肋间神经走行与胸膜腔穿刺点位置选择

目的:为确定胸膜腔穿刺点位置提供解剖学基础.方法:对10具成人尸体共52个肋间隙进行了解剖,观察和测量肋间神经.结果:肋间神经在肋间隙的走行多有变异,有单支分叉型、双支汇合型、单支分叉汇合型、单支型及其他类型;部分肋间神经之间存在交通支.结论:胸膜腔穿刺点应避开下一肋骨上缘而应位于肋角外侧的肋间隙中间.     

经第1肋间隙胸腔穿刺引流的解剖学基础及应用

目的 总结经第1肋间隙胸腔穿刺引流的解剖学基础及临床应用。方法 26具成年人尸体标本,测量锁骨中线与第1肋上缘交点(引流点)至胸顶诸条血管的最近距离,对10例经第1肋间隙胸腔穿刺引流的患者进行临床观察。结果 引流点至锁骨下静脉的距离左侧为(29.6±1.9)mm,右侧(28.0±1.5)mm;至锁骨下动脉左侧(32.2±1.6)mm,右侧(31.6±1.8)mm;至无名静脉左侧(34.0±1.6)mm,右侧(33.8±1.5)mm;至胸廓内动脉左侧(30.0±2.1)mm,右侧(29.8±2.0)mm。临床观察表明,此引流点对胸膜腔顶部的包裹性残腔疗效满意。结论 临床上采用第1肋间隙胸腔穿刺引流是可行的,当病变高于第2肋间时,可采用经第1肋间隙穿刺引流胸腔。     

胸后壁胸膜腔穿刺安全区的定位

目的探究胸后壁第六至第九肋间隙肋间神经和肋间后血管的走行及位置关系,为临床在胸后壁行胸膜腔穿刺确定在肋间隙进针的安全区域。方法在32具成人尸体上,解剖胸后壁第六至第九肋间隙的肋间神经和肋间后血管,观察它们的走行及位置关系,测量肋间神经和肋间后动脉、静脉各自的分叉点及各自的下支与下位肋上缘交点距后正中线和肩胛线的距离,并进行统计学分析。结果肋间神经、血管在排列和分布上呈现一定的规律。结论根据肋间神经和肋间后血管在胸后壁的走行和位置状况可确定胸腔穿刺术的安全进针区。     

经左听诊三角胸膜外动脉导管结扎术的应用解剖

目的 :为从左听诊三角入路经胸膜外进行动脉导管结扎术提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 3 0例小儿固定尸体上模拟经左听诊三角入路手术 ,对与动脉导管结扎术有关的肌肉、胸膜、神经及血管进行了解剖学观测。结果 :经左侧听诊三角入路第 4肋间隙切口处距交感干 ( 2 .74± 0 .41)cm ,距胸主动脉 ( 3 .3 8±0 .61)cm ,距左肺根上缘 ( 3 .5 0± 0 .5 7)cm ,距动脉导管 ( 4 .2 5± 0 .5 7)cm ,推肺向前约 ( 2 .10± 0 .5 0 )cm。结论 :手术中应注意胸膜的剥离、肋间隙切口的大小及与其密切相关的神经和血管。以听诊三角为标志 ,经第 4肋间隙入路胸膜外行动脉导管结扎术安全可行。     

不同肋间切口胸腔闭式引流的效果分析

胸膜腔肋间闭式引流能够有效地抢救胸部受伤后合并血气胸或血心包的病人。如何选择肋间隙的穿刺切口部位而达到最佳的治疗效果 ,各家文献报道不一。本文收集 12年来有完整资料的胸部外伤 2 10例 ,对其选用不同肋间切口进行胸腔闭式引流进行了疗效分析。本组均为胸外伤合并有血气胸或血心包的病例 ,不包括合并有腹部损伤及胸部以外的其它损伤。1　临床资料本组病例 2 10例 ,男性 186例 ,女性 2 4例 ,男女比例为 7.75∶1,共分为 5个年龄组见 (表 1)。表 1　 2 10例胸外伤年龄分布年龄 (岁 ) % (ｎ)1 1～ 2 0 1 5 .2 ( 32 )2 1～ 30 4 5 .7( 96…     

