间接免疫荧光法(IFAT)法检测伤寒抗体

本文采用标准诊断用伤寒O型菌液、H型菌液制作抗原片,用羊抗人IgM荧光抗体、羊抗人IgG荧光抗体,以间接免疫荧光法(IFAT)分别测伤寒O抗体(IgM)和H抗体(IgG)。26例伤寒及疑似伤寒患者血清肥达氏反应测得伤寒O抗体≥1∶80为8例,阳性率为30.77％,经IFAT测得阳性11例,阳性率为42.31％。8例O抗体肥达氏反应阳性IFAT均为阳性,儿何滴度由1∶230提高到1∶320。26份血清经肥达氏反应测得H抗体≥1:160为9例,阳性率为34.62％;     

孕妇血型抗体(IgG)效价检测的临床应用

目的:通过微柱凝胶免疫法,检测不同时期孕妇血清中血型抗体IgG效价水平,辅助临床医生诊断新生儿溶血病,为临床对预防新生儿溶血病的发生而采取的干预治疗措施提供实验室依据。方法:采用微柱凝胶抗人球蛋白试验分别测定妊娠16周、28~32周、36~38周的孕妇血清中IgG血型抗体效价。结果:检测432例“O”型血孕妇血清血型抗体IgG抗A(B)效价>1∶64的例数随着妊娠时间的延长,由142例增加到255例(增加26.2%)。结论:通过微柱凝胶免疫检测法检测孕妇血清血型抗体IgG效价有助于诊断新生儿溶血病,并可据此采取临床干预措施,有利于降低新生儿溶血病的发生率。     

脉冲凝胶电泳分型在伤寒暴发中的应用

目的:探讨深圳市某区伤寒暴发在不同厂区,不同来源的伤寒沙门菌之间的遗传相关性,建立分子流行病学研究,进行同源性分析,并与表型分型比较。方法:对深圳市某街道社区10个工厂的伤寒患者分离的28株伤寒沙门菌,根据不同厂区、不同来源的伤寒菌株,采用传统的生化分型、血清学分型,肥达反应,药物敏感分型,荧光PCR及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子生物学分型的技术进行研究。结果:从93例发热现症病人的血和粪便中分离出28株伤寒沙门菌,肥达反应阳性(“O”≥1∶80;“H”≥1∶160;)59例,分离出伤寒沙门菌患者中,肥达反应阳性19例。从伤寒沙门菌菌株中抽取4个工厂患者中分离的11株伤寒沙门菌和1株乙型副伤寒沙门菌,进行了荧光PCR和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)全基因DNA指纹图谱分析,12株伤寒沙门菌的指纹图谱完全相同,有高度的同源性。对12株伤寒沙门菌荧光PCR检测均呈阳性,28株伤寒沙门菌生化表型相同,血清学分型相同,药敏结果有差异,肥达实验抗体滴度与健康人群比较,差异有统计学意义。结论:生化表型和血清学分型不能进行同源性分析,而通过脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)全基因DNA指纹图谱分析,可追溯其同源性,通过12株伤寒菌株的PFGE分型图谱分析,菌株之间有高度的同源性,确认是由相同病原菌引起的一宗伤寒疫情。     

微柱凝胶法筛选新生儿黄疸患儿不规则抗体假阳性分析

目的 应用微柱凝胶法检测新生儿黄疸患儿不规则抗体出现假阳性结果的原因分析.方法 用微柱凝胶抗人球蛋白卡对新生儿黄疸患儿做抗体筛选试验.结果 做抗体筛选的869例患儿中用微柱凝胶卡检测出不规则抗体阳性15例,其中2例被确认为假阳性,占13.33%.结论用微柱凝胶技术(MGT)检测不完全抗体,灵敏度高,特异性高,结果直观可...     

