妊娠并风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者经皮球囊成形术疗效观察

S 目的:探讨经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty,PBMV)在妊娠合并风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者中的安全性、可行性及术后对妊娠的影响。     

In-hospital and Readmission Outcomes With Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) is primarily performed for rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). Therefore, limited data exist on PBMV in countries with a low incidence of rheumatic disease. Using the Nationwide Readmission Database, we examined trends in in-hospital mortality and 30-day readmission among patients who received PBMV for rheumatic and non-rheumatic MS. We also examined the change in 90-day hospitalization rate before vs after PBMV. Between 2016 and 2019, there were 1109 hospitalizations in which patients received PBMV for rheumatic (n = 955, 86.1%) vs non-rheumatic MS (n = 154, 13.9%). The all-cause in-hospital mortality for rheumatic and non-rheumatic MS did not change over time (0.9% → 2.0%, P = 0.94, and 5.9% → 9.5%, P = 0.09 respectively). Similarly, the 30-day readmission for patients with rheumatic and non-rheumatic MS did not change over time (12.4% → 9.9%, P = 0.26, and 4.4% → 10.5%, P = 0.30, respectively). The 90-day all-cause hospitalization rate remained the same before vs after PBMV for rheumatic and non-rheumatic MS (25.5% → 21.8%; P = 0.14, and 24.0% → 33.7%; P = 0.19, respectively). Although no statistically significant change was noted over time for trends in in-hospital mortality, 30-day readmission, or even in the change in 90-day all-cause hospitalizations before and after PBMV for both types of MS, among those with non-rheumatic MS, there was a signal of an increase in the in-hospital mortality, and 30-day readmission, even more, there was 29% relative increase in 90-day hospitalizations after PBMV. Future studies are needed to examine the role of PBMV in patients with non-rheumatic MS.     

Echocardiography in Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty (BV) has been used successfully in recent years for the relief of mitral stenosis, and in many instances, as an alternative to cardiac surgery. This procedure requires precise evaluation of both valve morphology and function for preprocedure decision making and follow-up of patients. Two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography is a unique, noninvasive tool for evaluating morphologic characteristics of valve, subvalvular apparatus, and valve annular size. Doppler echocardiogarphy provides functional information on transvalvular flow velocity, which can be used to derive pressure gradient across valve and regurgitant flow. Mitral valve area can be either obtained from 2-D echocardiography or derived from Doppler pressure half time. Echocardiography is currently the most widely used technique for assessing results of percutaneous BV. More recently, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been used for the evaluation of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral BV in whom left atrial thrombus is suspected and for the intraoperative monitoring of the valvuloplasty procedure. In this article we discuss the advantages and limitations of both transthoracic echocardiography and TEE, its recent developments in monitoring the procedure, evaluation of immediate results and long term follow-up after the valvuloplasty procedure, and its clinical utility in the selection of patients for percutaneous BV.     

风湿性心脏病二尖瓣球囊扩张术前后氧自由基变化的观察

心脏缺血和再灌注过程中，氧自由基的生成、代谢和消除是影响心肌损伤严重程度的重要因素。本文对２０例风心病二尖瓣窄狭患者经皮穿刺球囊成形术后较术前的氧自由基的代谢产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）以及内源性氧自由基清除剂超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ─Ｐｘ）下降，但无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），仍基本符合缺血／再灌注损伤规律。     

重度二尖瓣狭窄合并左心房附壁血栓患者的经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术

对重度二尖瓣狭窄合并左心房附壁血栓的6例患者进行了经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术（PBMV）。结果均获得成功，无一例发生血栓栓塞性并发症，二尖瓣口面积由0．58±0．15cm2扩大到1．56±0．24cm2（P＜0．01），左房平均压由3．37±0．89kPa降至2．08±0．83kPa（P＜0．01），二尖瓣最大跨瓣压差由4．01±1．95kPa降至2．13±0．91kPa（P＜0．01）。心功能由Ⅳ级提高到Ⅲ级4例，Ⅱ级1例，Ⅲ级提高到Ⅱ级1例。我们认为，对已不能耐受外科手术的重度二尖瓣狭窄合并左房心耳部和侧壁的附壁血栓患者，在积极正确的术前准备、掌握好时机和操作熟练的前提下仍可进行PBMV。     

二尖瓣狭窄球囊成形术后心房颤动的复律治疗及其影响因素

为评价二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）后心房颤动的复律疗效及维持窦性心律的影响因素，对３０例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄伴心房颤动（简称二狭房颤）的患者在ＰＢＭＶ后１～２周进行复律治疗。结果显示：ＰＢＭＶ后近期复律治疗房颤均能转复为窦性心律。随访１９～４６（３１．６±７．１）月，２２例患者仍维持窦性心律（７３．３％）。房颤复发与患者的年龄、二狭程度无明显关系。房颤病程超过１２个月，ＰＢＭＶ后左房残留压较高和术后左房回缩程度小是房颤复发的重要影响因素。     

