编者按

<正>急性缺血性卒中治疗的关键在于早期血管再通治疗,血管再通的方式包括静脉溶栓、动脉溶栓、机械取栓和支架置入等,然而早期血管再通治疗的效果差异很大,有时会增加脑梗死后出血转化甚至死亡的风险。为了能够使治疗获益最大化,在发病的超早期对患者不良预后进行评估预测,筛选出适合早期血管再通治     

急性后循环脑梗死动脉溶栓及动静脉联合溶栓的对比分析

目的比较急性后循环脑梗死动脉溶栓及动静脉联合溶栓的有效性和安全性。方法回顾急性后循环缺血性卒中患者79例,其中动脉溶栓42例,动静脉联合溶栓37例;比较两组血管的再通率以及患者治疗前及治疗后1 h、24 h美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分。结果单纯动脉溶栓组再通率59.5%,动静脉联合溶栓组血管再通率75.7%;两组患者治疗后1 h、24 h的NIHSS评分和治疗前相比有明显差异(P<0.05),两组之间评分有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论急性后循环脑梗死动静脉联合溶栓可以增加血管的再通率,可以明显改善患者的预后。     

专题综述:脑血管再通临床研究进展

<正>编者按血管再通是缺血性卒中急性期治疗的重要措施,直接关系到卒中的发展和预后。重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓适用于各级医院,患者可以至就近医院治疗,但大血管栓塞再通率低、时间窗短及其出血风险限制了患者的使用。而血管内治疗包括动脉溶栓、动静脉溶栓、动脉取栓和静脉溶栓后动脉取栓(桥     

急性缺血性卒中溶栓治疗前后磁敏感加权序列突出血管征的变化和意义

目的评估急性缺血性卒中患者溶栓治疗前后磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility-weighted imaging,SWI)的突出血管征(prominent vessel sign,PVS)的变化和意义。方法纳入34例急性大血管闭塞或严重狭窄的缺血性卒中溶栓患者,溶栓治疗前后均进行包括SWI序列的磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)检查。根据血管再通情况分为再通组和未再通组,分别评估两组治疗前后责任血管供血区域的SWI-PVS分级和Alberta卒中项目早期计算机断层扫描(Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography,ASPECT)评分。采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验分别比较再通组和未再通组溶栓治疗前后SWI-PVS和ASPECT的差异以及溶栓治疗后两组之间SWI-PVS和ASPECT的差异。结果 34例患者中22例溶栓后血管再通,12例血管未通。再通组溶栓治疗后SWI-PVS分级和ASPECT评分较治疗前改善(Z=3.852,P0.001;Z=3.852,P0.001)。未再通组溶栓治疗前后SWI-PVS分级和ASPECT评分均无显著差异。溶栓治疗后再通组SWI-PVS分级评分和ASPECT评分均较未再通组改善(Z=3.901,P0.001;Z=3.978,P0.001)。结论对于大血管闭塞或严重狭窄的急性缺血性卒中患者,SWI-PVS可以反映受累区域脑组织的低灌注状态,并可以用于评估溶栓治疗后受累脑组织的再灌注状态。     

超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性后循环缺血性卒中疗效观察

目的 本研究旨在探讨超选择性动脉溶栓治疗急性后循环缺血性卒中的有效性及安全性.方法 41例急性后循环卒中患者给予尿激酶超选择性动脉内接触溶栓,观察溶栓前、溶栓后24 h NIHSS、GCS评分变化,3个月时Barthel评分情况,溶栓后闭塞血管的再通及症状性脑出血等情况.结果 41例患者中脑血管造影有狭窄或闭塞者32例,溶栓后狭窄血管成功再通25(78.1%),血管未再通7例(21.9%);再通的病例中5例再通后残余狭窄严重,同期给予支架成形术.溶栓后24 h较溶栓前NIHSS评分明显降低(14.83±6.69 vs 18.20±4.19,P＜0.05),而GCS评分明显提高(10.63±3.73 vs 8.78±1.77,P＜0.05);3个月时日常生活能力指数(Barthel index,BI)≥60者达65.9%;溶栓并发脑出血5例,其中症状性脑出血3例,均死亡.结论 尿激酶超选择性动脉内接触溶栓治疗急性后循环缺血性卒中安全、有效.     

