血清缺氧诱导因子 -1α、内皮素 -1及基质金属蛋白酶 -9联合检测对颅内动脉瘤破裂出血 142例手术预后的价值

目的探讨血清缺氧诱导因子 -1α(HIF-1α)、内皮素 -1(ET-1)、基质金属蛋白酶 -9(MMP-9)联合预测颅内动脉瘤破裂出血术后预后不良的价值。方法选取 2020年 1月至 2022年 1月东台市人民医院收治的颅内动脉瘤破裂出血病人 142例作为研究组,另选取同期健康体检者 140例作为对照组,检测病人术前、入院 1周(均为术后)、术后 6个月血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9水平并进行比较。另依据病人出院 6个月后预后情况,将其分为预后良好组( 101例)和预后不良组(41例),对比预后良好组和预后不良组术前、入院 1周、术后 6个月血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9水平,分析颅内动脉瘤破裂出血病人预后不良的影响因素及血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9单项及联合检测对颅内动脉瘤破裂出血病人预后不良的预测价值。结果研究组术前血清 HIF-1α、 ET-1、MMP-9水平均高于对照组(P<0.05);研究组随访 6个月预后不良发生率为 28.87%(41/142)血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9水平经重复测量方差分析差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),预后不良组入院 1周、术后 6个月血清 HIF-1α(,42.43±3.05)μg/L和(41.53±4.52)μg/L、ET-1(14.27±1.24)ng/L和( 13.96±2.04)ng/L、MMP-9(15.57±1.81)μg/L和( 14.68±2.65)μg/L均低于术前( 51.19±4.38) μg/L、(16.50±1.45)ng/L、(18.26±2.29)μg/L;预后良好组入院 1周、术后 6个月血清 HIF-1α(40.78±1.53)μg/L和( 34.87±4.68)μg/ L、ET-1(13.12±2.16)ng/L和( 10.05±1.96)ng/L、MMP-9(14.87±1.20)μg/L和( 12.21±2.87)μg/L均低于术前( 47.82±4.13)μg/L、(14.89±2.75)ng/L、(17.41±1.21)μg/L;预后良好组术后 6个月血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9水平均低于入院 1周( P<0.05)。预后不良组术前、入院 1周、术后 6个月血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9水平均高于预后良好组( P<0.05)。预后不良组多发动脉瘤、脑积水、 Hunt-Hess分级 Ⅳ~Ⅴ级、 CT Fisher分级 3~4级、手术时机为 ≥72 h、并发脑血管痉挛、并发脑梗死病人占比均高于预后良好组( P<0.05); Hunt-Hess分级 Ⅳ~Ⅴ级、手术时机为 ≥72 h、术前及入院 1周血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9高水平均是颅内动脉瘤破裂出血预后不良的危险因素( P<0.05);受试者操作特征曲线显示,术前及入院 1周血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9三者联合预测颅内动脉瘤破裂出血病人预后不良的灵敏度( 97.56%、95.12%)和曲线下面积( 0.93、0.91)高于单独预测( P<0.05)特异度与单独评估比较差异无统计学意义( P>0.05)。结论颅内动脉瘤破裂出血病人术前血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9水平均,高于健康人群,术前和入院 1周血清 HIF-1α、ET-1、MMP-9高水平均是术后预后不良的独立危险因素,且对颅内动脉瘤破裂出血术后预后不良具有一定预测价值,但三者联合预测价值更高。     

