可膨胀髓内钉治疗多发伤合并肱骨干骨折

目的探讨可膨胀髓内钉治疗多发伤合并肱骨干骨折的方法和疗效。方法采用可膨胀髓内钉治疗多发伤合并肱骨干骨折患者共17例。记录并发症、骨折愈合时间和肩关节功能。结果17例均获得了随访。时间12～24个月．骨折均愈合,愈合时间12～28周。根据Neer肩关节功能评定标准进行评价,优12例．良4例,可1例．优良率94．12％。无感染及神经损伤等并发症。结论可膨胀髓内钉无需锁钉。而是通过膨胀稳定骨折端．固定牢靠,手术时间短。出血少,是治疗多发伤合并肱骨干骨折较为理想的方法。     

带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨、肱骨骨折

目的：带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨、肱骨骨折临床应用研究。方法：共实施手术106例，随访7个月以上90例。结果：1例骨折不愈合，其余89例骨折均愈合。关节功能恢复良好，并发症：主钉断裂1例，近端锁钉断裂1例，远端锁钉断裂1例，术中再骨折1例，伤口感染2例，均未影响骨折愈合及功能恢复。结论：带锁髓内固定牢固，防止骨折端旋转，分离移位，术后不需外固定支持，早期负重，骨折愈合率高，手术失败率低，是一种比较理想的内固定方法。     

Ipsilateral fractures of the femoral neck and shaft.

Thirty-three patients with ipsilateral intracapsular femoral neck and shaft fractures were treated with antegrade reamed intramedullary (IM) nails and cancellous screw fixation of the femoral neck. The shaft fractures were fixed prior to definitive neck stabilization. A "reversed" nail construct was used in 13 patients, a conventional interlocked nail was used in 6, and a reconstruction nail was used in the remaining 14. Thirty-one (94%) of the femoral shaft fractures healed primarily. In two patients, the shaft fracture failed to unite and was bone grafted and plated, respectively; the fractures subsequently healed. However, only 27 (82%) of the femoral neck fractures healed after initial fixation. In six patients (18%), a symptomatic varus nonunion developed, requiring a valgus osteotomy. Five of the six femoral neck non-unions and all of the osteotomy sites united; however, two of these patients later developed osteonecrosis of their femoral heads. Closed reamed antegrade IM nailing with supplemental screw fixation of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures did not produce uniformly successful results because of high rates of varus nonunion of the femoral neck fracture.     

肱骨干骨折顺行与逆行髓内针固定的病例 对照研究

目的：比较肱骨干骨折顺行与逆行髓内针固定的疗效。方法：入选1999年3月至2006年10月间有完整随访资料的肱骨干骨折105例,分为顺行髓内针组（A组）82例,逆行髓内针组（B组）23例。对两组的手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率、骨折愈合时间、骨折愈合率、Constant—Murley肩关节功能评分和Mayo肘关节功能评分等指标进行比较。结果：随访时间平均（31．2±20．9）个月。两组的手术时间、骨折愈合时间、愈合率及并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。B组术中出血量大于A组（P=0．002）。A组有4例（4．9％）不愈合,8例（9．8％）发生肩痛伴肩关节活动度减小,B组3例（13．0％）术中发生医源性骨折。A组肩关节功能评分低于B组（P=0．04）,肘关节功能评分两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：顺行与逆行髓内针固定均是治疗肱骨干骨折的有效方法,但逆行髓内针固定医源性骨折发生率较高,应正确选择和制备髓内针入点。顺行髓内针固定有较高的肩痛和肩关节活动度减小的并发症发生率,注意将髓内针尾埋于肩袖下方,细致保护和修复肩袖,术后进行合理的康复练习,有利于减少肩痛和改善肩关节功能。     

