我国高龄老人家庭灾难性卫生支出及其不平等研究——基于CFPS数据的实证分析

目的：测算我国高龄老人家庭灾难性卫生支出发生现状,分析灾难性卫生支出不平等趋势及贡献因素。方法:基于中国家庭追踪调查2012—2020年数据,测算高龄老人家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率和发生强度,利用Logit回归、多元线性回归、集中指数及其分解方法估计灾难性卫生支出的影响因素、不平等及相关因素贡献度。结果:中国高龄老人家庭灾难性卫生支出发生风险较高、强度较大,存在倾向于低收入家庭的不平等。家庭存款、家庭人均收入、家庭净资产、老人身体健康程度、老人拥有组织成员身份是灾难性卫生支出不平等的主要正向贡献因素,伴侣健在对灾难性卫生支出的不平等有一定负向贡献。结论:政策制定应考虑相关影响因素,为高龄老人群体提供相应的经济风险保护。     

安徽省农村脆弱人群现金卫生支出致贫影响及其相关因素分析

目的:研究安徽省农村居民个人现金卫生支出对脆弱人群的影响,寻找可能性影响因素.方法:通过比较个人现金卫生支出对老年人、儿童、低收入人群的致贫和家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生情况,分析不同人群陷入贫困或加剧家庭贫困状况程度.采用logistic回归分析法筛选脆弱人群陷入贫困或加深贫困的相关因素.结果:2009年安徽省样本地区居民OOP发生后,儿童因病致贫率为0.28％,老年人群贫困发生率和平均差距人群比重高于其人口比重;老年人的灾难性卫生支出发生率为25.58％;家庭规模、抚养比、性别比、年龄与OOP后发生贫困相关性.结论:老年人的疾病经济风险很高,男性的疾病经济负担高于女性;家庭规模、抚养比和性别比对家庭发生先进卫生支出后是否陷入贫困有明显的影响.     

慢性病患者家庭灾难性卫生支出风险及其不平等性研究

目的：探究慢性病对患者家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率的影响及不同病种下家庭风险的不平等性。方法：利用2018年CHARLS数据,通过Logistics回归和集中指数测算,探究慢性病对灾难性卫生支出风险的影响及其不平等性。结果：在40%的阈值下,慢性病对家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率有显著的影响;14种不同的慢性病对灾难性卫生支出风险的影响并不相同;不同家庭发生灾难性卫生支出的风险也存在不平等性。结论：各地各级相关部门需要科学防治慢性病,通过医保制度降低慢性病患者家庭灾难性卫生支出风险,制定政策时将差异性及不平等性纳入考虑,根据不同病种和不同家庭之间的差异性精准施策。     

山西省低收入水平家庭疾病经济风险及影响因素研究

目的 关注和分担弱势群体疾病经济风险,分析低收入家庭卫生疾病经济风险力度、强度及影响因素。方法 采用全国第6次卫生服务统计数据,按照国际组织识别低收入群体的推荐标准,将研究对象划分为不同收入水平群体,以农村低收入群体和城市低收入群体为重点研究对象,采用logistic、Tobit模型对不同收入水平下家庭的灾难性卫生支出发生率、发生强度进行分析。结果 对于农村低收入群体来说,被访者的健康自评水平、是否患有慢性病、近12个月是否体检、家庭人口数、收入水平是其灾难性支出发生与否的危险因素;对于城市低收入群体而言,被访者的健康自评水平、是否参加社会医疗保险、是否参加大病保险是其灾难性支付发生与否的危险因素。结论 家庭规模对家庭疾病经济风险的作用方向取决于收入层次;低收入群体的个体健康状况更差,社会医疗保险显著降低了城市低收入群体的疾病经济风险,但慢性病给农村家庭带来了较大的疾病经济风险。     

