父母教养方式、儿童期虐待、依恋与反社会人格障碍倾向的关系

目的:探讨青少年反社会人格倾向与父母教养方式、儿童期虐待、依恋之间的关系。方法:使用人格诊断问卷(PDQ+4)、父母教养方式问卷(PBI)、童年期创伤经历问卷(CTQ)、成人依恋问卷(AAQ)对350名青少年学生施测。结果:①与阴性组相比,反社会人格障碍阳性组在母亲关爱、父亲鼓励自主因子上得分较低,在父亲控制、母亲控制因子上得分较高;阳性组在CTQ和AAQ各因子上(除外母亲拒绝)得分均显著高于阴性组。②儿童期虐待各因子分与反社会人格症状呈显著正相关;依恋各因子与反社会人格症状显著正相关(0.108～0.373)。③躯体虐待、对父亲愤怒、母亲角色倒置、情感虐待、母亲拒绝、母爱缺失、母亲控制对反社会人格障碍倾向有预测作用。结论:童年期不良的父母教养方式、儿童期虐待以及不安全依恋与青少年期的反社会人格障碍的形成有密切关联。     

童年期虐待、父母教养方式、不安全依恋与大学生反社会人格障碍的关系

目的:探讨父母教养方式、不安全依恋和童年期精神虐待经历与大学生反社会人格障碍(ASPD)症状之间的关系。方法:采用人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)中反社会人格障碍分量表、父母教养方式问卷(PBI)、童年期抚养和虐待经历问卷(CECA.Q)、依恋问卷(AAQ)对1611名大学生进行调查。结果:①ASPD症状与父母关爱因子呈显著负相关,与父母控制因子呈显著正相关。②童年期精神虐待各因子和依恋各因子与反社会人格障碍症状显著正相关。③母爱缺失、父爱缺失、对母亲愤怒等不安全依恋维度在童年期精神虐待与反社会人格障碍之间起中介作用。结论:童年期不良的父母教养方式、儿童期虐待经历以及不安全依恋与大学生反社会人格障碍有密切关联。     

抑郁型人格障碍早期危险因素调查

目的:探讨抑郁型人格障碍(DPD)症状与父母教养方式、依恋和童年期虐待之间的关系。方法:使用人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)、父母教养方式问卷(PBI)、童年期抚养和虐待经历问卷(CECA.Q)、依恋问卷(AAQ)对1611名大学生进行调查。结果:①DPD症状与父/母关爱、父/母鼓励自主因子呈显著负相关,与父母控制因子呈显著正相关。与正常组相比,DPD阳性组在父亲关爱、母亲关爱、父亲鼓励自主和母亲鼓励自主因子上得分较低,在父亲控制、母亲控制因子上得分较高。②童年期虐待各因子和依恋各因子与DPD症状呈显著正相关。③父亲关爱、母亲角色倒置、对父亲愤怒显著正向预测DPD症状。结论:童年期不良的父母教养方式、儿童期虐待经历以及不安全依恋与抑郁型人格障碍症状有密切关联。     

儿童期精神虐待对大学生人格及述情障碍的影响

目的:探讨儿童期精神虐待经历对大学生人格及述情障碍的影响。方法:采用儿童虐待史问卷、艾森克人格问卷和多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-26)对河南省某高校的733名本科生进行调查。结果:①除儿童期母亲憎恶与成年期人格的内外倾相关不显著外,其余儿童期精神虐待与大学生人格均呈显著相关(P<0.01);儿童期精神虐待的四个维度与大学生述情障碍呈显著正相关。儿童期父亲憎恶对神经质有显著预测作用(Beta=0.243,P<0.01),儿童期母亲忽视对大学生精神质有显著预测作用(Beta=0.206,P<0.01),儿童期父亲忽视对大学生内外倾有显著预测作用(Be-ta=-0.143,P<0.01)。儿童期母亲忽视对大学生述情障碍有正向的预测作用(Beta=0.113,P<0.01)。结论:儿童期精神虐待对大学生人格及述情障碍有直接预测作用。     

青少年依恋状况及其与父母教养方式的关系

目的:探讨当前青少年的依恋状况及其与父母教养方式的关系.方法:采用关系问卷(RQ)、亲密关系经历调查表(ECR),以及修订的父母教养方式问卷(PBI),对610名大学生和高中生进行了测评.结果:①父亲与母亲的教养方式有显著差异.②依恋回避与母亲关爱、父亲关爱、母亲鼓励自主、父亲鼓励自主均呈显著负相关,依恋焦虑与母亲关爱呈显著负相关,与母亲、父亲控制呈显著正相关.③逐步回归分析显示,母亲关爱、父亲鼓励自主能显著预测个体的依恋回避,母亲控制和母亲关爱能显著预测依恋焦虑.结论:青少年的依恋状况与父母教养方式密切相关.     

