U87胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型建立

目的建立U87胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,观察肿瘤温度变化情况。方法将U87胶质瘤细胞接种到Balb/c裸鼠右侧背部靠右后肢皮下处,建立10只雌性裸鼠皮下移植瘤胶质瘤模型。测量肿瘤的体积,并绘制肿瘤生长曲线。观察神经胶质瘤的生长,监测肿瘤温度的变化情况。接种第36天处死裸鼠,取出肿瘤组织观察肿瘤标本的病理性特征和GFAP免疫组化的阳性表达情况。结果胶质瘤裸鼠模型建立成功。病理学检查显示,肿瘤细胞符合胶质瘤细胞的形态学特征,GFAP阳性表达。在成瘤初期,肿瘤温度随时间增加而逐渐增加,到接种第15天,肿瘤温度上升至最高,在肿瘤生长后期,肿瘤温度随着时间增加而降低。接种第36天裸鼠肿瘤温度与接种第6天裸鼠肿瘤温度相比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论有效建立U87胶质瘤裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,在胶质瘤治疗方面有广泛的用途。     

卡莫司汀对C6胶质瘤细胞凋亡作用机制的研究

目的研究卡莫司汀(BCNU)对胶质瘤凋亡的作用机制。方法取生长状态良好的C6胶质瘤细胞悬液,按1×107个细胞/25μl的密度接种于20只SD大鼠腹股沟区皮下,观察其生长情况。将16只成瘤大鼠随机等分为治疗组与非治疗组,前者按相同剂量隔日腹腔内注射BCNU。治疗2周后处死全部大鼠,取大鼠右侧腹股沟区皮下肿瘤行苏木精-伊红染色和免疫组织化学染色,检测胶质瘤的病理学特征及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、bax和bcl-2蛋白的表达情况,观察瘤细胞凋亡情况。结果C6胶质瘤细胞皮下接种4～5d后,大鼠腹股沟区皮下形成实体瘤;治疗2周,非治疗组和治疗组SD大鼠平均肿瘤质量差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),治疗组肿瘤抑制率为29.6%。肿瘤GFAP表达为阳性;BCNU治疗后bax基本无改变,bcl-2下调明显(P<0.01),bax/bcl-2比值明显增加。结论BCNU腹腔注射治疗大鼠神经胶质瘤导致胶质瘤细胞凋亡,其主要机制可能与下调凋亡蛋白bcl-2的表达和升高bax/bcl-2的比值有关。     

氩氦冷冻治疗9L/Fischer344大鼠脑胶质瘤模型的病理学研究

目的 探讨氩氦冷冻治疗9L/Fischer344大鼠脑胶质瘤模型的病理改变. 方法 种植9L胶质瘤细胞于30只Fischer344大鼠鼠背建立9L/Fischer344大鼠脑胶质瘤模型,并按随机数字表法分为空白对照组(自然生长,不进行任何处理)和氩氦冷冻组(给予氩氦冷冻治疗).接种后30d取出肿瘤组织进行病理学观察,应用HE染色、电镜下观察冷冻消融的肿瘤组织形态,应用免疫组织化学染色检测胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和S-100蛋白表达. 结果 (1)光镜下空白对照组肿瘤细胞巢状排列紧密,肿瘤无包膜,瘤周小血管扩张,可见肿瘤细胞沿小血管浸润生长;瘤内新生血管丰富,瘤内常见出血、凝固性坏死灶.高倍镜下肿瘤细胞形态多样,核大深染、多核,异型性高.肿瘤细胞GFAP、S-100染色阴性,肿瘤细胞间胶质网可见阳性染色.(2)氩氦冷冻组HE染色显示冷冻中央区呈均匀性凝固性坏死,边缘区的炎性反应带主要为一些细胞碎片及大量的红、白细胞浸润:微血管内也发现大量的红细胞、血小板集合和血栓形成,并可见灶性出血.电镜显示冷冻区中央、边缘区组织细胞全部坏死或凋亡. 结论 氩氦刀可能是治疗胶质瘤有效的方法.     

