Serum cystatin C as an indicator for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. The metabolic dysregulations associated with DM causes secondary pathophysiological changes in multiple organ systems which result in various complications, responsible for the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.MethodsThe present study was carried out on 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were recruited from those attending outpatient clinic and inpatient of Internal Medicine Department at The National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology from January 2017 to june 2017.ResultsThe mean Cystatin C values in Group I were 0.74, group II were 1.07. and in Group III were 3.25, The results show that the Cystatin C values were raised even in the patients with Normoalbuminuria with GFR ≥90 whom clinical albuminuria had not yet started.Conclusionsserum Cystatin C may be considered as an early marker, than microalbuminuria and serum creatinine, the commonly used marker for nephropathy, for declining renal function, in diabetic subjects. Further studies in larger population are needed to confirm this result.     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白的影响

目的应用罗格列酮（RGZ）治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）早期肾病患者,观察尿白蛋白及纤维蛋白原（Fib）、C反应蛋白（C—RP）的变化。方法T2DM早期肾病患者[尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）20～200／μg／min]60例,随机分为RGZ治疗组及非RGZ治疗组,各30例,测定血糖、血脂、UAER、C-RP、Fib、Fins及HOMA—IR等。另选30名健康者和30例单纯T2DM患者作对照。结果RGZ治疗组和非RGZ治疗组治疗后,血糖、TG、Fins、HOMA-IR、C—RP、Fib、UAER均较治疗前下降,治疗后两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。HDL—C治疗后逐渐升高,与非RGZ治疗组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论RGZ可缓解胰岛素抵抗,在有效降低血糖、TG、C-RP、Fib水平的同时,降低UAER水平,使用罗格列酮进行干预可有效减轻糖尿病肾病患者白蛋白尿。     

2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病肾病的临床诊断

目的　分析 2型糖尿病 (DM )患者合并非糖尿病肾病 (NDRD)与糖尿病肾病 (DN )在临床表现、病程、病理改变的异同 ,以指导临床诊断与治疗。方法　 2型DM患者 3 4例分为两组 ,合并NDRD组 2 2例 ,单纯DN组 12例。对两组发病年龄、糖尿病病程、蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能、高血压、视网膜病变、肾脏病理等资料进行对比分析。结果　DM病程在NDRD组短于DN组 ;两组蛋白尿程度相似 ;血尿伴蛋白尿的发生率在NDRD组略多于DN组 ;肾功能损害在NDRD组更显著 ;伴高血压者DN组多于NDRD。视网膜病变并发率在DN组为 10 0 % ,且为Ⅱ～Ⅳ期病变 ,NDRD组仅有 2例伴发Ⅱ期病变。 3 0例患者行肾穿刺活检 ,12例呈不同阶段的DN ,18例伴发不同类型的肾小球肾炎。结论　糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病者平均糖尿病病程多 <5年 ;突然出现大量蛋白尿、水肿、而肾功能正常者 ;单纯肾性血尿 ,或血尿加蛋白尿者 ;肾功能迅速减退者 ;不伴视网膜病变者 ;肾小管功能受损显著者 ,应考虑为DM并发非糖尿病性肾病     

血清胱抑素C在2型糖尿病不同肾损害期的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨血清胱抑素C在2型糖尿病不同肾损害期的变化及其临床意义,比较血清胱抑素C与肾小球滤过率、尿微量白蛋白排泄率间的相关性。方法采用颗粒增强散射免疫比浊法测定102例2型糖尿病患者(其中并糖尿病肾病66例)血清胱抑素水平,同时测定肾小球滤过率和尿微量白蛋白排泄率。结果2型糖尿病正常白蛋白尿组,2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组及2型糖尿病大量白蛋白尿组间血清胱抑素C水平均有显著差异(P<0.01),2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组和2型糖尿病大量白蛋白尿组血清胱抑素C测值与肾小球滤过率有良好的相关性(P<0.05)。结论血清胱抑素C在临床上可作为肾小球滤过率的判断指标,且有助于2型糖尿病肾病的早期诊断。     