双侧肾动脉变异一例报告

在解剖一成年男性尸体时 ,发现其双肾动脉变异 ,其左肾有缺损区 ,以及双侧睾丸动脉异常一例 ,为补充临床资料 ,现报道如下 :左肾 :长 9 50cm ,宽 5 7cm ,厚 3 8cm。左肾动脉长 3 7cm ,外径 1 1 0cm ,其末端发出上、下两个分支 ,上极动脉长 1 2cm ,外径 0 50cm ,入肾门前上极动脉又发出 4个分支 ,第 1支长 1 0 8cm ,外径 0 1 6cm ;第 2支长 0 2 4 4cm ,外径 0 1 2cm :第 3支长 1 466cm ,外径 0 1 4cm ,第 4支长 0 86cm ,外径 0 2 0cm。下极动脉长 1 2 72cm ,外径 0 42cm ,发出 2支入肾门 ,第 1支长 1 0 56cm ,外径0 2 5cm ;第…     

第5～9肋间后动脉侧副支的观测及临床意义

目的:为临床胸膜腔穿刺术提供直观解剖学依据。方法:在２５侧成人标本上对第５~９肋间后动脉的侧副支进行观测,并对照活体进行比较观测。结果:①在第５~９肋间后动脉,侧副支起始处距椎体侧缘的距离平均为(２．３±０．３)ｃｍ;②第５~９肋间后动脉,侧副支起始处在胸后壁体表投影点距后正中线的距离,分别是(４．３±０．３)、(５．０±０．２)、(５．０±０．３)(５．０±０．２)、(５．０±０．１)ｃｍ。结论:①第５~９肋间后动脉在靠近椎体侧缘附近就已发出了侧副支;②行胸膜腔穿刺时宜于侧副支起始处的体表投影点以外进行。     

女性前盆底重建术的临床解剖研究

目的明确女性前盆底重建术治疗女性阴道前壁脱垂的穿刺路径,降低术中并发症的发生率。方法应用红色乳胶分别对3具新鲜女性尸体标本进行桡动脉血管灌注,5 d后对标本进行手术穿刺和路径解剖,同时测量穿刺针与相关血管、神经和处女膜之间的距离。结果所有穿刺均未发生副损伤,1号穿刺针与闭孔神经后支、闭孔动脉前支、闭孔动脉后支、闭膜管、阴部内血管神经、处女膜的距离分别是(2. 6±0. 2) cm、(2. 1±0. 3) cm、(1. 4±0. 1) cm、(2. 1±0. 2) cm、(1. 2±0. 2) cm和(2. 0±0. 2) cm;2号穿刺针与闭孔神经后支、闭孔动脉前支、闭孔动脉后支、闭膜管、阴部内血管神经、处女膜的距离分别是(3. 0±0. 3) cm、(2. 9±0. 2) cm、(0. 6±0. 2) cm、(2. 5±0. 3) cm、(0. 8±0. 2) cm和(6. 1±0. 4) cm。结论女性前盆底重建术通过加强女性盆底Ⅰ和Ⅱ水平的支撑作用来治疗阴道前壁脱垂,术中取膀胱截石位,大腿充分外展,选择恰当的进针点进行由外向内的穿刺,能够大大降低术中损伤重要血管神经的风险。     

围产儿肝的体表投影及其大小的观察

对31例围产儿肝的体表投影及大小进行了观察和测量，肝的上界在右液中线大多位于第7肋－8肋间隙平面（87.1%)，在右锁骨中线大多在第4肋间隙平面（70.9%)，在左锁骨中线以平第5肋－6肋间隙平面最为多见（93.5%)。肝下界在右腋中线位于肋下缘以下0.74cm(100%)，在右锁骨中线位于肋下缘下方2cm(100%)，在左锁骨中线多位于左肋弓下缘以下1.9cm(64.5%)。在右锁骨中线，肝上、下界之间的距离平均为3.67厘米。肝左、右两端之间最大距离平均为6.21cm。     