急性缺血性卒中的溶栓治疗进展

大多数卒中（大约80％）为缺血性卒中,致残率、致死率较高,严重影响患者的生活质量。虽然越来越多的急性缺血性卒中患者接受了溶栓治疗或介入治疗,但大多数患者仍接受“保守药物治疗”。实现血管再通的干预手段很多,或者是药物方法,或者是机械方法。同时缺血性卒中急性期血糖的控制、血液黏稠度、体温和血压调节也起到了非常重要的作用。溶栓在理论上实现了闭塞血管的再通、脑缺血的逆转。但溶栓治疗存在脑出血的风险,很多情况下是致命的,因此针对具体情况实施溶栓治疗显得尤为重要。     

阿加曲班联合阿替普酶治疗急性缺血性卒中的可能性：来自中国学者提供的高级别临床循证依据

<正>卒中是全球人口致死致残的重要疾病,其中急性缺血性卒中约占全部卒中的80%^[1]。静脉溶栓是目前指南推荐治疗急性缺血性卒中的有效手段之一^[2],但只有30%左右的患者通过静脉溶栓可实现完全再通,且初次溶栓后仍有14%～34%的患者发生再闭塞,因此,亟需简单有效的手段以改善血管再通效果及患者预后^[3-4]。原位血栓延长和局部高凝状态是目前溶栓后血管再闭塞的主要原因,而凝血酶是血栓形成过程的关键因子^[5]。     

颅内自膨胀支架在急性缺血性卒中治疗中的应用

缺血性卒中是世界范围内致残率、致死率最高的疾病之一[1].药物溶栓是目前时间窗内的急性缺血性卒中治疗的经典方法[2].然而,无论是静脉溶栓还是动脉药物溶栓对颅内大血管闭塞作用均有限,其治疗时间长,溶栓后血管再闭塞率高,出血风险也相对增加.机械方法可以直接作用于颅内大血管闭塞部位,快速开通血流,在急性缺血性卒中治疗中的应用日益受到重视[3-5]. 颅内自膨胀支架由于其较好的柔韧性和可操控性,可以到达颅内多数血管,已被应用于急性缺血性卒中的治疗.我们回顾分析了2008年7月至2010年7月广州市红十字会医院神经内科应用颅内自膨胀支架治疗的15例急性缺血性卒中患者,探讨其治疗有效性和安全性.     

炎症反应与急性缺血性脑卒中静脉溶栓后出血转化的研究进展

急性缺血性脑卒中是卒中最常见的形式之一，目前其主要的治疗方式是再灌注治疗，包 括静脉溶栓治疗和血管内治疗。急性缺血性卒中发病时间 6 h 内给予静脉溶栓可改善预后，然而静脉溶 栓同时也存在出血转化的风险，可能对患者早期神经功能改善和远期预后产生不利影响。目前的研究 认为，炎症反应主要参与急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后出血转化的生理病理机制。现对炎症反应 与静脉溶栓后出血转化的相关性风险预测因素进行综述，旨在为溶栓后出血转化的早期识别和预防提 供依据。     

缺血性卒中静脉溶栓药物的发展和展望

正缺血性卒中是指由于脑的供血动脉狭窄或闭塞导致的脑组织坏死,可导致残疾或死亡,是我国居民主要死因之一。缺血性卒中的急性期治疗主要是溶栓和血管内治疗,目的是实现血管再通,恢复脑组织血流灌注[1]。国外有研究显示,约25%的急性缺血性卒中患者符合溶栓条件,10%～12%符合血管内治疗条件[2]。溶栓是急性缺血性卒中最主要的治疗方式。经过多年的研究,缺血性卒中静脉溶栓药物有了长足的发展,并显示出广阔的前景。     

早期动脉内超选择性溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死

目的观察动脉内超选择性尿激酶溶解血栓治疗急性缺血性脑梗死的疗效及并发症。方法对6例发病于4～12h内的急性缺血性脑梗死患者行动脉内超选择性尿激酶溶解血栓治疗。结果经溶解血栓治疗后完全再通4例,部分再通2例;溶解血栓治疗后14d基本痊愈1例,显著进步3例,进步1例,死亡1例。溶栓后无颅内出血。结论早期动脉内超选择性尿激酶溶解血栓能明显提高闭塞血管再通率,改善预后,是治疗急性缺血性脑梗死的一种有效和相对安全的方法。     