Treatment of humeral shaft fractures with antegrade intramedullary locking nail

Antegrade interlocked humeral nailing for stabilization of humeral fractures was introduced many years ago, and studies on this method in the orthopedic literature have shown mixed results. The purpose of this investigation was to document the clinical outcome and complications associated with the use of an antegrade intramedullary nail (T2, Stryker) for the humeral fractures. Between 2005 and 2008, 52 fractures of the humeral shaft were treated operatively with this intramedullary nail in our department. Eight patients were polytraumatized, and four patients had an open fracture. The mean age of patients was 51.7 years. Forty-eight patients had an adequate duration of clinical follow-up (a mean of 18 months) for analysis. Complications were recorded, and the time to union was measured. Shoulder and elbow functions were assessed using the Constant Score and the Morrey Score, respectively. Forty-six fractures healed, with a mean time to clinical union of 10.3 weeks. Two patients developed pseudarthroses. There were four adverse events: two proximal screws backed out, one superficial infection at the insertion point, and one fracture at the distal end of the nail. Ninety-one percentage of patients had an excellent or good shoulder function. Five further operations were necessary: two for treatment of pseudarthroses, two for removal the backed out proximal screws, and one wound debridement for superficial infection. Antegrade humeral nailing is a valid therapeutic option for stabilization of humeral shaft fractures. By strictly adhering to the operation technique, the number and the severity of complications can be reduced. When good fracture alignment and stability are obtained, uneventful bone healing with good functional results is the rule.     

改进型逆行旋入钉治疗肱骨骨折

目的根据肱骨的解剖特点及临床应用,改进原有的肱骨逆行旋入式自锁髓内钉(逆行旋入钉),探讨改进型逆行旋入钉对肱骨骨折的临床价值。方法 2006年3月-2010年3月,共收治146例肱骨骨折患者。将患者随机分为2组,每组73例,分别采用原型及改进型逆行旋入钉治疗。原型组:男40例,女33例;平均年龄41岁;骨折类型为横形41例,斜形18例,螺旋形8例,粉碎形6例;受伤至手术时间3 h～2个月,中位时间11 d。手术以闭合方式固定27例,切开复位固定46例。改进型组:男39例,女34例;平均年龄40岁;骨折类型为横形43例,斜形16例,螺旋形10例,粉碎形4例;受伤至手术时间3 h～3个月,中位时间13 d。手术以闭合方式固定31例,切开复位固定42例。两组患者性别、年龄、骨折类型、病程等一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),有可比性。术后比较两组骨折愈合情况及患肢功能恢复情况。结果改进型组手术时间和术中出血量均少于原型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。原型组术中出现3例医源性肱骨髁上骨折;改进型组无医源性肱骨髁上骨折发生。两组切口均Ⅰ期愈合,术后未发生感染、内固定物松动和断裂等并发症。两组共116例获12个月以上随访,每组58例。骨折愈合时间:改进型组新鲜骨折(15±3)周,陈旧骨折和骨不连(30±12)周;原型组新鲜骨折(16±4)周,陈旧骨折(35±14)周;两组骨折愈合时间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后3个月患肢功能评价:原型组Neer肩关节评分优65例、良8例,Aitken和Rorabeck肘关节功能评分优61例、良12例,两种评分优良率均为100%;改进型组Neer肩关节评分优67例、良6例,Aitken和Rorabeck肘关节功能评分优63例、良10例,两种评分优良率均为100%。结论改进型逆行旋入钉手术操作简便、并发症少,是一种有效可靠的内固定器。     

Russell-Taylor交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的 总结Ｒｕｓｓｅｌｌ－Ｔａｙｌｏｒ交锁髓内钉（ＲＴ钉）治疗肱骨干骨折的效果。方法 用非扩髓的ＲＴ钉治疗１６例肱骨干骨折,其中新鲜骨折１２例,病理骨折３例,骨折不愈合１例。２例新鲜骨折伴有桡神经挫伤。结果 平均随访１４．５个月,１５例骨折愈合,平均愈合时间为１６．５周,２例肩部疼痛。结论 ＲＴ钉可有效治疗肱骨干骨折,尤其适用于病理性骨折、骨折不愈合、多段骨折及粉碎性骨折。     

顺行旋入式髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折疗效观察

目的总结顺行旋入式髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法24例肱骨干骨折患者采用顺行旋入式自锁髓内钉固定。结果24例均获随访,平均18．6个月,所有患者骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间23．0（21．4—24．7）周。肩关节Constant评分平均82．7（76．9—88．6）分;肘关节Mayo评分平均91．3（89．6—93．1）分;Neer评分：优19例,良5例。结论顺行旋入式髓内钓。固定手术操作简单、时间短、损伤小、术中并发症少、骨折愈合快,适合稳定性骨折和断端非缺损性粉碎性骨折,尤其适用于开放性肱骨干骨折手术。     