血清胱抑素C与糖尿病肾病的关系

目的探讨血清胱抑素C（CysC）与T2DM的关系及其在糖尿病肾病（DN）发生发展中的意义。方法选择140例T2DM（T2DM组）和30名正常对照（NC组）,用放射免疫法测定尿白蛋白;用PENIA法测定血清CysC。结果（1）T2DM组血清CysC浓度明显高于NC组。（2）血清CysC浓度在临床DN组明显高于单纯DM组。（3）血清CysC的AUC^ROC为0．898,与尿白蛋白排泄率的AUC^ROC相当,但明显优于血肌酐。结论血清CysC能够作为检测T2DM患者肾功能损害的指标。     

Serial renal biopsies in normo- and microalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrate that loss of renal function is associated with a reduction in glomerular filtration surface secondary to mesangial expansion

Aims

The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between changes in renal structure in patients with type 2 diabetes at an early stage of diabetic nephropathy using serial renal biopsies, and change in renal function.

血清胱抑素C与2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白的关系研究

目的研究血清胱抑素C（Cys C）与糖尿病肾病（DN）的关系,探讨其在2型糖尿病（T2DM）早期肾损伤中的价值。方法检测81例T2DM患者的Cys C水平和尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）。结果T2DM患者UAER正常组、微量组及大量组间Cys C水平均有统计学差异（P〈0.05,〈0.01）;随病情加重,Cys C水平升高。T2DM各组Cys C水平与UAER明显相关（P〈0.05）;Cys C诊断DN的敏感性、特异性为86.5%和93.9%。结论T2DM患者早期肾受损时Cys C已有相应变化,并与DN严重程度相关,有助于DN的早期诊断。     

Incidence of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at a tertiary healthcare setting in Ethiopia

Background and aimsDiabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients representing a huge health and economic burden. Despite the increasing number of patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Ethiopia, the incidence of diabetic nephropathy in patients with DM has not been well established. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the incidence and predictors of DN in patients with T2DM at tertiary healthcare setting, Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution based retrospective follow study was conducted from March 1 to April 28, 2019. Kaplan-meier survival curve together with log rank test were used. Cox proportional hazard model was used at 5% level of significance to determine the net effect of each explanatory variable on diabetic nephropathy. An assumption was check by schoenfeld residual test.ResultsThe incidence rate of diabetic nephropathy was 3.6% per 100 person-years (95% CI = 2.49–11.47). The median time to develop nephropathy was 100(95% CI, 96.7–107) months. Predictors of diabetic nephropathy were males (AHR: 2.7, 95%CI: 1.39, 5.23), long duration of diabetes (AHR: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.06), HbA1c> 7% (AHR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.67, 3.12), high density lipoprotein (AHR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.83), and mixed anti-diabetic therapy (AHR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.59).ConclusionThe incidence of diabetic nephropathy among T2DM patients was relatively high. Males, longer duration of diabetes, HbA1c, and fasting blood glucose were increase the risk of diabetic nephropathy.     

Vitamin D status in diabetic patients (type 2) and its relation to glycemic control & diabetic nephropathy

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency appears to be lower in diabetic patients. Vitamin D may affect glycemic control & diabetic nephropathy.AimTo assess vitamin D level in type 2 diabetic patients and its relation to their glycemic control and development of nephropathy compared to healthy controls.Designand Setting: Case control study including 82 participants (41 cases and 41 controls) from Family Medicine Clinic, Cairo University Hospitals.MethodParticipants fulfilling the inclusion criteria were allocated into two groups, diabetes and control groups. History was taken, examination was done, and blood sample was withdrawn for analysis of Vitamin D levels and HBA1C. From the diabetic group only, serum creatinine was assessed and urine sample was collected for microalbuminuria. The results were analyzed using SPSS program version 21.ResultsVitamin D level was lower in the diabetic group compared to control (65.5% and 56.1%). Vitamin D level was inversely proportionate to HbA1c levels in the diabetic patients (p value 0.000 & r −0.482), as well as to the A/C ratio (p value 0.01 & r −0.396).ConclusionVitamin D level appeared to be lower in diabetic patients and is associated with poor glycemic control & microalbuminuria.     