CT and MRI in the diagnosis of acute stroke and their role in thrombolysis

Thrombolysis is an effective but potential deleterious therapy and should therefore be limited to patients with acute intracerebral vessel occlusion and salvageable tissue. MRI currently develops towards the new diagnostic standard for the selection of stroke patients eligible for acute thrombolytic treatment and acute stroke studies. Diffusion- and perfusion-weighed MRI provides diagnostic information not available from the neurological assessments or from CCT and conventional spin-echo MRI. As high-speed DWI and PWI protocols become standardized, a 15-minute integrated stroke protocol of employing echo-planar imaging (EPI) can be outinely performed in the setting of acute clinical stroke. The combination of these MR techniques is suitable to define tissue at risk of infarction that is potentially salvageable brain tissue (an estimate of the ischemic penumbra) and may respond to early recanalization even beyond 3 hours after stroke onset. The extension of the therapeutic window for thrombolytic therapy towards 6 hours in a subpopulation of acute stroke patients might open the way for the successful reperfusion therapy in more stroke patients.     

Systemische Thrombolysetherapie mit rt-PA beim akuten Mediaterritorialinfarkt Erfahrungen aus der klinischen Routine

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Only a few clinical reports about the routine use of intravenous rt-PA for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke have been published. Wether the perfusion of the extracranial parts of the internal carotid artery influences the outcome of the patients is still unknown, because the two major studies about systemic thrombolytic therapy with rt-PA in stroke (ECASS and NINDS) did not formally assess the status of the extracranial vessels. METHODS: 56 Patients were treated with intravenous rt-PA within 6 h of acute ischemic stroke between January 1995 and May 1998. Before and within 24 h after the thrombolytic therapy usually a neurovascular diagnostic with extra- und transcranial Doppler-ultrasound or CT-angiography was performed. Occlusions of the intracranial parts of the internal carotid artery (Carotid-T) were excluded from thrombolytic therapy. The outcome was assessed using the Rankin-scale at least 3 month after the therapy. RESULTS: The average time from stroke onset to administration of treatment was 3.7 h.A parenchymal hemorrhage with clinical deterioration was found in four patients (7.1%). Eight patients died until the follow-up (14.3%), four within 14 days. 39 patients showed a clinical improvement. Outcome and recanalization rate of the medial cerebral artery was not influenced by stenoses or occlusions of the extracranial internal carotid artery. CONCLUSIONS: Routine intravenous use of rt-PA for acute ischemic stroke shows safety comparable to the results of the NINDS study even in 6 h time window. The outcome and recanalization rate depends not on the perfusion of the extracranial parts of the internal carotid artery.     

急性缺血性脑卒中的超声溶栓治疗

及时有效的溶栓治疗能显著改善急性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床预后。经颅多普勒超声不仅可以检测颅内病变动脉的狭窄、闭塞或再通,而且可以直接或间接促进血栓溶解。本文对脑缺血溶栓分级、超声溶栓原理、超声溶栓的实验研究和临床试验进行了系统回顾和分析,并就超声溶栓的安全性和临床应用前景进行讨论。     