自锁髓内钉在治疗肱骨干骨折中的应用

目的探讨肱骨自锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法对我院于2002年1月-2007年10月收治52例肱骨干骨折采用肱骨自锁髓内钉治疗进行回顾性分析。本组病例中新鲜骨折46例,骨不连6例。结果本组病例平均随访14个月,50例骨折愈合,骨折愈合率96％,骨折愈合时间为3～7个月,平均4个月。2例骨不愈合经第二次手术植骨愈合。肩肘关节功能：优39例,良12例,差1例（肩部疼痛、肩关节僵硬）,肩肘关节功能优良率98。结论肱骨自锁髓内钉手术操作简便,创伤小,固定可靠,允许早期功能锻炼,并发症少,疗效的满意率高,可有效治疗肱骨干骨折,尤其适合多段骨折．粉碎性骨折和骨折不愈合。     

旋入式自锁髓内针逆行导入法治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨旋人式自锁髓内针治疗眩骨干骨折的优点及手术方法。方法 采用切开复位旋人式自锁髓内针逆行导人方法治疗15例肱骨干骨折。结果 随访15例，其中14例完全骨性愈合，1例骨折延迟愈合，13例肩关节功能恢复正常，无疼痛，2例肩关节外展上举功能受限。结论 旋入式自锁髓内针逆行导人法治疗肱骨干骨折，其操作简单，创伤小，疗效可靠。     

Bending and torsional stiffness in cadaver humeri fixed with a self-locking expandable or interlocking nail system: a mechanical study

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to gain data about a new expandable, noninterlocked intramedullary nail's capacity to stabilize unstable transverse humeral shaft fractures without the need for interlocking, thus making nail implantation simpler and to prove our goal hypothesis: that in a midshaft osteotomy of the humeral shaft the expandable humeral nail will show the same bending and torsional stiffness as an interlocked humeral nail, when implanted correctly according to the manufacturer's instructions. DESIGN: Pair randomization. SETTING: Mechanical laboratory testing. PARTICIPANTS: Eight pairs of freshly harvested cadaveric humeri. INTERVENTIONS: Fracture model was a midshaft transverse osteotomy, gapped to 3 mm. Each humerus pair received an expandable humeral nail (Fixion) or an interlocked humerus nail (Synthes) through a retrograde approach. The humeri were fixed in polymethylmethacrylate cylinders and tested in a servo-pneumatic material-testing machine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Torsional stiffness and bending stiffness of the nail-bone-construction. RESULTS: Expandable nails (interlocked nails) showed a lateral bending stiffness of 0.73 +/- 0.14 (0.63 +/- 0.1) KN/mm (P = 0.026) and a frontal bending stiffness of 0.67 +/- 0.18 (0.58 +/- 0.09) KN/mm (P = 0.084). Torsional stiffness values were 0.13 +/- 0.19 (0.43 +/- 0.09 Nm/degrees) (P = 0.012). Lower torsional stiffness in the expandable nail group was observed in humeri with a funnel shaped proximal intramedullary canal. CONCLUSIONS: The nail systems showed similar characteristics for frontal bending (P = 0.084), but not for lateral bending (P = 0.026). For lateral bending, the Fixion nail showed significantly more stiffness than the UHN nail (P = 0.026). There was significantly lower torsional stiffness with expandable nails compared with interlocked nails. Clinical correlation would suggest that in rotationally unstable fractures (A2 and A3 diaphyseal fractures), interlocked nails would provide increased stability over expandable nails.     

TriGen肱骨钉治疗肱骨干骨折的临床应用

目的探讨TriGen肱骨钉治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法采用顺行TriGen肱骨钉治疗新鲜闭合肱骨干骨折患者24例。结果患者均获随访,时间4～18个月,骨折均愈合。肩关节功能按Neer评分标准进行评价:优20例,良3例,可1例。优良率为95.8%(23/24)。无桡神经损伤、切口感染及骨不连发生。结论TriGen肱骨钉治疗肱骨干骨折,能提供足够的稳定性,可早期功能锻炼,近期临床疗效满意,尤其适合粉碎性或骨质较差的肱骨干骨折。     

Telegraph antegrade nailing in the treatment of humeral fractures with rotator interval split technique