大鼠C6脑胶质瘤模型的建立

目的通过不同方法建立大鼠脑胶质瘤模型,观察其生长特性,比较各种方法的优劣。方法体外培养大鼠C6胶质瘤细胞,分别取浓度为1.0×105个/10μl、1.0×106个/10μl、1.0×107个/10μl细胞悬液,立体定向接种于Wistar大鼠脑右侧尾状核区,观察不同接种量实验鼠的生存状态、成瘤情况及脏器转移灶,并采用免疫组织化学方法检测其胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达。结果各种接种量的实验组成瘤率均为100%,未见颅外转移病灶,在组织病理学上接近人脑胶质瘤,瘤细胞病理性核分裂像多见,GFAP蛋白呈散在阳性表达,VEGF蛋白呈强阳性表达,瘤组织内有出血和坏死以及丰富的微血管。实验周期短,重复性高。结论C6细胞接种Wistar大鼠脑胶质瘤动物模型,肿瘤成瘤率高,颅内生长稳定,肿瘤组织病理学特性与人脑胶质瘤相似,可作为临床胶质瘤基础研究的理想模型。实验范围内部分时段不同接种剂量肿瘤生长速度有显著性差异,可根据病因学、实验治疗或药效学等不同研究需要选择不同接种量。     

白藜芦醇对裸鼠胶质瘤模型肿瘤生长的抑制作用

目的 探讨白藜芦醇（RES）不同途径给药对裸鼠胶质瘤模型肿瘤生长的抑制效果。方法 取80只雄性无胸腺裸鼠（BALB/c-nu;21~27日龄,体重10~12 g）,采用U87细胞建立人裸鼠脑胶质瘤原位移植模型,采用随机数字表法分为RES干预组（造模后10 d,开始给药,1次/d,40 mg/kg）和溶剂对照组（造模后10 d,开始给药,1次/d,10 mg/kg;溶剂为0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠）,根据给药途径,RES干预组又分为RES灌胃组和RES经鼻组,溶剂对照组又分为溶剂灌胃组和溶剂经鼻组,每组20只。经鼻给药采用经鼻滴入法。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析生存曲线;造模后14、21、28、35 d测定肿瘤体积;采用CD31标记胶质瘤血管内皮细胞并计算微血管密度（MVD）,采用免疫组化方法检测胶质瘤血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）以及Ki-67表达,采用TUNEL法检测胶质瘤细胞凋亡。结果 与溶剂对照组相比,RES干预组裸鼠生存时间明显延长（P<0.05）,造模后28、35 d肿瘤体积明显缩小（P<0.05）,肿瘤组织MVD明显减小（P<0.05）,肿瘤组织VEGF和Ki-67表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）,肿瘤细胞凋亡率明显增加（P<0.05）,而且,RES经鼻给药较灌胃给药作用更明显（P<0.05）。结论 RES可有效抑制裸鼠胶质瘤模型肿瘤生长,机制可能与抑制肿瘤血管生成和促进肿瘤细胞凋亡有关。与灌胃给药相比,经鼻给药肿瘤抑制效果更好。     

蛇毒解聚素在裸鼠胶质瘤模型中的干预治疗作用研究

目的研究蛇毒解聚素（CN）对裸鼠人脑胶质瘤动物模型的治疗可行性,探讨蛇毒解聚素抑制U87胶质瘤裸鼠移植瘤生长的作用机制。方法建立BALB／c裸鼠U87胶质瘤移植瘤模型,将荷瘤裸鼠随机分为2组,采用间质内注射给药方法。蛇毒解聚素按40μg每次给药。定期观察肿瘤生长情况,测量肿瘤体积,绘制肿瘤生长曲线并计算抑瘤率。全部BALB／c裸鼠移植瘤石蜡标本用SP法免疫组化染色,检测移植瘤组织中的微血管计数（MVD）,Ki-67标记指数以及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）。结果与溶媒对照组相比,蛇毒解聚素组均能抑制肿瘤生长（P〈0．01）,其体积抑瘤率为50％,并能明显降低肿瘤微血管密度、能下调移植瘤组织中bFGF的蛋白表达及Ki-67标记指数。结论蛇毒解聚素能明显抑制U87裸鼠移植瘤生长。     

