综合医院住院病人焦虑抑郁状况调查

目的　了解综合医院住院病人焦虑、抑郁状况。方法　用焦虑自评量表 (SAS)、抑郁自评量表 (SDS)对内科、外科、妇产科住院病人进行调查。结果　内科组 SAS45 .98± 7.3 5 ,SDS46.60± 1 1 .3 1 ;外科、术前组 SAS5 2 .3 3± 8.91 ,SDS5 5 .7± 1 0 .2 8;外科术后组 SAS42 .2 5± 8.46,SDS46.3 6± 1 0 .41 ;妇科产前组 SAS48.3 6± 8.0 2 ,SDS49.1 3± 1 1 .2 6;病后组SAS 3 5 .62± 6.2 8,SDS 47.0 5 5± 1 1 .66病人的 SAS、SDS评分明显高于常模 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;外科组 :手术前与手术后有显著差异 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;妇科组 :SAS中产前明显高于产后 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;SDS分数产前、产后无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　综合医院住院病人存在一定的焦虑、抑郁症状 ,应积极开展心理咨询工作 ,给予必要的心理支持及药物干预     

流行性感冒患者情绪障碍调查

作者采用抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）,对流行性感冒患者的情绪障碍进行调查,结果显示,患者在急性期SDS和SAS总标准分显著高于国内常模,有38．81％抑郁严重、26．67％焦虑明显。随访两周发现,SDS分在治疗一周时仍然显著高于常模。提示在治疗初期及至少一周内,临床医生应密切注意流感患者的情绪障碍,尤其是抑郁情绪。     

97例首发抑郁症患者配偶的心理状况调查及干预

目的探讨首发抑郁症患者配偶的心理卫生状况及心理综合干预的效果。方法对97例首发抑郁症患者配偶采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）及焦虑自评量表（SAS）抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行测评,并根据测评存在的心理问题给予4周有计划的心理综合干预。结果首发抑郁症患者配偶存在明显的抑郁、焦虑情绪,SCL-90、SAS、SDS评分均明显高于国内常模（P〈0．01）;女性配偶的焦虑、抑郁不良情绪反应比男性配偶重（P〈0．01）;经心理综合干预4周后患者配偶SAS、SDS评分均明显低于干预前（P〈0．01）。结论首发抑郁症患者配偶存在着不同程度的心理问题,应主动予以心理综合干预,可减轻他们的不良情绪反应,提高其心理健康水平。     

癌症患者家庭成员心理卫生状况调查分析

目的了解已确诊癌症患者家庭成员的心理卫生状况。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）、自编一般情况调查问卷,对63名癌症忠者家庭成员的心理卫生状况进行调查并与国内常模进行比较。结果癌症患者家庭成员心理问题发生率100％,严重心理问题为强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖,中度以上焦虑与抑郁发生率分别为20．36％和14．29％。结论癌症患者家庭成员心理问题严重,需要进行心理干预和健康教育。     

心理干预对改善青光眼患者心理状况的效果

目的探讨心理干预对改善青光眼患者心理状况的效果。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对38例原发性闭角型青光眼患者进行调查,与国内常模相比较,并对其进行为期6周的心理干预。结果青光眼患者的SCL-90中躯体化症状、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、精神病性症状因子、SAS和SDS的评分显著高于全国常模(t=2.32,2.26,2.43,2.41,2.35,2.12,2.10,2.59,2.63;P0.05),心理干预后,青光眼患者的SCL-90中躯体化症状、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、精神病性症状因子、SAS和SDS的评分较干预前有显著性降低(t=2.39,2.35,2.31,2.52,2.56,2.20,2.28,2.48,2.50;P0.05)。结论青光眼患者的心理问题状况较为严重,心理干预可有效改善患者的心理状况。     