银川市农村居民家庭灾难性卫生支出现状及影响因素研究

目的了解银川市农村居民家庭灾难性卫生支出的现状,探索灾难性卫生支出的主要影响因素。方法采用分层随机抽样法抽取银川市400户农村家庭进行入户调查,共调查1 036人,运用卡方检验分析农村居民灾难性卫生支出的情况,采用二分类logistic回归分析影响家庭发生灾难性卫生支出的主要因素。结果以40%为界定标准,银川市农村居民家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生率为31.09%,平均差距为17.43%,相对差距为39.52%。经过二分类logistic回归分析得出,影响家庭灾难性卫生支出的主要因素有家庭人均年收入、户主受教育程度、家庭中是否有65岁及以上老年人、家庭中是否有慢性病人以及家中是否有人住院。结论家庭人均年收入较低(≤10 000元)的人群灾难性卫生支出率发生较高,家中有慢性病患者、住院病人及65以上老人较易发生灾难性卫生支出。表明应进一步完善医疗保障制度,并关注老年人口和慢性病的防治,提高教育水平,减少农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生。     

吸烟对我国家庭灾难性卫生支出影响研究：以山东省为例

目的：探究烟草使用对我国灾难性卫生支出的影响,为我国政府对烟草控制进行投资及制定有效的控烟政策提供依据。方法：基于2018年山东省国家第六次卫生服务调查数据,测算不同家庭类型在不同阈值下灾难性卫生支出的发生率、平均差距及相对差距,进一步剖析我国吸烟家庭烟草相关疾病分布状况。结果：2018年,山东省现吸烟家庭灾难性卫生支出的总体发生率为13.56%,平均差距、相对差距分别为4.61%、34.02%;家庭经济收入水平越低,灾难性卫生支出总体发生率就越高;农村现吸烟家庭的总体灾难性卫生支出发生率、平均差距、相对差距均高于城市家庭;发生灾难性卫生支出的现吸烟家庭患病以慢性病为主。结论：吸烟家庭灾难性卫生支出发生风险显著高于不吸烟家庭,尤其是农村家庭和低收入家庭。建议采取多样化的宣传手段强化控烟健康教育,重点加强农村地区烟草使用危害的宣传和进一步提高烟草税以削弱低收入群体的吸烟动机。     

城市低保家庭灾难性卫生支出现状及影响因素实证分析

目的:了解城市贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出现状,分析其影响因素,并提出针对性的措施。方法:采用自行设计的问卷,采用系统抽样的方式对样本市的1 100户获得国家最低生活保障的家庭进行了调查。数据分析方法包括统计描述、logistic回归模型等。结果:调查家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为59.15%;影响调查地区低保人群灾难性卫生支出发生的主要因素包括家庭成员最高文化程度、家庭成员患慢性病和住院服务利用状况、医疗救助知晓和利用情况、家庭经济状况。结论:调查低保家庭的灾难性卫生支出发生率极高;慢性病对调查地区低保家庭灾难性卫生支出的影响较大。因此,应进一步完善医疗救助制度、强化低保人群的慢性病社区管理、改善家庭经济状况以降低低保人群灾难性卫生支出。     

湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出及其影响因素

目的了解湖北省农村地区家庭灾难性卫生支出状况及其相关影响因素,为政策制定提供依据。方法利用世界卫生组织推荐的算法计算灾难性卫生支出,运用卡方检验分析不同特征家庭灾难性卫生支出情况,采用二元logistic回归分析灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结果湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为9.71%,多因素分析显示家里有慢性病人(OR=2.06,95%CI:1.35~3.15)、经济状况较差(OR=1.38,95%CI:1.15~1.66)是灾难性卫生支出的危险因素。发生灾难性卫生支出的家庭因病致贫率较高(28.80%),但接受医疗卫生救助的比例较低(8.21%)。结论湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率较高,政府应加强慢性病预防与控制、提高收入公平性、加强灾难性卫生支出家庭的医疗卫生救助。     