脑血管介入术在颅内未破裂动脉瘤中应用价值及对 afamin与基质金属蛋白酶 9血清含量的影响

目的研究脑血管介入术在颅内未破裂动脉瘤中应用价值及对血清人类血浆糖蛋白 afamin与基质金属蛋白酶 9(MMP?9)含量的影响。方法选取 2015年 10月至 2018年 10月郑州人民医院 266例颅内未破裂动脉瘤病人作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为研究组、对照组,各 133例。对照组采取开颅夹闭术,研究组采取脑血管介入术。统计两组住院费用及住院时间、术前及术后 afamin与血清 MMP?9含量、日常生活能力(ADL)及生活质量(SF?36)分值,术后随访 6个月,统计两组预后效果。结果两组住院费用间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)研究组住院时间(10.29±3.01)d短于对照组(15.14±2.96)d(P＜0.05);术后第 2天两组血清 afamin含量较术前升高,且研究组(59,.56±10.33)μg/L高于对照组(50.53±9.45)μg/L(P＜0.05);术后第 2天两组血清 MMP?9含量较术前降低,且研究组(448.67±49.43)ng/L低于对照组(509.45±53.61)ng/L(P＜0.05);术后 1个月两组 SF?36、 ADL分值较术前增高,且研究组高于对照组(P＜0.05);术后随访 6个月,研究组预后效果优于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论脑血管介入术应用于颅内未破裂动脉瘤中可明显缩短住院时间,提高血清 afamin含量,降低血清 MMP?9含量,改善预后效果,提高日常生活能力及生活质量,且经济效益良好。     

结肠癌病人血清 S100钙结合蛋白 A12、可溶性晚期糖基化终产物受体水平与肠道菌群失调及化疗效果的关系

目的探讨结肠癌病人血清 S100钙结合蛋白 A12(S100A12)、可溶性晚期糖基化终产物受体( sRAGE)水平与肠道菌群失调及化疗效果的相关性。方法选择 2020年 12月至 2021年 12月黄河水利委员会黄河中心医院收治的 116例中、晚期结肠癌病人作为结肠癌组,另选取在该院同期健康体检人员 120例作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附测定( ELISA)检测血清S100A12、sRAGE水平,检测病人肠道菌群,并对病人化疗后进行随访, Pearson法分析结肠癌病人血清 S100A12、sRAGE水平与菌群失调相关性,受试者操作特征曲线( ROC曲线)分析化疗前血清 S100A12、sRAGE水平对结肠癌化疗效果的诊断价值。结果与对照组比较,结肠癌组病人化疗前血清 S100A12、sRAGE水平显著升高( P<0.05)。与化疗前菌群正常组［( 265.34±45果.78)μg/L、(381.54±36.75)ng/L］比较,菌群失调 Ⅰ度组［( 301.52±56.95)μg/L、(440.63±48.71)ng/L］、菌群失调 Ⅱ度组［( 339.29±52.35)μg/L、(432.75±49.20)ng/L］病人血清 S100A12、sRAGE水平显著升高( P<0.05);与菌群失调 Ⅰ度组比较,菌群失调 Ⅱ度组病人血清 S100A12、sRAGE水平显著升高( P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,结肠癌病人血清 S100A12、sRAGE水平与大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌数量呈正相关( P<0.05)与双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌数量呈负相关( P<0.05)。与化疗前比较,结肠癌病人化疗后血清 S100A12、sRAGE水平显著降低( P<05);与化疗缓解组［( 272.33±55.36)μg/L、(403.24±40.54)ng/L］比较,化疗无效组［( 330.09±42.64)μg/L、(482.85±43.61)ng/L］病人化疗前血清 S100A12、sRAGE水平显著较高( P<0.05)。血清 S100A12、sRAGE.0,联合诊断结肠癌化疗无效的曲线下面积(AUC)为 0.91［95%CI:(0.84,0.96),P<0.001］,灵敏度为 86.05%,特异度为 80.82%。结论结肠癌病人血清 S100A12、sRAGE升高,与肠道菌群失调及化疗效果有关,对化疗疗效评估与预后评价有一定指导意义。     