疑似伤寒患者肥达反应检测阳性的探讨

肥达反应是由法国医师FermandWidal在 1896年建立的抗原 -抗体混合反应 (Widalagglutinationtest ,WAT) ,该试验一直用于临床伤寒的辅助诊断或进行流行病学的调查。但是非伤寒沙门菌引起的其他疾病 (疟疾、登革热、粟粒性结核病、心内膜炎、慢性肝病、布鲁杆菌等 )的病人血清抗体也会与伤寒沙门菌抗原发生交叉反应 ,该反应增加了WAT结果的假阳性率 ,降低了WAT特异性[1 ] 。 2 0 0 2年 9月 ,增城市石头村上百村民陆续发热 ,头痛 ,食欲不振和恶心呕吐 ,少数病人有腹痛腹泻 ,住进了医院 ,临床诊断疑似伤寒、副伤寒 ,对 45位病人先后两次抽血采样 ,作细菌学和血清学方面的检验 ,未检出伤寒沙门菌 ,肥达氏反应抗体滴度第一次普遍升高 ,而第二次的抗体滴度显著下降 ,同时作的登革热血清学检查结果呈典型的阳性 ,最后确认为登革热病毒流行病[2 ,3] 。目前对近期流行的SARS病的病人血液作肥达氏检验 ,发现肥达氏抗体滴度也有略微升高 ,这些现象可能是与免疫系统功能紊乱或发生免疫交叉反应以及免疫回忆有关 ,值得进一步探讨研究     

伤寒患者免疫反应的进展

本文对80例(60例成人,20例儿童)血培养阳性的伤寒患者的体液免疫和细胞介导免疫反应进行了研究,并选择5年内未患过伤寒或未接受过伤寒付伤寒混合菌苗注射者作为对照组。用标准肥达氏凝集反应测定 O 和 H 抗体滴度。稀释度1/20者为阴性;80以下者为低抗体滴度,80以上者为高抗体滴度。用伤寒菌的超声溶解产物(ultrasoniclysate)作抗原,用稍加改良的 Federlin 等的方法作白细胞游走试验(LMT)。如果游走指数在0.80以下者则为 LMT 阳性。     

快速脂多糖—ELISA诊断伤寒的研究

本文报道用R-LPS-ELISA法检测伤寒病人血清中特异性IgM和IgG抗体,以作伤寒的早期快速诊断,结果可靠。增速剂的应用可使试验时间缩短2/3。以最适条件对270份伤寒病人血清、122份其他病人和305份正常人对照血清进行检测,并与肥达氏试验比较,发现抗LPS-IgM的ELISA值能将伤寒病人与对照样本很好地区分开来,抗LPS-IgM与肥达氏试验抗“O”抗体有较好的相关性(r=0.682,P<0.001)。R-LPS-ELISA较肥达氏试验有更好的敏感性和特异性,且稳定性良好。     

伤寒病后免疫抗体变化的观察(摘要)

<正> 本文报告了一起76例水型伤寒病后体液免疫抗体(肥达氐)不同时期的追踪观察测定,表明伤寒菌体“[O]”抗体、鞭毛“[H]”抗体滴度在病后1年已不具有免疫能力。76例临床确诊伤寒病例,“O”、“H”抗体呈双倍递增。确诊病程是“O”抗现原刺激机体产生 IgM 抵高峰期,“H”抗原刺激机体产生 IgG 仍处于升高阶段,因此出“H”抗体较“O”抗体滴度平均低44.10。     

微柱凝胶免疫分析技术检测新生儿免疫性血小板减少症自身抗体的效果

目的观察微柱凝胶免疫分析技术(MGIA)检测新生儿免疫性血小板减少症(NITP)自身抗体的应用效果。方法应用MGIA和固相凝集法平行检测145例新生儿血小板减少患儿(及阳性患儿母亲)的自身抗体,比较两种方法检测结果的差异。结果 MGIA检测145例患儿自身抗体阳性14例,阳性率9.66%;固相凝集法检测阳性14例,阳性率9.66%,二者结果一致。MGIA检测14例阳性患儿母亲自身抗体的阳性率100.00%高于固相凝集法检测14例阳性患儿母亲自身抗体的阳性率57.14%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MGIA方法对NITP自身抗体的检测灵敏度高,且操作简单、易于标准化,有利于NITP的鉴别诊断和早期制定针对性治疗方案。     

微柱凝胶法检测不规则抗体的应用与分析

目的:探讨微柱凝胶法检测不规则抗体在临床上的应用价值,以保证输血安全。方法:利用微柱凝胶法和凝聚胺法对输血前患者进行血清不规则抗体检测,并对阳性标本进行抗体特异性鉴定。结果:在3200例患者中,共检测出不规则抗体阳性标本13例,阳性率为0.41%。其中抗-D抗体3例、抗-E抗体5例、抗-C抗体2例、抗-Ec抗体、抗-e抗体和抗-M抗体各1例。结论:微柱凝胶法检测不规则抗体是一种简单、快捷、敏感性高的方法,对减少溶血性反应和保证输血安全具有重要意义。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.