山东省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出及其影响因素

目的了解山东省农村地区家庭灾难性卫生支出状况及其相关影响因素,为政策制定提供依据。方法于2014年3—4月,利用世界卫生组织推荐的算法计算灾难性卫生支出,分析不同特征家庭灾难性卫生支出情况,采用二元logistic回归分析灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结果山东省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为19.73%,致贫率为9.54%。多因素分析显示:家庭成员中有老年人(OR=1.443,95%CI=1.273～1.631)、5岁儿童(OR=1.639,95%CI=1.135～2.439)、慢性病人(OR=2.285,95%CI=1.935～2.516)的家庭其发生灾难性卫生支出的比例较高;多种不利因素的组合增加了灾难性卫生支出发生的风险;对卫生保健服务的需求和利用、人口学因素均是灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结论建议决策者今后通过扩大医疗保险项目的覆盖范围、发展补充医疗和大病保险,增强居民保健意识等,减轻居民现金卫生支出。     

灾难性卫生支出的城乡差异及分配敏感性研究

目的:分析实现全民医保后我国灾难性卫生支出的发展趋势、城乡差异及分配敏感性状况。方法:利用中国家庭动态跟踪调查2012年与2014年数据,采用世界卫生组织关于灾难性卫生支出及分配敏感性计算的方法。结果:2012—2014年,灾难性卫生支出总体发生率和发生强度均有明显下降。总体而言,灾难性卫生支出的收入分配状况相对均等。但是,发生率绝对值较高,且城乡有别,农村受到的灾难性卫生支出冲击更大;穷富有别,灾难性卫生支出更多发生在穷人身上。2012年城市发生率比农村更不均等,2014年正好相反。2012—2014年,所有家庭平均差距的集中指数由负变正。结论:全民医保对于降低灾难性卫生支出发生率与发生强度有一定作用;有限的保障内容、水平可能导致医保无法改善甚至加剧灾难性卫生支出的强度;收入水平与医疗保险差异导致农村、穷人遭受更大的灾难性卫生支出发生风险。     

Association of Depressive Symptoms With Health Service Use and Catastrophic Health Expenditure Among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults: Analysis of Population-Based Panel Data

ObjectivesTo determine the impact of depressive symptoms on health service use and catastrophic health expenditure, and whether it varied by per-capita household consumption, health insurance schemes, and physical comorbidities.DesignPopulation-based panel data analysis.Setting and ParticipantsParticipants were 8585 adults aged 45 years and older in 2011, and had completed a follow-up survey in 2013, 2015, and 2018 from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).MethodsDepressive symptoms were assessed using the short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The number of outpatient visits and inpatient hospital days were used as proxies for health service use. When households’ out-of-pocket spending on health was 40% or above its total expenditure, it was defined as a catastrophic health expenditure. With the panel data approach, random-effects negative binomial regression and logistic regression were used to analyze the effect of depressive symptoms on health service use and health care expenditure, respectively.ResultsDepressive symptoms were associated with increased number of outpatient visits (incidence rate ratio 1.52; 95% CI 1.44–1.60) and days spent in the hospital as an inpatient (1.52; 1.43–1.62). Depressive symptoms were also associated with a significantly increased likelihood of catastrophic health expenditure (odds ratio 1.54; 95% CI 1.43–1.66). Their effect on outpatient visits, inpatient hospital days, and catastrophic health expenditure persisted in different age, per-capita household consumption, and physical comorbidities groups, and across all health insurance programs.Conclusions and ImplicationsDepressive symptoms were risk indicators that can drive health service use and household financial stress. Given the rapidly aging population in China, there is an urgent need to integrate mental health care into routine physical examinations to alleviate the economic impacts of depressive symptoms on individuals in China. specifically for individuals with physical comorbidities and in poorer socioeconomic conditions.     