Mindin:糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤的新型标记物

Mindin(也称spondin-2)是一个高度同源的细胞外基质蛋白,既往研究发现,mindin可作为病原微生物模式识别分子和整合素配体参与非特异性和特异性免疫反应,并有促进神经元的黏附和生长的功能.近年研究发现,mindin可由损伤的足细胞合成,其参与糖尿病肾病的发生、发展,并与糖尿病足细胞损伤密切相关.与健康人相比,2型糖尿病患者的尿液mindin表达增加,并能反映糖尿病肾病严重程度.因此,mindin有望成为糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤新标记物.     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病大鼠肾小管的保护作用

目的探讨罗格列酮（rosiglitazone，RSG）对2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠肾脏的保护机制及其对肾功能的影响。方法采用组化与流式的方法检测T2DM大鼠肾小管上皮细胞转分化过程中的标志蛋白：α-SMA、Vim、TGF-β1在肾小管上皮细胞中的表达。结果RSG组较同期糖尿病组大鼠血脂、胰岛素、肾功能好转；α-SMA、Vim、TGF-β1表达减少。结论RSG不仅可减轻代谢紊乱；还可通过减少肾小管上皮细胞的表型转化，延缓肾间质纤维化。     

Resveratrol reduces albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial

Aim

Albuminuria is the most important indicator of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Resveratrol, a natural compound found in grape skins and red wine, has antioxidant effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on DN.

糖尿病患者尿液中期因子与糖尿病肾病的关系

目的探讨尿液中期因子（MK）与糖尿病肾病的关系。方法96例糖尿病患者,根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为正常白蛋白尿组（NUAlb组）,微量白蛋白尿组（MUAlb组）,大量白蛋白尿组（CUAlb组）,设对照组（NC组）。用酶联免疫吸附法测定尿液MK水平。结果CUAlb组尿液MK水平高于NC组、NUAlb组及MuAlb组（P〈0．01）,MUAlb组高于NC组及NUAlb组（P〈0．05）,NUAlb组与NC组差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。相关分析显示,尿液MK与尿白蛋白排泄率（r=0．40,P〈O．05）及病程（r=0．23,P〈0．05）呈正相关,与内生肌酐清除率（CCr）呈负相关（r=-0．20,P=〈0．05）。结论尿液MK可能参与临床糖尿病肾病的发生。     

老年2型糖尿病患者糖尿病肾病危险因素分析

糖尿病肾病（DN）可进展为终末期肾病（ESRD）。在所有老年ESRD患者中41％为DN所致，75岁以上者比例更高。本文对60岁以上568例2型糖尿病患者的临床资料及生化指标进行了分析，探讨DN的危险因素。     