Twenty-four proximal humeral fractures were treated by surgical internal fixation with a locked antegrade intramedullary nail. The purpose of this paper was to assess the clinical outcomes of proximal epiphyseal and diaphyseal humeral fractures treated with an antegrade humeral nail implanted after an interval rotator split. We treated six proximal epiphyseal fractures and seven bifocal fractures of the epiphysis and shaft and eleven diaphyseal fractures. The mean follow-up was 23 months (range 12 to 34 months). Twenty patients were available for follow-up. All but two fractures progressed to healing. The Mean Constant score was 80%, Relative Constant score was 95.5%. We divided the clinical outcomes by fracture pattern to define the best surgical indication. There were good clinical outcomes in all three groups, but the clinical score was highest in the shaft fracture group. An intramedullary antegrade nail inserted through the interval rotator without penetrating the rotator cuff had a good clinical outcome and with certain fracture types can be an effective and satisfactory device.     

交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折后骨不愈合原因分析

背景：作为治疗肱骨干骨折的一种选择,髓内钉并没有降低骨折不愈合的风险。现有临床资料的研究有助于推测其发生的原因。 目的：探讨交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折后骨不愈合的原因。 方法：回顾分析2005年1月至2010年1月行交锁髓内钉固定治疗的52例肱骨干骨折患者。观察术后骨折愈合情况,分析术后骨折不愈合的原因,探讨防治方法。运用Rodriquez-Merchan评分评价功能恢复情况。 结果：52例患者获得平均15个月（12-20个月）随访。47例患者骨折愈合（其中延迟愈合5例）,愈合时间3-6个月,平均4．1个月。5例患者骨折不愈合,均为肱骨干中下段骨折,4例二次手术治疗,1例保守治疗。Rodriquez．Merchan评分：优33例,良12例,中2例,差5例,优良率86．6％。 结论：交锁髓内钉固定肱骨干骨折术后发生的骨折不愈合,与损伤情况、手术操作、感染的控制、患者术后配合情况等多种因素相关。     

髓内钉与钢板治疗肱骨干骨折79例疗效比较

目的　比较交锁髓内钉与加压钢板治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效以提高肱骨干骨折的治疗水平。方法　手术治疗 79例 ,肱骨干骨折 ,其中肱骨加压钢板内固定 5 6例 ,交锁髓内钉固定 2 3例 ,骨折均为闭合性 ,比较两种技术的手术时间、住院时间、骨折愈合时间等疗效指标和桡神经损伤、骨不连、肩关节功能障碍等并发症发生情况。结果　与钢板内固定相比 ,髓内钉内固定操作的手术时间短 (P <0 0 1) ,骨折愈合时间提前 (P <0 0 1) ,而住院时间两者之间没有统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。髓内钉内固定未发生骨不连 ,钢板有 9例出现骨不连接。暂时性的桡神经麻痹钢板与髓内钉分别为 6例、 1例 ,肩功能功能障碍分别为3例、 5例 ,所有病例未发生骨感染。结论　与钢板相比交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的治愈率高 ,并发症少。     

Biomechanik der Verriegelungsmarknagelung bei Oberarmschaftfrakturen Vergleichsuntersuchungen zweier Marknagelsysteme und des Effekts der interfragmentären Kompression bei unaufgebohrtem Humerusnagel

In this biomechanical study the implanted Unreamed Humeral Nail (UHN) has been tested concerning bending and torsional stiffnesses. In literature other intramedullary implants have been criticized for insufficient rotatory stability especially in transverse and short oblique fractures of the humeral shaft. This study examined, whether the implanted UHN, as well as the UHN implanted with interfragmentary compression through a specific compression device, is able to augment torsional stiffness significantly. To evaluate bending and torsional stiffnesses, the UHN has been compared biomechanically to the Russell-Taylor humeral nail (RT) in paired mid-shaft osteotomized cadaveric humeri. Identic paired comparison has been performed with the UHN without and UHN with interfragmentary compression. In anterior-posterior, as well as medio-lateral direction stiffness under four-point-bending is significantly higher in stabilizing with the RT. Under torsional loading with moments of 4 Nm, 6 Nm and 8 Nm the UHN reached more than the double torsional stiffness. The RT, which is only dynamically interlocked, owns a high initial "play" between bolts and nail itself. Through additional interfragmentary compression stiffness of the UHN under four-point-bending in anterior-posterior, as well as medio-lateral direction augments significantly. Also under torsional loading with moments of 4 Nm, 6 Nm und 8 Nm torsional stiffness increases with interfragmentary compression significantly. In comparison to other biomechanical studies of different authorship it is clear, that this statically interlocked intramedullary nailing of the humeral shaft is superior to non-statically interlocked types of nailing concerning their stabilizing potency in torsion and serves especially for fracture types, which are critically under rotation, as transverse or short oblique humeral shaft fractures.     

