly well known. Ischemic myelopathies increased with the rise of vascular surgery, but the means of prevention have been carefully studied and the incidence is now decreasing. Twenty-five hundred cases of cord injury have been reviewed, and among 92 nontraumatic cases, 16 ischemic myelopathies have been tabulated. The anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord circulation have been described.     

Neuropsychiatric effects of cardiovascular drug therapy

Various cardiovascular drugs have been shown to have neuropsychiatric effects that can be harmful or therapeutically beneficial to patients. As an example, both sedation and mental depression have been described in patients receiving centrally acting antihypertensive drugs and beta-adrenergic blockers, related to their antiadrenergic actions. In contrast, because of these antiadrenergic actions, agents like clonidine have been used to treat opiate, alcohol, and nicotine withdrawal, while beta blockers have been used to treat symptoms of performance anxiety, migraine, and psychocardiac disorders. Some antiarrhythmic drugs have been associated with delirium, and digitalis toxicity has been shown to cause hallucinations, mania, euphoria, and depression. The calcium-channel blocker verapamil has been used as an adjunctive treatment in patients with bipolar disorders. Since neuropsychiatric symptoms are seen in patients with cardiovascular disease, clinicians should be aware of the possible relationship between these symptoms and concurrent cardiovascular drug therapy.     

Syringe exchange for prevention of HIV infection in Sweden: practical experiences and community reactions.

An HIV prevention project, including syringe exchange, among intravenous drug users was started in Lund, Sweden, in November 1986. The program has been effective in reaching local addicts. Practical problems have been few. The educational and epidemiological effects on HIV infection are promising, and local drug treatment programs have benefited from the project in that previously untreated users have been attracted to treatment. The syringe exchange has been much debated. In general, the medical society, local authorities, and mass media have been supportive, while many politicians and social workers, especially in other parts of the country, have been strongly opposed. At present, the existence of the project is threatened.     

Comparison of newer antiarrhythmic agents

In the past decade a number of new antiarrhythmic drugs have been introduced. They have been extensively used in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Few, if any, long-term comparative trials of these newer agents have been reported. Most of these newer agents have been shown to be able to reduce the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias but not the mortality rate. Beta blockers and some antiplatelet adhesive drugs, however, have reduced the mortality rate following myocardial infarction. There is a need for long-term properly stratified trials of these effective agents.     

Coding potential of laboratory and clinical strains of human cytomegalovirus

Six strains of human cytomegalovirus have been sequenced, including two laboratory strains (AD169 and Towne) that have been extensively passaged in fibroblasts and four clinical isolates that have been passaged to a limited extent in the laboratory (Toledo, FIX, PH, and TR). All of the sequenced viral genomes have been cloned as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes. A total of 252 ORFs with the potential to encode proteins have been identified that are conserved in all four clinical isolates of the virus. Multiple sequence alignments revealed substantial variation in the amino acid sequences encoded by many of the conserved ORFs.     

Probiotics and gastrointestinal diseases

There is increasing evidence indicating health benefits by consumption of foods containing microorganisms, i.e. probiotics. A number of clinical trials have been performed to evaluate the effects in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms or by disturbances in the normal microflora. Gastrointestinal infections caused by Helicobacter pylori, traveller's diarrhoea, rotavirus diarrhoea, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhoea are conditions that have been studied. There are also studies performed on the preventive effect of probiotics on radiation-induced diarrhoea and diarrhoea in tube-fed patients. Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, two idiopathic conditions where alterations in the normal microflora have been implicated as responsible for initiation, are two further areas where the use of probiotics has been regarded as promising. The results from clinical studies have not been conclusive in that the effects of probiotics have been strain-dependent and different study designs have been used. Treatment of acute diarrhoea in children and prevention of AAD are the two most justified areas for the application of probiotics.     

New developments in the biomechanics of the diabetic foot

Biomechanical issues are now widely recognized as being important in the treatment of diabetic foot disease. The purpose of the present review is to identify advances that have occurred since the previous International Conference on the Diabetic Foot in 1995 in the understanding of foot biomechanics in relation to diabetes. Attention continues to be focused on the identification of a threshold plantar pressure that leads to tissue damage. Recent studies have suggested that peak barefoot pressure may be only 65% specific for the development of ulceration. The association between foot deformity and plantar pressure has been the subject of several quantitative studies, but new questions have been raised about the etiology of claw toes. The measurement of shear stress continues to be an elusive goal although several small studies have presented possibly feasible technical approaches. The importance of callus as a precursor to ulceration has been confirmed experimentally and quantitative measures of motor neuropathy have been presented. Although a number of new devices have been introduced as alternatives to the Total Contact Cast, few clinical studies of their efficacy are available yet. New information on the properties of insole materials has been published including data on changes with repeated cycling. Complications of prophylactic surgery have been shown to include a high rate of Charcot fractures. Two new series describing the fixation of such fractures have also been reported. Biomechanical issues have also been addressed in two sets of guidelines for treatment that have recently been published. These many studies confirm the central role of mechanical stress and its relief in the treatment of neuropathic foot problems in diabetes.