尿微量白蛋白、血清胱抑素C和β2微球蛋白联合检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的价值

目的:探讨尿微量白蛋白(mALB)、血清胱抑素C(CysC)和β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)联合检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断的价值。方法:根据尿微量白蛋白排泄率将115例2型糖尿病患者分为糖尿病无肾病组、糖尿病早期肾病组和糖尿病临床肾病组,45例健康体检人员为对照组;检测并比较4组mALB、血清CysC和β2-MG水平并进行相关分析。结果:糖尿病无肾病组尿mALB、血清CysC和β2-MG均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);糖尿病早期肾病组尿mALB、血清CysC和β2-MG均明显高于对照组和糖尿病无肾病组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);糖尿病临床肾病组尿mALB、血清CysC和β2-MG均明显高于对照组、糖尿病无肾病组和糖尿病早期肾病组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);3项指标联合检测的阳性率明显高于单项检测的阳性率;CysC和β2-MG与mALB呈正相关。结论:尿mALB、血清CysC和β2-MG都可作为糖尿病早期肾损害的敏感指标,联合检测对糖尿病肾病早期诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变严重程度与血清胱抑素C相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉病变程度与血清胱抑素C（Cys C）的关系.方法 选取2011年10月至2013年10月2型糖尿病患者180例,经冠状动脉造影分为冠心病组与非冠心病组,比较两组血清Cys C的差异;同时按冠心病严重程度分为单支病变组、双支病变组及多支病变组,比较三组间血清Cys C水平的差异.应用多因素非条件Logstic逐步回归分析法分析2型糖尿病合并冠心病的危险因素.结果 血清Cys C水平糖尿病非冠心病组[（0.83±0.16）mg/L]低于糖尿病冠心病组[（1.06±0.14）mg/L].随着冠心病严重程度的加重,血清Cys C水平不断升高,甘油三酯、糖化血红蛋白、血清Cys C与冠心病存在相关性,血清Cys C为糖尿病合并冠心病的独立危险因素（OR=1.230）.结论 血清Cys C水平与2型糖尿病患者冠心病的发生、发展及预后密切相关,可能成为冠心病的一项重要预测指标.     

半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C检测早期糖尿病肾损害的意义

目的研究血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（CystatinC）检测早期糖尿病肾损害的意义。方法（1）动物实验部分：对16只糖尿病大鼠模型分别于造模后4、8周检测血Cystatin-C浓度,同时测定24小时尿白蛋白（UAlb） （2）临床试验部分：103例2型糖尿病患者,根据24hUAlb分为正常UAlb对照（NC）组、早期糖尿病肾病（DN）组及临床DN组,检测血清Cystatin-C含量,分析二者的相关性以及血清Cystatin-C诊断早期糖尿病肾损害的敏感性及特异性。结果4周、8周实验组大鼠血Cystatin-C高于NC组（P〈0.05）,8周实验组血Cystatin-C高于4周实验组（P〈0.05）,且血Cys-tatin-C浓度与24hUAlb呈显著正相关。结论血Cystatin-C是反映糖尿病早期肾功能改变的指标之一。     

2型糖尿病患者血清胱抑素C与冠心病的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清胱抑素C（CysC）与冠心病的相关性。方法行冠脉造影检查的106例2型糖尿病患者,根据有无并发冠心病分为糖尿病合并冠心病组（36例）和糖尿病无冠心病组（70例）,检测空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油、胆固醇、血肌酐、高敏C反应蛋白、CysC、同型半胱氨酸等。分析冠心病与CysC的相关性,并用二元Logistic回归方法分析CysC和其他相关因素与冠心病之间的相关性。结果糖尿病合并冠心病组CysC含量明显高于无冠心病组（P〈0．001）,应用二元Logistic回归方法进行分析,发现CysC、高敏C反应蛋白、餐后2小时血糖、收缩压、体重指数与冠心病相关。结论CysC是2型糖尿病患者发生冠心病的独立危险因素,检测CysC是预测2型糖尿病患者冠心病发病的有意义的指标。     

糖尿病患者尿内皮素排量变化及其临床意义

目的　为研究尿内皮素（ Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ） 与糖尿病肾损害的可能关系和作用。方法　以放免法直接检测５２ 例正常人、３０ 例糖尿病、２８ 例早期糖尿病肾病和２５ 例糖尿病肾病患者 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 排量。结果各疾病组 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 排量显著高于正常人组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。糖尿病组尿白蛋白排泄率＜ ２０μｇ／ ｍｉｎ 时， Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ排量已显著增高。 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 与尿β２ 微球蛋白排量显著性正相关（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ，与血浆内皮素水平、内生肌酐清除率无相关。结论　糖尿病患者 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 水平随糖尿病肾病的严重程度而明显增高。 Ｕ Ｅ Ｔ 排量增高可作为糖尿病早期肾损害的敏感指标。