旋前旋后外旋型三踝骨折的手术治疗

目的：探讨旋前、旋后外旋型（IV度）三踝骨折的手术方法和临床疗效。方法：2000年3月至2006年7月,对42例旋前、旋后外旋型（IV度）三踝骨折行切开复位内固定术,男31例,女11例;年龄19～76岁,平均40.5岁。开放性损伤4例,闭和性损伤38例。根据Lauge-Hansen分类,旋前外旋型IV度三踝骨折18例,旋后外旋型IV度三踝骨折24例。受伤距手术时间2h～27d。内、外踝均采用标准内、外侧切口。如需行后踝骨折处理,则将内踝切口延长,同时显露内、外及后踝。整复固定的顺序是后踝、内踝、外踝和下胫腓联合。骨折复位固定完成后,行踝部正侧位及踝穴（Mortise）位X线检查。结果：全部患者均获得随访,时间6～24个月,平均13.5个月。骨折愈合时间12～16周,疗效根据梁军等改良Baird-Jackson的主客观及X线评价标准进行评定,包括疼痛、踝关节的稳定性、行走能力、跑步能力、踝关节活动范围、踝关节X线测量等。本组优20例,良16例,可4例,差2例,优良率85.7%。术后未发生感染、骨不连、骨折畸形愈合等并发症,但发生1例下胫腓骨三皮质固定螺钉断裂。结论：手术治疗的关键在于恢复并稳定踝关节的解剖关系,最大限度恢复踝关节功能。     

旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法自2011-03—2013-03诊治旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折96例,单纯外踝骨折行内踝三角韧带探查修复及外踝骨折复位内固定;内外踝骨折或不需处理后踝的三踝骨折,分别行内外踝骨折复位内固定;三踝骨折中后踝骨折块超过关节面1/3者,行复位内固定治疗,外踝、后踝选择后外侧切口进入,复位顺序为外踝、后踝、内踝。结果本组手术时间1~3 h,平均2.3 h。所有患者均获得随访6~24个月,平均13个月。术后6个月行踝关节CT检查显示均获得骨性愈合。末次随访时踝关节功能Kofoed评分:优47例,良43例,可5例,差1例,优良率93.8%。结论旋后-外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折手术治疗过程中合理的复位顺序可明显缩短手术时间、提高手术效果,术中应常规探查下胫腓关节情况;内、后踝需要同时固定的患者取后外侧单一切口即可满足手术显露需求。     

三踝骨折的分型与治疗

目的总结三踝骨折切开复位内固定的手术方法和疗效。探讨三踝骨折的分型与治疗。方法1996年9月至2007年2月，对56例三踝骨折行切开复位内固定术，男36例，女20例；年龄17～70岁，平均36岁。按Lauge—Hansen分类，旋前型三踝骨折9例，旋后型47例。结果全部患者均获得随访，随访时根据Baird—Jackson评分系统进行评定，优45例，良9例，可2例，差0例，优良率为96％。术后未发生感染、骨不连、骨折畸形愈合等并发症。结论根据骨折分型确定手术顺序，旋后型手术顺序是外踝、下胫腓联合、内踝、后踝。旋前型顺序是内踝、外踝、下胫腓联合、后踝。强调外踝固定的重要性，1／3管形钢板为有效方法之一。     

腓骨远端干骺端钢板固定外踝和后踝治疗三踝骨折

目的探讨腓骨远端干骺端钢板用作支撑钢板固定外踝和后踝治疗三踝骨折的疗效及预后。方法 2008年1月至2010年1月,采用腓骨远端干骺端钢板用作支撑钢板固定外踝及后踝治疗三踝骨折23例,男10例,女13例;年龄20～65岁,平均45岁。左侧12例,右侧11例。根据Lange-Hansen分型,Ⅲ、Ⅳ度旋后-外旋型14例,Ⅳ度旋前-外旋型9例。直视下行骨折复位内固定,骨折复位固定顺序为外踝、后踝、内踝、下胫腓联合。术后随访观察骨折愈合及钢板稳定情况。结果所有病例得到随访,随访时间12～36个月,平均28.4个月。患肢均无畸形愈合,无骨不连,无钢板外露、松动、断裂,无伤口感染。根据Baird-Jackson评分系统进行评估,优17例,良4例,可2例,优良率为91%。结论腓骨远端干骺端钢板用作支撑钢板固定外踝及后踝治疗三踝骨折,其操作简便、对骨折固定可靠、踝关节功能恢复满意、并发症少,是治疗三踝骨折的有效方法。     

三踝骨折手术治疗体会

目的探讨三踝骨折手术内固定的顺序和方法。方法研究我院1998年至2007年手术治疗三踝骨折的疗效。结果53例得到随访，优良率92．4％。结论三踝骨折由外两上切口即可显露充分，顺序为后踝、外踝、内踝，最后固定下胫腓联合，采用螺钉、空心钉、钢板、张力带方法固定，达到可靠疗效。     