尼莫地平对颅内动脉瘤夹闭术围术期脑脊液S 100 B含量的影响

目的 :探讨尼莫地平在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中的安全性及其对脑功能的影响。方法 :将颅内动脉瘤夹闭术患者随机分为ISO组和NIMO组 ,每组15例。2组术中均吸入1 2 %异氟醚维持麻醉。NIMO组同时在诱导后开始持续输注尼莫地平20μg/(kg·h)直至手术结束。分别于不同时间测定循环指标 ,动脉瘤夹闭后2h、4h测定脑脊液S100B蛋白含量。结果 :(1)同ISO组相比 ,NIMO组术中血压下降均在临床安全范围内 ,而心率无显著性变化。 (2)NIMO组在动脉瘤夹闭前后脑脊液中S100B浓度无明显变化 ,而ISO组在动脉瘤夹闭后4h脑脊液中S100B浓度明显升高(F=4.108,P<0.05)。2组间同一时间点脑脊液中S100B蛋白浓度均无明显差异。结论 :尼莫地平对全身血流动力学影响小 ,该剂量可减轻动脉瘤夹闭后载瘤动脉血管痉挛的程度。     

髋关节置换术后放置引流减少非感染性发热时间

目的研究全髋关节置换术(THA)后留置引流与否同术后非感染性发热时间之间的关系。方法取 2016年 1—12月重庆医科大学附属遂宁市中心医院行 THA病人 75例,失访 15例,使用随机数字表法分为未放置引流管组(A组)、持续引流管组(B组)及间断引流组(C组)每组 20例。观察术前及术后一周体温变化情况,记录术后血红蛋白下降及输血量,记录术后 3、6、 12月髋关节功能 Harris评分。,酶联免疫吸附检测术前及术后 1d、2d、3d及 7d白细胞介素(IL)?6、IL?8、肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF? α)的含量。结果(1)A、B及 C组分别于术后第 5、3及 4d达到最高峰,分别为(38.6±0.4)℃、(37.5±0.2)℃及(37.8±0.6)℃,体温变化趋势均为先增高后下降。(2)Harris评分 A、B及 C组之间术前［(42.3±8.4)分,(42.4±13.5)分及(42.5±9.2)分］及术后 3月［(73.5±4.3)分,(72.6±4.9)分及(74.3±5.7)分］、 6月［(82.4±3.6)分,(82.5±3.7)分及(83.4±4.1)分］及 12月［(93.7±4.8)分,(92.5±4.3)分及(91.8±5.1)分］差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。(3)术后第 1天血红蛋白下降最多,输血量 A组(286.7±123.5) mL与 C组(294.6±120.7)mL,差异,无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。(4)IL?6、IL?8及 TNF?α与术前相比,呈先增加后降低趋势,但术后第 7天仍维持较高水平(P＜0.05)。与 A组最高峰值［ IL?6(527±13)ng/L、IL?8(39.7±4.3)ng/L及 TNF?α(23.54±1.57)ng/L］相比, B组［ IL?6(406±22)ng/L、IL?8(37.7±5.2)ng/L及 TNF?α(17.24±1.23)ng/L］及 C组［ IL?6(421±23)ng/L、IL?8(34.8±4.8)ng/L及 TNF?α(19.57±1.54)ng/L］最高峰值较小(P＜0.05),B与 C组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 THA术后引流管早期夹闭不增加失血量及输血量,减少术后血肿吸收及炎症反应从而减少非感染性发热的持续时间,有利于术后发热鉴别,有效避免术后抗生素的滥用。     

