高效液相色谱法同时测定白芷中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的含量

目的： 建立高效液相色谱（HPLC）法定量检测白芷饮片中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的含量。方法： 色谱柱：Agilent HC-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）,以甲醇-水（65：35）为流动相,柱温25℃,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长为254 nm。结果： 欧前胡素在0.045 2~0.723 2 mg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 3）,异欧前胡素在0.023 8~0.380 8 mg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）。精密度及加样回收率良好。结论： 本方法灵敏度高、准确、重复性好,可用于白芷的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方头痛片中欧前胡素的含量

目的:高效液相色谱法测定白芷中有效成份欧前胡素的含量。方法:流动相为甲醇-水(65:35);色谱柱为C_(18)柱;紫外检测波长为248 nm。结果:欧前胡素在0.3～2.62μg范围内有良好的线性关系。平均回收率=99.4%,n=9,RSD=0.36%。结论:该方法灵敏度、专属性高、重现性好,快速简便。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方白芷乳膏中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量

目的建立测定复方白芷乳膏中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量的高效液相色谱法。方法Waterse2695高效液相色谱系统,EmpowerWaters工作站,Waters2489UV／visibleDetector检测器;HypersilODS2C18柱（150mm×4．6mm,5txm）,流速1．0mL／min,流动相甲醇一水（62：38）,检测波长254nm,进样量20uL。结果欧前胡素进样质量浓度在1．274—25．48[zg／mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r：0．99999）;异欧前胡素与峰面积在1．338。26．76Ixg／mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0．99999）。欧前胡素的平均加样回收率为100．57％（n=9）,RSD=1．31％;异欧前胡素的平均加样回收率为100．87％（n=9）,RSD=1．95％。结论所用方法操作简便、准确、稳定、灵敏度高,适用于复方白芷乳膏中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的质量控制。     

鼻渊康口服液质量标准研究

目的研究鼻渊康口服液质量标准及制剂的质量控制.方法采用薄层色谱法对方中的白芷、辛夷、川芎进行定性鉴别;采用薄层扫描法对制剂中白芷的欧前胡素进行含量测定.结果欧前胡素在0.5～2.5μg范围内线性关系良好.结论以上方法简单、可靠、可有效地控制该制剂的质量.     

复方羊角颗粒质量标准研究

目的建立复方羊角颗粒的质量标准。方法用薄层色谱法对复方羊角颗粒中的白芷和川芎进行定性鉴别；用高效液相色谱法对制荆中的欧前胡素进行含量测定。色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-水（70：30），检测波长为300nm，流速为1．00mL／min。结果薄层色谱斑点清晰，易于识别；欧前胡素进样量在0，0988-1．976μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，r=0．9999；平均加样回收率为98．8％，RSD为0．44％，结论该方法简便快速、准确，重现性好，可有效控制复方羊角颗粒的质量。     

鼻渊合剂的质量标准

目的：建立鼻渊合剂的质量控制方法。方法：采用薄层色谱法对鼻渊合剂中白芷、辛夷、桔梗、芦根进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对制剂中欧前胡素含量进行测定。选用Kromasil C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇-水（65：35）;检测波长为300nm。结果：薄层色谱检出了白芷、辛夷、桔梗、芦根特征斑点;欧前胡素在0．112～7．128μg·ml^－1浓度范围内呈良好的线性（r=0．9999）,平均加样回收率为100．60％,RSD=2．41％。结论：本试验建立的方法简便、准确、重复性好。可用于鼻渊合剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定胆香鼻炎片中欧前胡素的含量

目的 建立胆香鼻炎片中欧前胡素的高效液相色谱含量测定方法.方法 色谱柱:Kromasil 100-5C18;流动相∶甲醇-水(65∶35);检测波长:250nm.结果 欧前胡素在0.05～0.59μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9998;平均回收率为97.8％,RSD为0.9％.结论 本方法简便、结果准确,可用于胆香鼻炎片的质量控制.     

白芷饮片质量研究

目的:白芷饮片的质量研究。方法:建立薄层鉴别方法和HPLC法测定白芷中2种成分的含量。结果:TLC色谱能同时检出欧前胡素和异欧前胡素;HPIC法测定欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的线性范围分别为0.02495～0.22455μg和0.01521～0.13689μg,平均回收率分别为99.72%(RSD为1.59%,n=6),97.69%(RSD为2.06%,n=6)。结论:定性、定量方法简便、准确,重现性好,能有效控制白芷饮片的内在质量。     

头风痛丸定性定量方法的研究

目的:建立头风痛丸的定性定量方法,更好地控制产品质量。方法:采用薄层色谱法对处方中的3味药材(白芷,川芎,绿茶)进行鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定君药白芷中欧前胡素的含量,以甲醇-水(60∶40)为流动相,在248 nm波长处检测。结果:薄层色谱鉴别方法专属性好,斑点清晰,分离度好,阴性样品无干扰;高效液相色谱法测定,欧前胡素在0.023～0.23μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999);平均回收率(n=6)为97.7%,RSD=1.9%。结论:本方法能准确地进行定性、定量,且专属性强,灵敏度高,重复性好,可用于头风痛丸的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定肿痛安胶囊中5种成分的含量

目的建立同时测定肿痛安胶囊中:天麻素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量的HPLC法。方法色谱柱:Phenomenex Luna C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);柱温:25℃;流动相:甲醇-水梯度洗脱;检测波长:230nm;进样量:5μL。结果天麻素质量浓度在12.46～199.30μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_1=0.999 5,平均回收率为101.2%,RSD值为1.6%(n=6);升麻素苷质量浓度在12.07～193.20μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_2=0.999 7,平均回收率为100.1%,RSD值为1.8%(n=6);5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷质量浓度在8.12～129.90μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_3=0.999 8,平均回收率为99.1%,RSD值为1.7%(n=6);欧前胡素质量浓度在12.52～200.40μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_4=0.999 6,平均回收率为98.6%,RSD值为1.4%(n=6);异欧前胡素质量浓度在12.65～202.40μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_5=0.999 6,平均回收率为99.0%,RSD值为0.7%(n=6)。结论该方法简单、准确,可同时测定5种成分的含量,可用于肿痛安胶囊的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.