Left Ventricular Perforation During Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty With Emergency Surgery

Two cases of left ventricular (LV) perforation by balloon catheter following successful balloon mitral valvuloplasty are presented. The first patient was dilated first with a single straight-tip balloon catheter and after with a double balloon catheter. The second patient underwent a valvuloplasty with a double balloon catheter only. The subsequent tamponade was treated by immediate aspiration but without hemodynamic improvement. Both patients required emergency surgery with surgical repair of the LV apex, and both of them could be weaned. Both patients are well 18 months after the procedure. We discuss the mechanism of this serious complication and technical considerations to prevent it.     

风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术远期疗效观察

目的:观察心房颤动患者经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术的远期疗效。方法:318例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄合并持续性或永久性心房颤动患者,在充分抗凝治疗后,全部采用改良Inoue法行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术,并进行远期随访。结果:318例心房颤动患者经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术成功296例,成功率为93.1%。失败22例,其中仅1例患者术中发生脑动脉栓塞。经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术术后左心房平均压、左心房内径、二尖瓣口面积、跨瓣压差及肺动脉收缩压较术前差异均有统计学意义(P0.05～0.01)。108例患者经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术后平均随访75±26(12～146)个月,术后远期随访可见二尖瓣口面积仍明显大于术前,跨瓣压差及左心房内径明显小于术前,近期随访结果均与远期随访结果相近似,亦明显小于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:二尖瓣狭窄合并持续性或永久性心房颤动患者,经过充分的抗凝治疗后,施行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术是安全的;且其近期和远期疗效皆佳,值得临床推广。     

巨大左心房患者的经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术

本文介绍了13例巨大左心房患者的经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术(PBMV).认为手术成功的关键是房间隔穿刺,但已不能采用常规的方法.作者探索了正中法、右侧法和左侧法,并认为右侧法最好.巨大左心房者常为风湿性心脏病二尖瓣严重狭窄的晚期表现,病情重,合并症多,全身情况差,无法耐受开胸手术,而一般内科治疗效果不好.虽然PBMV也有一定风险,但可能是目前唯一较好的治疗方法.本组病例效果令人满意.     

Transesophageal Echocardiography in Candidates for Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

Prior to percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV), mitral valve morphology and the presence of left atrial thrombi are usually evaluated by transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography (TTE). This study analyzes the impact of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in addition to TTE on the selection of candidates considered for PBMV for mitral stenosis. Seventy-five patients with severe mitral stenosis who were considered as appropriate candidates for PBMV based on TTE findings were studied. In 19 (25%) patients, TEE revealed findings that were essential for PBMV but were missed by TTE: left atrial thrombi (n = 14; including 13 in left atrial appendage), right atrial thrombus (n = 1), incomplete cor triatriatum (n = 1) and mitral valve vegetation (n = 1). In two other patients, a left atrial thrombus had been suspected by TTE but could be excluded by TEE. TEE and TTE revealed similar scores of thickening, calcification, and mobility of the mitral valve. Compared to TTE, thickening of the subvalvular apparatus was graded lower using horizontal plane TEE due to shadowing by the mitral valve (echo score 1.8 ± 0.8 vs 1.4 ± 0.7; P < 0.05) whereas results from longitudinal plane TEE were similar to TTE findings. The data show that due to the high prevalence of left atrial thrombi, TEE should be performed in addition to TTE in all patients prior to PBMV.     

利用多普勒超声对二尖瓣球囊扩张术后肺动脉高压预后的随访评价

目的评价经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV)对二尖瓣狭窄合并肺动脉高压患者的近、中、远期疗效.方法对26例术前、术后、随访中均存在经超声证实的三尖瓣反流,同时合并肺动脉高压的二尖瓣狭窄患者,利用多普勒超声估测其肺动脉收缩压(PASP)值,并进行随访评价,随访时间1～10.6(平均3.5±1.5)年.结果26例患者PASP估测值由术前的65.66±19.50mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)降至术后即时的43.85±11.97mmHg,近、中、远期随访估测值分别为41.81±8.26mmHg、41.77±9.30mmHg和44.04±10.05mmHg,均较术前有显著下降,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01),较术后即时值无明显差异(P＞0.05),但远期随访估测值较中期有显著意义的升高(P＜0.01).结论PBMV对二尖瓣狭窄合并肺动脉高压患者有较好的近、中期疗效,其远期疗效尚不确定,还有待进一步研究.