心内注射术的临床解剖学研究

选用无心脏疾患成人尸体20具和足月产正常新生儿尸体42具,对心内注射有关的应用解剖内容进行了观察和测量。结果表明:若预定注入右心室时,穿刺点应选在左侧第四、五肋间隙贴胸骨左缘处,进针深度成人约3.0cm,新生儿约1.3cm。穿入机率成人为80～95%,新生儿可达97.5%。若预定注入左心室时,穿刺点应选在左侧第五肋间隙距胸骨左缘2.0～2.5cm 处,紧贴下位肋上缘进针,深度成人约4.5cm,新生儿约1.4cm.刺入机率成人为80%,新生儿在88%以上。     

上、下项线间相关距离测量及临床应用研究

目的　测量完整人颅骨的上、下项线及枕骨大孔间的距离,为临床应用提供数据。 方法　在113例中国成年人正常、干燥颅骨标本上,取枕外隆突最高点、上项线上枕外隆突最高点左、右两侧旁开1 cm、2 cm各取一点,颅骨后正中线上枕外嵴中点及其左、右两侧旁开1 cm点各取一点,从上、下项线所取测量点向枕骨大孔方向作与颅骨后正中线平行的直线,用游标卡尺测量枕骨上、下项线间及上、下项线分别与枕骨大孔间的弧面、直线、垂直及水平距离。 结果　在后正中线上,上、下项线间的距离最小,直线距离为（18.11±2.99）mm、弧面距离为（19.18±2.83）mm、垂直距离为（11.11±3.44）mm、水平距离为（14.65±3.19）mm,向左、右旁开后除水平距离变小,其余各距离指标变大;枕外嵴中点到枕骨大孔后缘间两点的距离最小,直线距离为（21.73±3.35）mm、弧面距离为（22.74±3.47）mm、垂直距离为（10.69±3.44）mm、水平距离为（19.10±3.35）mm,向左、右旁开后,各距离指标变大。 结论　下项线准确定位是临床操作安全和有效的关键,以枕外隆突和上项线可以确定下项线位置,在后正中线上,下项线距上项线的垂直距离最小,为（11.11±3.44）mm。     

Landmarks for the identification of the cutaneous nerves of the occiput and nuchal regions

Although surgical procedures are often performed over the posterior head and neck, surgical landmarks for avoiding the cutaneous nerves in this region are surprisingly lacking in the literature. Twelve adult cadaveric specimens underwent dissection of the cutaneous nerves overlying the posterior head and neck, and mensuration was made between these structures and easily identifiable surrounding bony landmarks. All specimens were found to have a third occipital nerve (TON), lesser occipital nerve (LON), and greater occipital nerve (GON), and we found that the TON was, on average, 3 mm lateral to the external occipital protuberance (EOP). Small branches were found to cross the midline and communicate with the contralateral TON inferior to the EOP in the majority of sides. The mean diameter of the main TON trunk was 1.3 mm. This trunk became subcutaneous at a mean of 6 cm inferior to the EOP. The GON was found to lie at a mean distance of 4 cm lateral to the EOP. On all but three sides, a small medial branch was found that ran medially from the GON to the TON approximately 1 cm superior to a horizontal line drawn through the EOP. The GON was found to pierce the semispinalis capitis muscle on average 2 cm superior to the intermastoid line. The mean diameter of the GON was 3.5 mm. The GON was found to branch into medial and lateral branches on average 0.5 cm superior to the EOP. The LON was found to branch into a medial and lateral component at approximately the midpoint between a horizontal line drawn through the EOP and the intermastoid line. The main LON trunk was found on average 7 cm lateral to the EOP. In specimens with a mastoid branch of the great auricular nerve (GAN), this branch was found at a mean of 9 cm lateral to the EOP. The main trunk of this branch of the GAN was found to lie on average 1 cm superior to the mastoid tip. Easily identifiable bony landmarks for identification of the cutaneous nerves over the posterior head and neck can aid the surgeon in more precisely identifying these structures and avoiding complications. Although the occipital nerves were found to freely communicate with one another, avoiding the main nerve trunks could lessen postoperative or postprocedural morbidity. Moreover, clinicians who need to localize the occipital nerves for the treatment of occipital neuralgia could do so more reliably with better external landmarks.     