帕瑞昔布钠给药时机对腹腔镜下急性化脓性阑尾炎切除术患者术后炎性因子的影响

【】目的 探讨帕瑞昔布钠给药时机对腹腔镜下急性化脓性阑尾炎切除术患者术后炎性因子的影响,预防及减轻急性化脓性阑尾炎手术围术期应激反应方法选择提供参考。方法 选取2014年6月～2015年6月我院收治的急性化脓性阑尾炎患者100例,随机分为A组与B组,每组各50例,两组患者在入院后均急诊手术,芬太尼、依托咪酯、咪达唑仑及维库溴铵进行麻醉诱导,丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼麻醉维持,A组患者在麻醉诱导前静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠,B组患者在术毕时静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠。观察指标围术期相关指标变化。结果 两组患者丙泊酚用量、手术时间、出血量、阿托品及麻黄碱使用率比较差异无统计学意义,A组术中瑞芬太尼用量为(987±145)μg少于B组(1139±113)μg(P<0.05);IL-6、IL-8、IL-10及TNF-α水平,A组术前分别为(7.84±2.80)ng/L、(8.12±2.97)ng/L、(47.11±12.93)pg/L、(0.97±0.30)mg/L,术后24h分别为(24.11±10.73)ng/L、(20.95±14.61)ng/L、(113.26±23.85)pg/L、(1.45±0.39)mg/L,B组术前分别为(7.91±2.45)ng/L、(8.04±3.05)ng/L、(44.72±13.65)pg/L、(0.99±0.37)mg/L,术后24h分别为(32.73±13.64)ng/L、(33.47±23.74)ng/L、(95.60±21.39)pg/L、(1.94±0.86)mg/L,两组术后24h时以上指标水平较术前升高(P<0.05),术后24h时IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α水平低于B组(P<0.05),IL-10水平高于B组(P<0.05);两组术后24h时VAS评分及24h内自控镇痛泵按压次数比较差异无统计学意义。结论 腹腔镜下急性化脓性阑尾炎切除术患者帕瑞昔布钠在麻醉诱导前给药较术毕给药可减少瑞芬太尼术中用量,更有利于降低术后炎性因子水平,提高抑炎因子浓度,用药时机对术后镇痛无影响。     

血清单核细胞趋化蛋白1联合血浆N端脑钠肽前体预测心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入术术后并发心力衰竭的价值

目的探讨血清单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)联合血浆N端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)对急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)术后并发心力衰竭的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年9月在华北医疗健康集团邢台总医院行PCI术治疗的163例急性心肌梗死病人(疾病组)及同期52例体检健康者(正常组)的临床资料，另根据PCI术后随访6个月心力衰竭发生情况，将疾病组进一步分为心衰亚组(n=41)与无心衰亚组(n=122)。对比各组血清MCP-1、血浆NT-proBNP水平，分析此二者的相关性，并采用多因素logistic回归分析法分析血清MCP-1、血浆NT-proBNP与急性心肌梗死PCI术后并发心衰的关系，另采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评价其联合预测效能。结果疾病组血清MCP-1、血浆NT-proBNP水平分别为(33.79±4.03)ng/L、(1 478.35±452.93)ng/L，均高于正常组［(2.48±0.51)ng/L、(85.64±21.36)ng/L］(P<0.05)；PCI术后随访6个月，急性心肌梗死病人并发心衰的发生率为25.15%(41/163)，心衰亚组血清MCP-1、血浆NT-proBNP水平分别为(39.94±2.61)ng/L、(1 895.73±213.65)ng/L，均高于无心衰亚组［(31.72±4.89)ng/L、(1 338.08±354.26)ng/L］(P<0.05)；经Pearson相关性分析，心衰亚组血清MCP-1水平与血浆NT-proBNP水平无明显相关性(P>0.05)；心衰亚组病人中年龄≥60岁、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、无糖尿病者中应激性血糖增高、重度与极重度狭窄、血清MCP-1>35 ng/L及血浆NT-proBNP>1 500 ng/L占比均高于无心衰亚组病人(P<0.05)，且均是急性心肌梗死PCI术后并发心衰的危险因素(P<0.05)；血清MCP-1、血浆NT-proBNP水平及联合预测急性心肌梗死PCI术后并发心衰的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.769、0.785、0.856，灵敏度分别为75.61%、78.05%、90.24%，特异度分别为78.69%、80.33%、85.25%，联合预测的AUC高于各项单独预测的AUC(P<0.05)。结论急性心肌梗死PCI术后并发心衰者的血清MCP-1、血浆NT-proBNP水平较无心衰亚组者明显升高，血清MCP-1联合血浆NT-proBNP检测对急性心肌梗死PCI术后并发心衰具有较高的预测价值，且老年、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、应激性血糖增高、重度与极重度狭窄、血清MCP-1>35 ng/L及血浆NT-proBNP>1 500 ng/L均是PCI术后心衰发生的危险因素，临床工作者需加大对此类病人的管理力度。     