Expandable nail system for osteoporotic humeral shaft fractures: preliminary results

BACKGROUND: Conventional nails rely on interlocking screws for axial and rotational stability. Such screws have poor fixation in patients with poor bone quality (osteopenia). The Fixion nail does not depend on interlocking screws-axial and rotational stability is instead achieved by nail expansion. Therefore, this nail may be better suited for patients with poor bone quality who require humeral stabilization. METHODS: The system was used to manage 25 unstable humerus shaft fractures in osteoporotic bone. An antegrade approach was used in 18 patients and a retrograde approach was used in 7 patients. RESULTS: There were no intra- or postoperative complications. Postoperatively, all fractures were stable and had healed by week 16. The mean operative time was 35 +/- 10 minutes (+/- SD) including 1.5 +/- 0.5 minutes of fluoroscopy time. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that use of this nailing system is associated with minimal complications, predictable fracture healing, and excellent functional outcomes in a cohort of elderly patients with poor bone quality and humeral shaft fractures requiring stabilization. Further confirmation by larger prospective trials is necessary.     

Telegraph antegrade nailing in the treatment of humeral fractures with rotator interval split technique

Twenty-four proximal humeral fractures were treated by surgical internal fixation with a locked antegrade intramedullary nail. The purpose of this paper was to assess the clinical outcomes of proximal epiphyseal and diaphyseal humeral fractures treated with an antegrade humeral nail implanted after an interval rotator split. We treated six proximal epiphyseal fractures and seven bifocal fractures of the epiphysis and shaft and eleven diaphyseal fractures. The mean follow-up was 23 months (range 12 to 34 months). Twenty patients were available for follow-up. All but two fractures progressed to healing. The Mean Constant score was 80%, Relative Constant score was 95.5%. We divided the clinical outcomes by fracture pattern to define the best surgical indication. There were good clinical outcomes in all three groups, but the clinical score was highest in the shaft fracture group. An intramedullary antegrade nail inserted through the interval rotator without penetrating the rotator cuff had a good clinical outcome and with certain fracture types can be an effective and satisfactory device.     

闭合复位交锁髓内钉固定治疗股骨干骨折

目的探讨闭合复位交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折的疗效。方法对32例股骨干骨折应用闭合复位交锁髓内钉治疗，均闭合复位顺行置钉。结果所有患者随访6～26个月，术后复位满意，骨折平均愈合时间12周，术后均愈合良好，无主钉或锁钉断裂，无肢体短缩、功能障碍、感染。结论闭合复位交锁髓内钉是治疗股骨干骨折的一种创伤小、并发症少、骨愈合时间短、术后患者恢复好的内固定方法。     

Intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in children through the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter using a modified rigid humeral intramedullary nail: preliminary results of a new technique in 15 children

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical results of intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures using a rigid intramedullary nail placed through the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter in older children and adolescents. DESIGN: A retrospective study was carried out evaluating all skeletally immature patients with femoral shaft fractures treated using a modified rigid humeral intramedullary nail. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen children and adolescents with displaced femoral diaphyseal fractures and open physes. INTERVENTION: Femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents were stabilized using a modified humeral intramedullary nail placed through the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Patients were evaluated to determine time to union, final fracture alignment, hospital stay, complications, clinical outcome, and proximal femoral changes including avascular necrosis or proximal femoral valgus with femoral neck narrowing. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year (range 70-157 weeks). The average age of the patients was 12 years and 5 months (range 8 years and 2 months-17 years and 1 month). All fractures healed at a mean of 7 weeks (range 5-14 weeks) after fracture. The average hospital stay for patients with isolated femur fractures (8/15) was 2.8 days (range 1-5 days). At an average follow-up of 141 weeks (range 70-326 weeks), no patient had developed avascular necrosis, femoral neck valgus, femoral neck narrowing, or other complications. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of intramedullary nailing in children through the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter seems to be safe, effective, and well tolerated by patients.