腰椎后路术后引流管放置与腰神经后支的关系

目的 :为腰椎后路术后引流管放置提供解剖基础。方法 :解剖观察了 2 8例成人腰神经后支外侧支走行 ,深筋膜浅出点与后正中线的距离及相邻上下外侧支之间的距离。结果 :外侧支在深筋膜的浅出点集中于肩胛下角至骶髂关节连线的附近 ,其与后正中线距离的均数在 5cm以上。结论 :根据本文结果引流管出口宜在距后正中线 5cm以内 ,避开后支外侧支浅出处 ,以免形成疤痕或刺激神经 ,导致术后腰背疼痛。     

The posterior sacral foramina: an anatomical study

The vascular and nervous structures and their relations with the spinal nerve roots were examined in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th posterior sacral foramina in relation to percutaneous needle insertion for neuromodulation. A foraminal branch provided by the lateral sacral artery to each foramen entered the inferior lateral quadrant of each foramen, adjacent to the nerve root medially. Facing the posterior sacral aperture and around the sacral nerves, there was no venous plexus. A venous plexus was sometimes present near the median line, and always around the proximal part of the spinal ganglion. The sacral nerve roots, especially the 3rd, had a long extradural course in the foramen, presenting a potential risk of nerve lesions during procedures involving needle insertion.     

面神经下颌缘支的应用解剖

目的了解面神经下颌缘支的正常层次解剖位置,为涉及面侧区和颌下区的美容外科手术提供临床应用解剖学资料。方法解剖33具（共66例）成人尸体标本的头颈部标本,观察了面神经下颌缘支的分支类型、走行、与面动脉的位置关系以及穿出腮腺处和与面动脉的交叉处的体表位置。结果面神经下颌缘支为1-2支,以单干型居多,约占58%,大多行于下颌骨下缘上方约占44%,行于骨下缘下方者占5%。未发现面神经下颌缘支不与面动脉交叉,位置在均下颌角下缘上、下方约0.5-1 cm范围内。面神经下颌缘支经过面动脉的浅面和深面者分别占89%和6%;面神经下颌缘支穿出腮腺处的体表位置分别在下颌角上方和下颌支后缘前方1 cm交点附近,面神经下颌缘支与面动脉交处距下颌支后缘约4 cm,距下颌骨下缘约1 cm。结论面神经下颌缘支的毗邻和行程关系较为复杂,了解其与周围结构的重要位置关系,可以减少美容外科手术因神经损伤造成下唇及口角功能障碍的发生。     

多血管神经蒂腹内斜肌瓣修复面瘫的解剖学基础

目的：为多血管神经蒂腹内斜肌瓣修复晚期面瘫提供解剖学基础。方法：在３６侧成尸标本上,对腹内斜肌的形态、血供及神经支配进行解剖观测。结果：腹内斜肌中部上１／２肌腹主要由第１１肋间神经支配,下１／２肌腹主要由肋下神经支配。上１／２肌腹的血供６６．７％来自第１１肋间后动脉,３３．３％来自旋髂深动脉的髂嵴支;下１／２肌腹的血供主要来自旋髂深动脉的腹壁肌支。第１１肋间神经、肋下神经在腋后线横径分别为２．２ｍｍ和２．４ｍｍ,入肌点距腋后线长分别为１３．３ｃｍ和１３．８ｃｍ。第１１肋间后动脉在腋后线外径为１．７ｍｍ,入肌点距腋后线长为１３．１ｃｍ;旋髂深动脉腹壁肌支和髂嵴支的起始外径分别为１．３ｍｍ和１．８ｍｍ,入肌点至起点长分别为５．１ｃｍ和８．６ｃｍ。结论：吻合多血管神经腹内斜肌瓣移植可全面修复晚期面瘫     