数字化音乐电胃肠起搏对食管癌术后肠道屏障功能、炎症和氧化应激的影响

目的探讨数字化音乐电胃肠起搏对食管癌术后肠道屏障功能、炎症和氧化应激的影响。方法选取 2016年 3月至 2018年 6月于河北省胸科医院住院的 120例食管癌病人作为研究对象,分为四组,即 A、B、C和 D组, A组病人给予胃肠减压等一般治疗措施, B组病人在 A组的基础上给予足三里穴按摩, C组病人在 A组的基础上给予胃肠起搏, D组在 A组的基础上给予数字化音乐电胃肠起搏治疗,共治疗 7d。观察胃肠功能的恢复情况,包括肠鸣音恢复时间、排气时间、排便时间、胃管留置时间、胃液引流量;酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清中内毒素、二胺氧化酶( DAO)、紧密连接蛋白( Occludin)、闭锁小带蛋白( ZO?1)、肿瘤坏死因子 ?α(TNF?α)、白细胞介素 ?6(IL?6)、白细胞介素 ?8(IL?8)和白细胞介素 ?10(IL?10)的含量;蛋白质免疫印迹检测外周血单个核细胞中 Toll样受体 ?4(TLR4)/核因子 ?κB(NF?κB)信号通路的表达;黄嘌呤氧化酶法检测超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)的活性,硫代巴比妥酸法检测丙二醛( MDA)的含量。结果 D组的肠鸣音恢复时间( 36.20±5.15)h、排气时间( 52.87±4.51)h、排便时间( 73.42±6.92)h、胃管留置时间( 80.95±7.65)h、胃液引流量( 895.44±101.35)mL、内毒素( 5.37±2.40)ng/L、DAO(2.71±0.70)U/ L、Occludin(13.61±3.20)μg/L、ZO?1(23.55±3.60)μg/L、TNF?α(12.35±3.61)ng/L、IL?6(16.48±4.01)ng/L、IL?8(37.87±9.71)ng/L均低于 A组［(48.72±5.93)h,(68.17±6.45)h,(87.20±6.67)h,(97.34±8.19)h,(1334.50±211.80)mL,(11.83±3.62)ng/L,(3.69±0.53) U/L,(21.56±3.94)μg/L,(31.01±4.33)μg/L,(26.31±4.29)ng/L,(33.72±5.44)ng/L,(82.67±12.55)ng/L］、 B组［( 45.62±5.50)h,(63.48±6.70)h,(79.95±7.69)h,(91.17±6.89)h,(1180.46±196.15)mL,(8.55±2.19)ng/L,(3.31±0.64)U/L,(19.49±2.88)μg/L,(27.36±4.02)μg/L,(20.70±3.88)ng/L,(25.09±4.85)ng/L,(72.63±11.44)ng/L］、 C组［(41.04±6.11)h,(61.25±5.81)h,(77.29±7.13) h,(88.72±9.03)h,(1047.28±160.33)mL,(7.80±3.25)ng/L,(3.12±0.59)U/L,(15.51±3.49)μg/L,(28.11±4.52)μg/L,(17.65±3.24) ng/L,(26.67±5.03)ng/L,(65.51±13.10)ng/L］,且 B、C组低于 A组( P＜0.05),但是四组间 IL?10的含量差异无统计学意义( P＞0.05)。 D组外周血单个核细胞中的 TLR4(0.44±0.11)和 NF?κB(0.28±0.13)蛋白表达量均低于 A组［(1.00±0.24)(1.00±0.21)］、 B组［( 0.86±0.15)(0.84±0.22)］、 C组［( 0.75±0.20)(0.45±0.16)］且 B、C组低于 A组( P＜0.05)。 D组血的 SOD含量清中,(418.50±36.22)U/L高于 A组( 363.62±24.01)U/L、 (385.09±30)U/L、C组( 391.33±27.44)U/L,且 B、C组高于 A组( P＜均,B组,.58,0.05); D组血清中的 MDA含量( 5.11±0.66)μmol/L均低于 A组( 6.42±0.85)μmol/L、B组( 5.89±0.74)μmol/L、C组( 5.65±0.80) μmol/L,且 B、C组低于 A组( P＜0.05)。结论数字化音乐电胃肠起搏能够改善食管癌术后病人的肠道屏障功能,下调血清炎性因子含量和外周血单个核细胞中 TLR4/NF?κB信号通路的表达,降低氧化应激水平。     