医院聘用护士焦虑、抑郁情绪及其影响因素

目的了解医院聘用护士焦虑、抑郁情绪状况及影响因素。方法采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对聘用护士的心理健康状况进行调查,并与个体相关的各种心理社会因素进行相关分析。结果SAS和SDS评分与常模无差异．焦虑、抑郁情绪与个性特征、与对待遇不同的心理不平衡、护患关系困难及与家人通讯不方便、不喜欢护理工作等因素有关。结论聘用护士总体心理状态良好．对焦虑、抑郁情绪较高的个体应根据其影响因素有针对性地进行心理疏导。     

铁路职工睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁相关研究

目的探讨铁路职工的睡眠质量、焦虑、抑郁及其相互关系。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法，抽取302名济南铁路分局铁路职工。对所抽样本进行匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）的调查。结果PSQI、SAS、SDS得分分别为5.61±2.93,40.2±10.2和45.3±10.0；睡眠质量问题、焦虑及抑郁症状的发生率分别为21.9%,18.7%和35.2%。PSQI总分与焦虑、抑郁得分呈显著正相关（P＜0.0001）。结论焦虑、抑郁是影响铁路职工睡眠质量的重要因素,主管部门应重视职工的睡眠问题，重视心理卫生知识宣传，合理安排作息时间，减少影响因素，提高铁路职工的工作和生活质量。     

护士焦虑、抑郁情绪问题与家庭功能的关系研究

目的 探讨护士的焦虑、抑郁情绪与家庭功能的相互关系.方法 用焦虑自评问卷(SAS)、抑郁自评问卷(SDS)和家庭功能评定量表(FAD)对某医院护士的焦虑、抑郁情绪和家庭功能进行调查.结果 焦虑、抑郁的总均分分别为(45.63±11.14,50.47±11.69),发生率分别为46.8％,45.3％;家庭功能与抑郁、焦虑...     

北京市三所高校大学生SARS流行期的心理状态现况调查

目的 :了解SARS流行时期大学生在封闭式管理下的心理状况。方法 :采用症状自评量表、ZUNG氏焦虑自评量表、ZUNG氏抑郁自评量表和一般状况调查表 ,以分层整群抽样的方法 ,对北京市三所重点大学 62 80名在校本科大学生和研究生进行了心理状况自评问卷调查。结果 :症状自评量表的因子阳性检出率为 7 3 % ,各因子得分均明显低于既往北京市大学生调查结果 ;除恐怖因子和精神病性因子外 ,各因子得分均低于或接近国内常模 (t=2 17-5 3 65 ,P <0 0 5 )。焦虑症状阳性检出率为 9 5 % ,抑郁症状阳性检出率为 2 9 6%。结论 :北京市SARS流行期间大学生存在焦虑、抑郁症状 ;采取了有效的传染病防治和健康教育等措施后大学生群体的心理健康状况良好。     

深圳特区内医务人员情绪健康状况调查

目的了解深圳特区内医务人员焦虑抑郁情绪状况及其影响因素。方法对深圳特区内公立医院的临床医生、护士、医技人员采用工作生活自编问卷、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行调查,比较分析SAS、SDS标准分,采用Logistic回归分析法分析焦虑抑郁情绪的有关影响因素。结果共计抽取1423名医务人员,SAS、SDS标准分均高于国内正常人群常模（P＜0.01）,护士组SAS、SDS得分高于医生和医技人员组（P＜0.01）;Logistic回归分析结果显示,是否经常遭遇患者方暴力（言语或行为）、躯体健康自评因素对大部分医务人员的焦虑和抑郁情绪的发生有贡献,不同性别职业分组内有各自不同的影响因素。结论深圳特区内医务人员较国内普通人群的焦虑抑郁情绪严重,其中护士的焦虑抑郁情绪负荷重于临床医生和医技人员,临床医生、护士、医技人员的焦虑抑郁情绪的成因各自不同,躯体健康状况和遭遇患者方的暴力性言语和行为是造成深圳特区内医务人员焦虑抑郁情绪的重要因素,深圳特区内医务人员尤其是护士群体的心理健康状况值得重视。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.