显微内镜治疗神经根型颈椎病后侧入路的解剖学研究

目的　探讨后侧手术入路的显微内镜治疗神经根型颈椎病的可行性和安全性。方法　取 10具尸体的第 3～ 7颈椎。以其棘突中点连线为后正中线 ,上、下小关节突外缘为外边线 ,两侧上、下位椎板重叠内缘交点相连为横线 ,分别测量横线及外边线间距。距后正中线旁开 10mm处垂直插入定位针达相应间隙椎板后缘 ,测量进针深度 ,沿定位针逐层解剖 ,观测入路行径。结果　横线间距为 11 3 8～ 19 0 2mm ,平均每侧为后正中线旁开 5 69～ 9 5 1mm ,而边线间距为 4 6 3 2～ 5 7 2 8mm ,平均每侧为后正中线旁开 2 3 16～ 2 8 64mm。进针深度为 2 0 0 5～ 3 1 98mm。取距后正中线旁开 10mm处为进针点 ,进针角度以矢状面 0° ,横断面向下倾斜 0°～ 2 0°插入定位针 ,不会引起意外损伤。结论　后侧入路显微内镜治疗神经根型颈椎病是一种可行而安全的入路     

Radiologic anatomy of the inferior lung margins as demonstrated on computed radiography with enhancement of low frequencies

The aim of this work was to describe the radiologic anatomy of the inferior lung margins (ILMs). The method was to enhance the low frequencies of 50 normal chest computed radiographs. On each side, the anterior and posterior ILMs were divided into two halves. The frequency of visibility of each half of each ILM was calculated as their shape, lateral and medial continuities, depth, and vertebral level. The differences were compared by a paired Student t-test. The right posterior ILM was always visible and usually concave upward (94%). Its height was 8.7 ± 1.6 cm. Its most inferior part faced L1 or L2 in 92% of cases. It was continuous medially inside with the azygo-esophageal recess in 96% of cases. The left posterior ILM was not visible laterally in 34% of cases and medially in 60% of cases. It was most often concave upward (82% of cases). Its height was 6.9 ± 1.5 cm. Its most inferior part was at the level of L1 or L2. It was continuous medially with either the left paraspinal line or the paraaortic line. The right anterior ILM was visible in 76% of cases. It was most often oblique upward and medially (46%) or concave upward (33%) and often notched (38%). The left anterior ILM was visible in 64% of cases and more often oblique inward and upward (58%). It was continuous medially with the left inferior precardiac recess. The anterior ILMs were more variable than the posterior. The posterior ILMs were very similar in shape and inferior level and differed in depth only by the difference of height of the diaphragmatic cupolas.     

用股后皮神经桥接下位胸神经与阴部神经治疗截瘫后大小便失禁

本研究设计了用股后皮神经、桥接下位胸神经与阴部神经治疗截瘫后大、小便失禁的新术式,并在34侧成人尸体标本上,对下位胸神经、股后皮神经和阴部神经进行了观测,提供手术时有关的数据。第十、十一肋间神经和肋下神经从骶棘肌外缘至分出外侧皮支间的长度分别为10.4cm、8.8cm 和6.6cm;至梨状肌下缘阴部神经出盆处的距离为31.2cm、27.3cm 和22.0cm。股后皮神经和阴部神经的横径4.5mm 和4.2mm。     

Mandibular landmarks as an aid in minimizing injury to the marginal mandibular branch: A metric and geometric anatomical study

Iatrogenic injury to the marginal mandibular branch is an important reason for medicolegal actions. The aim of this study was to determine the distance of the marginal mandibular branch to the inferior border of the mandible as well as variation of nerve position in relation to this border. The marginal mandibular branch was dissected carefully in a number of 36 facial halves. Three points were identified on the inferior border of the mandibular ramus: Point A at the angle of the mandible, Point B just anterior to the facial artery, and Point C, 2 cm anterior to Point B. A metric and geometric morphometric analysis, including thin-plate spline and relative warp analysis was done to determine the variation of nerve position in relation to these three bony landmarks. The metric study indicated a median distance from Point A to the nerve 2.3 mm inferior to Point A, 2.4 mm superior to Point B, and 10.7 mm superior to Point C. The shape analysis indicated that variation in the position of the nerve occurs most commonly at Points A and B. We conclude that these mandibular landmarks may assist surgeons in minimizing marginal mandibular branch injury and patient discomfort.