超选择动脉溶栓治疗80岁以上脑梗死的安全性及疗效评估-两中心研究

目的 探讨80岁以上高龄脑梗死患者超选择动脉溶栓治疗的安全性、可行性及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析86例超选择动脉溶栓治疗的脑梗死患者的临床资料,根据年龄不同分为高龄组(≥180岁,21例)和普通年龄组(<80岁,65例),并设对照组(同时期≥80岁未行动脉溶栓治疗患者,50例).评估患者动脉溶栓术后血管良好再通率、早期临床改善率,以及各组症状性脑出血发生率、较好转归率及死亡率.结果 接受动脉溶栓治疗的两组患者血管良好再通率、早期临床改善率及症状性脑出血发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.528,P=0.102,P=0.353).高龄组症状性脑出血发生率明显高于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.034).高龄组较好转归率为42.9%,低于普通年龄组(50.8%),但高于对照组(16%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.042,P=0.017).高龄组死亡率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(23.8%vs 28%,P=0.816),但高于普通年龄组,差异有统计学意义(23.8%vs 10.8%,P=0.034).结论 80岁以上高龄脑梗死患者超选择动脉溶栓治疗具有较高的安全性、可行性和临床疗效,高龄不是脑梗死动脉溶栓治疗的禁忌因素.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy on elderly patients (≥ 80 years old) with acute ischemic stroke. Methods The clinical data of 86 patients with acute ischemic stroke, received intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy, were retrospectively analyzed; according to age differences, these patients were divided into advanced age group (≥80 years old, n=21) and common age group (<80 years old, n=65); and control group (≥80 years old, not receiving thrombolytic therapy, n=50) was established. The recanalization rate and early clinical improvement rate, and the incidence, recover rate and death rate of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage were evaluated in these patients after treatment. Results No significant differences in the favorite recanalization rate and short-term outcome, and the incidence of symptom intracranial hemorrhage were noted between the advanced age group and common age group (P=0.528, P=0.102,P=0.353). The incidence of symptom intracranial hemorrhage in the advanced age group was obviously higher than that in the control group (P=0.034); the recover rate of symptom ntracranial hemorrhage in the advanced age group (42.9%) was obviously lower than that in the common age group (50.8%), but significantly higher than that in the control group (16%, P=0.042, P=0.017). The mortality of the advanced age group was similar to that of the control group (23.8% versus 28%, P=0.816), but higher than that of common age group (23.8% versus 10.8%, P=0.034). Conclusion Relatively high feasibility, safety and efficacy of intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy are noted in elderly patients (≥80 years old) with acute ischemic stroke, demonstrating that the use of intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in very elderly patients should not be avoided but pursued advisably.     

Mechanical recanalization for acute ischemic stroke

Thrombolysis has become accepted as an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. However, two major problems remain: failure of recanalization and hemorrhagic complications. The combined use of mechanical recanalization techniques with thrombolytic agents occasionally may be required to improve recanalization rates and to reduce hemorrhagic complications. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), clot extraction utilizing retrieval devices, and clot fragmentation using energy of ultrasonic or laser vibrations and suction-creating saline jets are possible effective mechanical recanalization strategies, but mainly as a rescue therapy for patients with failed thrombolysis. However, for large artery occlusions, thrombolysis alone often results in failure of recanalization. In such cases, to minimize the total dose of thrombolytic agents and to prevent hemorrhagic complications, mechanical recanalization may be alternatively selected as the first choice of treatment. The safety and effectiveness of PTA for acute middle cerebral artery trunk occlusion has been reported using additional thrombolysis with low doses of thrombolytic agents for distal embolism by crushed fragments. Reduction of total doses of thrombolytic agents may decrease serious hemorrhagic complications, resulting in better clinical outcome.     

缺血性卒中血管再通治疗的研究新进展

缺血性卒中严重威胁着人类生命健康和生活质量,早期的血管再通能够显著改善患者的预后。而血管再通治疗是指在规定的时间窗内通过溶栓剂、栓子切除或开通侧支循环等方法尽早恢复缺血组织的血流灌注,常用的方法主要包括溶栓、血管内介入、血管吻合和联合治疗等,是治疗缺血性卒中的关键治疗方法之一。本文就血管再通治疗方面的最新研究进展做一综述。     

急性缺血性脑卒中时间窗内的动静脉溶栓分层治疗的对比研究

目的通过对比急性缺血性脑卒中发病时间窗内(     

急性脑梗死患者多模式CT指导下的静脉溶栓治疗

目的 对发病3～9 h内的急性脑梗死患者,应用多模式CT指导下静脉rt-PA溶栓治疗,研究其疗效.方法 2007年8月至2009年5月于我院就诊,经多模式CT筛选出符合溶栓的患者27例.分为＞3～6 h组及7～9 h组,记录溶栓前、后的NIHSS、mRS及BI评分,症状性出血率和病死率.结果 27例样本中20例(74.1%)患者溶栓治疗有效,11例(40.7%)临床结局良好,5例(18.5%)血管完全再通,症状性出血1例(3.7%).其中＞3～6 h组有效率为92.3%(12/13,χ~2=4.34,P=0.037),血管冉通率38.5%(5/13,χ~2=6.608,P=0.010).结论 多模式CT指导下＞3～9 h溶栓是超过常规溶栓时间窗患者的一种可选择的治疗方法.