Catastrophic health expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence of, and trends in, catastrophic health expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsWe systematically reviewed the scientific and grey literature to identify population-based studies on catastrophic health expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa published between 2000 and 2021. We performed a meta-analysis using two definitions of catastrophic health expenditure: 10% of total household expenditure and 40% of household non-food expenditure. The results of individual studies were pooled by pairwise meta-analysis using the random-effects model.FindingsWe identified 111 publications covering a total of 1 040 620 households across 31 sub-Saharan African countries. Overall, the pooled annual incidence of catastrophic health expenditure was 16.5% (95% confidence interval, CI: 12.9–20.4; 50 datapoints; 462 151 households; I² = 99.9%) for a threshold of 10% of total household expenditure and 8.7% (95% CI: 7.2–10.3; 84 datapoints; 795 355 households; I² = 99.8%) for a threshold of 40% of household non-food expenditure. Countries in central and southern sub-Saharan Africa had the highest and lowest incidence, respectively. A trend analysis found that, after initially declining in the 2000s, the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa increased between 2010 and 2020. The incidence among people affected by specific diseases, such as noncommunicable diseases, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, was generally higher.ConclusionAlthough data on catastrophic health expenditure for some countries were sparse, the data available suggest that a non-negligible share of households in sub-Saharan Africa experienced catastrophic expenditure when accessing health-care services. Stronger financial protection measures are needed.     

Catastrophic household expenditure for health care in a low-income society: a study from Nouna District, Burkina Faso

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the extent of catastrophic household health care expenditure and determine the factors responsible for it in Nouna District, Burkina Faso. METHODS: We used the Nouna Health District Household Survey to collect data on 800 households during 2000-01 for our analysis. The determinants of household catastrophic expenditure were identified by multivariate logistic regression method. FINDINGS: Even at very low levels of health care utilization and modest amount of health expenditure, 6-15% of total households in Nouna District incurred catastrophic health expenditure. The key determinants of catastrophic health expenditure were economic status, household health care utilization especially for modern medical care, illness episodes in an adult household member and presence of a member with chronic illness. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the poorest members of the community incurred catastrophic health expenses. Setting only one threshold/cut-off value to determine catastrophic health expenses may result in inaccurate estimation leading to misinterpretation of important factors. Our findings have important policy implications and can be used to ensure better access to health services and a higher degree of financial protection for low-income groups against the economic impact of illness.     

基于Newton-Cotes算法的我国家庭灾难性卫生支出估算研究*

目的：从宏观数据出发构建估算我国家庭灾难性卫生支出的方法,并对其准确性进行检验。方法：以 New ton-Cotes算法为基础,充分考虑家庭在收入和医疗支出上的二维异质性,在模拟90000个异质性家庭医疗支出占其可支配收入之比的基础上,估算全社会的灾难性卫生支出发生率、因病致贫率、发生强度和集中指数等指标。结果：随着我国经济的发展和家庭收入的提高,灾难性卫生支出发生率和发生强度均不断降低,但低收入家庭的集中程度则不断提高。结论：此方法具有一定的准确性和稳定性,对现有估算方法具有补充和借鉴的作用。     

农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素研究——基于2018年CHARLS数据

灾难性卫生支出是衡量健康公平性的重要指标.本文基于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS),采用Logit、Tobit模型分别对农村贫困家庭的灾难性卫生支出发生率、发生强度进行分析.研究结果表明:我国农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为28.20％,平均强度为0.076,因病致贫率为32.40％.家庭规模较小...     

Factors affecting catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses in China: policy implications of universal health insurance

Objective

To assess the degree to which the Chinese people are protected from catastrophic household expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses and to explore the health system and structural factors influencing the first of these outcomes.

Methods

Data were derived from the Fourth National Health Service Survey. An analysis of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from medical expenses was undertaken with a sample of 55 556 households of different characteristics and located in rural and urban settings in different parts of the country. Logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure.

Findings

The rate of catastrophic health expenditure was 13.0%; that of impoverishment was 7.5%. Rates of catastrophic health expenditure were higher among households having members who were hospitalized, elderly, or chronically ill, as well as in households in rural or poorer regions. A combination of adverse factors increased the risk of catastrophic health expenditure. Families enrolled in the urban employee or resident insurance schemes had lower rates of catastrophic health expenditure than those enrolled in the new rural corporative scheme. The need for and use of health care, demographics, type of benefit package and type of provider payment method were the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure.

Conclusion

Although China has greatly expanded health insurance coverage, financial protection remains insufficient. Policy-makers should focus on designing improved insurance plans by expanding the benefit package, redesigning cost sharing arrangements and provider payment methods and developing more effective expenditure control strategies.     