微创经皮内固定治疗三踝骨折

目的探讨微创经皮内固定治疗三踝骨折的临床疗效。方法2002年1月～2005年10月,对28例(平均38.7岁)三踝骨折采用微创切开复位经皮内固定,Gatellier-Chastang后外侧入路显露外踝及外踝后方。骨折复位固定顺序为后踝、内踝、外踝、下胫腓联合。术后进行石膏固定3～4周。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访6～36个月(平均18个月),骨折全部愈合,愈合时间2.8～4.5个月,平均3.2个月。根据Baird-Jackson评分系统评估疗效:优16例,良8例,可3例,差1例,优良率85.7%。结论三踝骨折的解剖复位、稳固内固定是治疗的关键;微创经皮内固定是治疗三踝骨折较好方法,切口小可以减少骨折段血运的破坏,提高骨折愈合率。     

三踝骨折内固定治疗的体会

目的探讨三踝骨折手术内固定的顺序。方法回顾性研究我院1997～2006年手术治疗三踝骨折的疗效。结果53例得到随访,优良率92.4%。结论三踝骨折内外侧两个切口即可很好显露,内固定顺序为内踝、后踝、外踝,最后固定下胫腓联合,具有切实可靠的疗效,同时易操作、易暴露、易掌握。     

微创经皮内固定治疗复杂踝部骨折53例

目的：探讨微创内固定治疗复杂踝部骨折的手术方法和临床疗效。方法：自2007年1月至2011年12月,采用微创经皮内固定治疗53例复杂踝部骨折患者,男31例,女22例;年龄18-65岁,平均38．2岁。按Lauge-Hansen分型：旋后外旋型Ⅳ度32例,旋前外旋型Ⅲ、Ⅳ度13例,旋前外展型Ⅲ度5例,因腓骨骨折严重粉碎无法分类3例。Denis—Weber分类：A型4例,B型34例,C型15例。受伤至手术时间2h-14d,平均5d。骨折复位固定顺序为后踝、内踝、外踝和下胫腓联合。后踝骨折采用踝前切口间接复位固定,内外踝骨折采用经皮螺钉、接骨板或张力带固定,必要时螺钉固定下胫腓联合。术后采用Baird-Jackson评价系统进行疗效评价。结果：48例获随访,时间10-36个月,平均13个月。骨折全部愈合,愈合时间10-18周,平均12周。根据Baird-Jackson评价系统进行疗效评定,术后踝关节功能平均（94．7±4．2）分,其中优28例,良15例,可3例,差2例。1例发生皮肤浅表性感染,经换药治愈;2例发生下胫腓联合固定螺钉断裂。结论：采用微创经皮内固定治疗复杂踝部骨折可保证踝关节获得解剖复位,保护骨折端血运及软组织覆盖,最大限度地恢复踝关节功能,获得满意的临床疗效。     

手术治疗踝关节旋后-外旋Ⅳ度损伤的临床分析

目的 回顾分析手术复位螺钉内固定治疗踝关节旋后一外旋Ⅳ度损伤的治疗疗效。方法 自1998年5月～2003年3月，共手术治疗37例踝关节旋后-外旋Ⅳ度损伤，获随访33例，随访时间12～40个月，平均18个月，男21例，女12例；年龄17～68岁，平均38岁。左侧18例，右侧15例，均为单侧。其中内踝骨折31例，行拉力螺钉内固定，2例无内踝骨折为单纯三角韧带撕裂，作韧带修补。后踝骨折27例，其中17例作拉力螺钉内固定，10例因骨折块移位〈1mm未作复位固定，6例无后踝骨折。33例外踝骨折，用2枚皮质骨螺钉过骨折线固定。共有4例行下胫腓联合固定，用1枚拉力螺钉过3层皮质固定。所有病例术后石膏托辅助固定4～6周。结果 用Mazur踝关节症状与功能评分系统评判，优23例，良7例，可3例，无差。优良率91％。结论 手术复位螺钉内固定治疗踝关节旋后一外旋Ⅳ度损伤具有优良疗效。     

漂浮体位下手术治疗三踝骨折简

目的探讨漂浮体位下手术治疗三踝骨折的临床效果。方法2006年1月至2012年12月,在漂浮体位下切开复位内固定治疗三踝骨折38例,男31例,女7例;年龄17～68岁,平均34．6岁。骨折采用Lauge—Hansen分型,其中旋后外旋型27例,旋前外旋型11例。手术采用前内、后外双侧弧形切口,必要时辅以前外侧小切口,直视下显露外、后、内踝骨折块;先将外踝复位、钢板内固定,后将后踝复位用空心螺钉或支撑钢板固定,最后内踝复位、螺钉或张力带固定;术后6—8周开始部分负重。结果手术时间为30～100min,平均68．9rain,所有患者均获随访,随访时间3—48个月,平均12个月。术中及术后未发生神经及血管损伤,所有患者手术切口及骨折I期愈合。按美国足踝外科协会踝一后足评分系统评定标准评定,优21例,良15例,可2例,优良率为92．1％。结论利用漂浮体位可随时方便地变换术中体位,配合切开复位内固定治疗三踝骨折可取得良好的临床效果。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.