FasL基因治疗移植于裸鼠的人脑胶质母细胞瘤的实验研究

目的 :探讨FasL基因在体内诱导胶质瘤细胞凋亡和抑制增殖的作用。方法 :在裸鼠皮下种植Fas表达阳性的人脑胶质母细胞瘤细胞系TJ90 5 ,成瘤后 ,利用脂质体介导FasL基因瘤内治疗 ,在 3 9d观察期间 ,用千分尺测量肿瘤生长 ,最终取出肿瘤 ,用原位杂交 ,免疫组化鉴定FasL基因和蛋白的表达 ,应用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡 ,Ki 67免疫组化检测细胞增殖。结果 :FasL基因瘤内注射观察 3 9d后 ,治疗组瘤体积明显小于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,肿瘤组织细胞内FasL基因表达增加 ,凋亡细胞数增多 ,细胞增殖率降低。结论 :FasL基因对Fas表达阳性胶质瘤有治疗作用。     

缓释BCNU对GL261胶质瘤细胞凋亡作用机制的研究

目的 研究BCNU-PLGA 对GL261 胶质瘤细胞凋亡的作用机制.方法 利用溶剂挥发萃取法制备BCNU-PLGA 缓释微球.将24 只C57BL/6 小鼠随机等分为治疗组与非治疗组,借助动物立体定向仪,将体外培养小鼠GL261 胶质瘤细胞接种于小鼠颅内,行MR 检查掌握颅内成瘤情况.治疗组于术后第2 周立体定位植入BCNU-PLGA 缓释片剂,观察小鼠生存期,MRI 了解瘤体变化.获取标本行HE 染色,并行GFAP、Bax、Bcl-2 免疫组化检查检测其表达情况,相关数据采用统计学方法 进行分析.结果 治疗组与对照组生存期有明显差异(P ＜0.05),治疗组与对照组凋亡相关基因Bcl-2 免疫组化检查提示明显差异性(P ＜ 0.05),Bax 基本无改变,Bax/Bcl-2 比值明显增加.GFAP 表达为阳性.结论 BCNU-PLGA 局部缓释制剂通过下调Bcl-2 蛋白表达,上调Bax/Bcl-2 的比值,从而使胶质瘤细胞发生凋亡.     

125Ⅰ诱导大鼠脑内胶质瘤凋亡实验研究

目的研究125Ⅰ诱导人脑胶质瘤细胞系SHG-44体内外凋亡的可能性及其机制.方法体外培养SHG-44细胞,采用流式细胞仪法检测125Ⅰ诱导SHG-44细胞凋亡及对细胞周期影响,采用立体定向的方法建立大鼠脑内人胶质瘤模型,1周后经MRI检测后,于肿瘤区接种125Ⅰ,2周后复查MRI检测肿瘤大小,3周后处死大鼠,取对照组及肿瘤周边组织及肿瘤组织行Bcl-2、p53免疫组织化学染色.结果SHG-44细胞接种1周,MRI示脑内形成实体瘤;125I可抑制肿瘤生长,诱导细胞凋亡,延长荷瘤鼠生长周期,抑制Bcl-2基因表达,促进p53蛋白表达.结论125Ⅰ具有体内、外抑制SHG-44细胞增殖,诱导凋亡的作用;其诱导凋亡机制可能与抑制Bcl-2蛋白表达,促进p53蛋白表达有关.     

~(125)I诱导大鼠脑内胶质瘤凋亡实验研究

目的研究125I诱导人脑胶质瘤细胞系SHG-44体内外凋亡的可能性及其机制。方法体外培养SHG-44细胞,采用流式细胞仪法检测125I诱导SHG-44细胞凋亡及对细胞周期影响,采用立体定向的方法建立大鼠脑内人胶质瘤模型,1周后经MRI检测后,于肿瘤区接种125I,2周后复查MRI检测肿瘤大小,3周后处死大鼠,取对照组及肿瘤周边组织及肿瘤组织行Bcl-2、p53免疫组织化学染色。结果SHG-44细胞接种1周,MRI示脑内形成实体瘤;125I可抑制肿瘤生长,诱导细胞凋亡,延长荷瘤鼠生长周期,抑制Bcl-2基因表达,促进p53蛋白表达。结论125I具有体内、外抑制SHG-44细胞增殖,诱导凋亡的作用;其诱导凋亡机制可能与抑制Bcl-2蛋白表达,促进p53蛋白表达有关。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。