舍曲林对原发性高血压合并焦虑抑郁病人血清 S100B蛋白、心肌营养素 1及血压的影响

目的观察原发性高血压合并焦虑、抑郁病人应用舍曲林治疗对情绪、血清 S100B蛋白(神经组织蛋白质 S100)与心肌营养素 1(CT?1)及血压的影响。方法选取新乡医学院第二附属医院 2015年 12月至 2017年 6月收治的 106例原发性高血压合并焦虑、抑郁的病人为研究对象,退出 6例,将剩余 100例按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,所有病人均应用替米沙坦口服,观察组加用舍曲林口服,对照组加用相同剂型的安慰剂口服,持续治疗 1月。于治疗前后应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)及抑郁自评量表(SDS)对两组病人焦虑及抑郁症状进行评分,用动态血压仪测定两组病人治疗前后 24 h平均收缩压(24 h SBP)、 24 h平均舒张压(24 h DBP)、白昼平均收缩压(dSBP)、夜间平均收缩压(nSBP)、白昼平均舒张压(dDBP)及夜间平均舒张压(nDBP)并用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清 S100B、CT?1水平。结果观察组治疗后 SAS、SDS评分分别为(39.7±6.7)分、(38.4± 5.3)分,对照,组分别为(64.7±5.8)分、(58.1±4.9)分,观察组治疗后 SAS、SDS评分低于对照组(t＝19.965,19.369,均 P＜0.001);观察组治疗后 24 h SBP、24hDBP、dSBP、nSBP、dDBP、nDBP分别为(118.2±6.7)、(78.3±6.6)、(124.1±7.3)、(112.3±6.1)、(82.5± 6.8)、(74.1±6.4)mmHg,对照组分别为(121.7±7.1)、(82.3±7.2)、(127.2±8.1)、(116.2±5.7)、(85.2±6.6)、(79.4±7.8)mmHg,观察组治疗后 24 h SBP、24 h DBP、dSBP、nSBP、dDBP、nDBP水平低于对照组(t＝2.535,P＜0.05;t＝2.896,P＜0.05;t＝2.010,P＜ 0.05;t＝3.303,P＜0.01;t＝2.012,P＜0.05;t＝3.714,P＜0.001);观察组治疗后血清 S100B、CT?1分别为(60.6±13.4)pg/mL、(47.8±12.5)ng/L,对照组分别为(88.4±15.7)pg/mL、(56.7±11.2)ng/L,观察组治疗后血清 S100B、CT?1水平低于对照组(t＝7.468,3.751,均 P＜0.001)。结论舍曲林能有效改善原发性高血压合并焦虑、抑郁病人的焦虑、抑郁情绪,并辅助降低血压,从而血清 S100B、CT?1水平下降。     

早期开颅动脉瘤夹闭治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨早期开颅手术夹闭动脉瘤治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床疗效及安全性.方法 选取2013年2月-2016年5月收治的108例颅内破裂动脉瘤患者作为研究对象,采用系统性回顾法分析其临床及随访资料,评价患者临床疗效及预后效果.结果 所有患者手术均成功,手术时间为(141.42±27.64) min,术中出血量(71.64±20.32) ml,住院时间(30.24土8.40)d,并发症发生22例(20.37％).术后预后良好70例(64.81％),预后差25例(23.15％),植物生存8例(7.41％),死亡5例(4.63％),巨型和大型动脉瘤其夹闭程度明显比小型和一般动脉瘤差.结论 颅内破裂动脉瘤患者在早期行开颅夹闭治疗临床效果较好,并发症及死亡发生率较低,安全性较高,有利于患者的预后.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.