Cost of maternal near miss and potentially life-threatening conditions,Kenya

ObjectiveTo estimate the direct costs of treating women with maternal near misses and potentially life-threatening conditions in Kenya and the factors associated with catastrophic health expenditure for these women and their households.MethodsAs part of a prospective, nationally representative study of all women with near misses during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of delivery or termination of pregnancy, we compared the cost of treating maternal near-miss cases admitted to referral facilities with that of women with potentially life-threatening conditions. We used logistic regression analysis to assess clinical, demographic and household factors associated with catastrophic health expenditure.FindingsOf 3025 women, 1180 (39.0%) had maternal near misses and 1845 (61.0%) had potentially life-threatening conditions. The median cost of treating maternal near misses was 7135 Kenyan shillings (71 United States dollars, US$) compared with 2690 Kenyan shillings (US$ 27) for potentially life-threatening conditions. Of the women who made out-of-pocket payments, 26.4% (122/462) experienced catastrophic expenditure. The highest median costs for treatment of near misses were in Nairobi and Central region (22 220 Kenyan shillings; US$ 222). Women with ectopic pregnancy complications and pregnancy-related infections had the highest median costs of treatment, at 7800 Kenyan shillings (US$ 78) and 3000 Kenyan shillings (US$ 30), respectively. Pregnancy-related infections, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and treatment in secondary and tertiary facilities were significantly associated with catastrophic expenditure.ConclusionThe cost of treating maternal near misses is high and leads to catastrophic spending through out-of-pocket payments. Universal health coverage needs to be expanded to guarantee financial protection for vulnerable women.     

医疗保险制度对降低我国居民灾难性卫生支出的效果分析

目的：2008年中国的医保制度已经覆盖87.9%的居民,接近全民医保覆盖的目标。然而,仍存在部分居民现金卫生支出比例过高的现象,导致家庭由于支付医疗卫生费用而陷入经济困境。本文通过计算中国灾难性卫生支出发生率和致贫率,来探究中国医疗保险制度的保障力度与水平。方法：本文利用第四次卫生服务调查的数据,通过世界卫生组织推荐的方法计算灾难性卫生支出和致贫率。结果：灾难性卫生支出发生率为13.0%,且发生率随着家庭经济水平的提高而降低;总体致贫率为7.5%;家庭中含有住院病人、慢性病人、肺结核病人及60岁以上老人,其发生灾难性卫生支出的风险高。结论与建议：通过分析脆弱人群发生灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素,为今后完善医疗保险制度设计提供具有可操作性的政策建议,增强其对居民抵御疾病经济风险的保障能力。     

Catastrophic household expenditure on health in Nepal: a cross-sectional survey

Objective

To determine the incidence of – and illnesses commonly associated with – catastrophic household expenditure on health in Nepal.

Methods

We did a cross-sectional population-based survey in five municipalities of Kathmandu Valley between November 2011 and January 2012. For each household surveyed, out-of-pocket spending on health in the previous 30 days that exceeded 10% of the household’s total expenditure over the same period was considered to be catastrophic. We estimated the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure. We identified the illnesses most commonly associated with such expenditure using a Poisson regression model and assessed the distribution of expenditure by economic quintile of households using the concentration index.

Findings

Overall, 284 of the 1997 households studied in Kathmandu, i.e. 13.8% after adjustment by sampling weight, reported catastrophic health expenditure in the 30 days before the survey. After adjusting for confounders, this expenditure was found to be associated with injuries, particularly those resulting from road traffic accidents. Catastrophic expenditure by households in the poorest quintile were associated with at least one episode of diabetes, asthma or heart disease.

Conclusion

In an urban area of Nepal, catastrophic household expenditure on health was mostly associated with injuries and noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes and asthma. Throughout Nepal, interventions for the control and management of noncommunicable diseases and the prevention of road traffic accidents should be promoted. A phased introduction of health insurance should also reduce the incidence of catastrophic household expenditure.