大学生人格特征、父母教养方式与其成就动机关系的研究

目的了解大学生成就动机状况,探讨父母教养方式、人格特征对大学生成就动机的影响。方法采用成就动机问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克人格问卷对150名大学生进行调查。结果①艾森克人格问卷的精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与大学生的成就动机存在显著的相关。②精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与父母教养方式量表的各维度存在不同程度的相关。③大学生成就动机与父母教养方式大部分维度不存在显著的相关。④大学生人格特征,尤其是神经质、内外向两个维度是预测其成就动机的关键变量,父母亲情感温暖理解和过分干涉以及父亲拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉、母亲过度保护是预测个体人格特征的关键变量。结论大学生父母教养方式对其人格特征有显著影响,大学生人格特征对其成就动机有显著影响。     

父母教养方式、人格与自尊的关系研究

目的探讨父母教养方式、人格与大学生自尊的关系。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)修订中文版、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、自尊量表(SES)对260名大学生进行施测。结果①父母情感温暖理解、人格中的内外向维度与自尊呈显著正相关;②父亲拒绝否认、过度保护、母亲拒绝否认、惩罚严厉、人格中的神经质维度与自尊呈显著负相关;③结构方程模型分析表明,父亲教养方式对自尊的直接效应不显著(路径系数为0.13),父亲教养方式对人格的直接效应显著(路径系数为-0.34,P<0.01),人格对自尊的直接效应显著(路径系数为0.62,P<0.001)。而母亲教养方式对自尊的直接效应和对人格的直接效应均不显著。结论人格在父亲教养方式与自尊之间起完全中介作用,父亲教养方式能够通过影响人格的塑造而促进个体自尊水平的提高。     

童年期虐待、依恋与青少年B群人格障碍倾向关系的结构方程模型

目的:探讨儿童期虐待经历和依恋与青少年B群人格障碍倾向的关系模型。方法:采用儿童期虐待问卷(CTQ)、成人依恋问卷(AAQ3.1)和人格诊断问卷(PDQ)B群人格分量表对350名青少年进行调查。结果:相关分析表明除情感忽略与表演型、自恋型,躯体忽略与表演型,情感忽略与父亲依恋无显著相关,其余各因子、各变量间都有不同程度的显著正相关。结构方程模型结果显示,儿童期虐待和依恋对B群人格障碍倾向有显著正向预测作用,儿童期虐待除直接影响B群人格障碍倾向外,还通过依恋间接影响B群人格障碍倾向。结论:儿童期虐待和不安全依恋对B群人格障碍的形成有重要影响。不安全依恋在儿童虐待对B群人格障碍倾向的影响中起部分中介作用。     

大学生家庭教养方式对时间管理倾向的影响

目的 探讨家庭教养方式对时间管理倾向的影响.方法 采用青少年时间管理倾向量表(ATMD)和父母教养方式量表(EMBU)对223名大学生进行调查.结果 ①时间管理倾向总分和各分量表上不存在性别差异;②父亲惩罚严厉、父亲过分干涉、父亲拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉、母亲拒绝否认、母亲偏爱被试分量表存在显著的性别差异;③将家庭教养方式的几个因子对大学生的时间管理倾向总分进行回归分析发现,父母教养方式对时间管理倾向有显著的预测作用.父母温暖理解、父亲惩罚严厉对时间管理倾向有显著的积极影响,父母的拒绝否认对时间管理倾向有显著的消极影响.结论 大学生家庭教养方式对时间管理倾向有显著影响作用.     

大学生情绪调节策略与父母教养方式

目的 探讨大学生情绪调节策略与父母教养方式的关系.方法 翻译并修订英文版情绪调节策略问卷,采用父母教养方式问卷和修订的情绪调节策略问卷对360名大学生进行测查.结果 大学生使用认知重评的频率高于使用表达抑制,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.92,P＜0.01);男生比女生更多地应用表达抑制策略(t=3.842,P＜0.01);积极的情绪调节策略(认知重评)与父亲惩罚严厉呈显著负相关(r=-0.133,P＜0.05),与母亲惩罚严厉呈显著负相关(r=-0.130,P＜0.05);消极的情绪调节策略(表达抑制)与父亲拒绝否认呈显著正相关(r=0.135,P＜0.05),与父亲过度保护呈显著正相关(r=0.117,P＜0.05).结论 大学生情绪调节策略的使用与父母教养方式有关.父亲越多地使用拒绝否认、过度保护教养方式,大学生使用表达抑制策略越多;父亲母亲越多地使用惩罚严厉教养方式,大学生越少使用认知重评策略.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.