Uraemic toxin reduction: A newly found effect of hydrolysable-type tannin-containing crude drug and gallotannin

The levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid, which accumulate in blood in parallel with the progress of renal failure after adenine administration, were decreased significantly in rats given Galla Rhois, Moutan Cortex or Paeoniae Radix extract. Administration of Galla Rhois extract was found to be more effective than the other two crude drugs in decreasing the uraemic toxin parameters. A uraemic toxin-decreasing effect similar to that of crude drug was also obtained using 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose.     

Decrease in uraemic toxins,a newly found beneficial effect of Ephedrae Herba

The levels of urea nitrogen, creatinine, methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid, which accumulate in the blood in parallel with the progress of renal failure after adenine administration, were decreased markedly and significantly in rats given Ephedrae Herba extract. Administration of the fraction III of Ephedrae Herba extract was found to be more effective than any of the other fractions in decreasing uraemic toxin parameters. Analysis of the fractions by means of thin layer chromatography revealed that the fraction III contains condensed tannin.     

大黄类药材炮制前后蒽醌类化合物含量的变化

 目的采用高效液相色谱法比较大黄类药材炮制前后蒽醌类化合物含量的变化。方法以大黄素和大黄酚为对照品,采用Merck C₁₈色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),甲醇-水-磷酸(78.7:20.9:0.4)为流动相,检测波长254nm,外标法测定。结果大黄素的线性范围为0～44.7μg·mL^-1,r=1.0000,平均回收率为98.5%,RSD=1.20%;大黄酚的线性范围为0～42.7μg·mL^-1,r=1.0000,平均回收率为96.7%,RSD=1.48%。说明该方法用于大黄药材中大黄素和大黄酚含量的测定是合理可行的。结论大黄类药材炮制前后,大黄素和大黄酚的含量发生了变化。大多数样品(8/11)饮片中的含量高于药材,但少数样品(3/11)正好相反。     

白术、温郁金、贝母、杭白菊中有机磷农药残留的污染调查

目的：调查研究白术、温郁金、贝母、杭白菊中11种有机磷农药残留量的污染情况。方法：样品用二氯甲烷提取,并经活性炭和助滤剂-545混合物柱色谱净化,用气相色谱配FPD进行测定。 结果：3档农药的添加平均回收率在77.5%～112.3%,RSD均小于10%(n=4)。在白术、杭白菊等中药材中检测出痕量有机磷农药的残留。结论：本实验选取白术(根)、温郁金(根茎)、贝母(鳞茎)、杭白菊(花)中药材进行有机磷农药的多残留检测,为评价我国中药材中的有机磷农药污染状况提供科学依据。     

浅谈中药饮片霉变的原因及对策

中药饮片在贮藏过程中如果保管不妥,极易引发霉变。笔者多年的临床保管经验,分析了霉变的原因,并提出了防治霉变的具体措施。     

Evaluation of pharmacological activity of a crude hydroalcoholic extract from Jatropha elliptica

The pharmacological effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Jatropha elliptica was analysed in in vivo and in vitro models. When given orally in mice, the extract showed a low acute toxicity (LD₅₀ 5 g/kg). In a dose of 0.5 or 1 g/kg p.o. the extract did not interfere with diuresis in the rat, but was found to be effective in blocking rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan and partially, serotonin-induced oedema. In the same dose, the extract failed to inhibit rat paw oedema induced by dextran and the increase of rat cutaneous vascular permeability caused by Bothrops Jararaca venom, dextran, histamine, PAF-acether and serotonin. Pre-incubation of the isolated rat uterus and guinea-pig ileum with the extract (0.2–0.8 mg/mL), produced a concentration-related and non-competitive inhibition of contractions induced by acetylcholine and bradykinin. However, the extract was about 2-fold more potent in inhibiting the contraction of both agonists in guinea-pig ileum than in rat uterine muscle. In rat aorta, the extract (50–100 μg/mL) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of noradrenaline-evoked contractions, being about 5-fold more potent when compared to the IC₅₀ values obtained in rat uterus.     

Vascular action of the crude hydroalcoholic extract from Hymenaea martiana on the isolated rat and rabbit aorta

The present study investigates the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) from Hymenaea martiana (Leguminosae) on endothelium-dependent and independent relaxation responses induced by acetylcholine (ACh), histamine (His), calcium ionophore (A23187) and sodium nitroprusside in precontracted aortic rings from rat and rabbit. In addition, we have also evaluated the action of the HE on noradrenaline- (NA), angiotensin I-(AI) and AII-induced contractions in the rabbit aorta. The HE (0.25–0.5 mg/mL) inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the relaxant response induced by ACh in rings of rabbit aorta and by His in rat aorta. Relaxation in response to A23187 was inhibited in rat but not in rabbit aortic rings. In contrast, the HE was completely ineffective against endothelium-independent relaxations caused/by sodium nitroprusside in rabbit aorta rings. The HE (0.5–1.0 mg/mL) significantly enhanced the maximal contractile responses induced by NA in rabbit aorta set up with the endothelium, but caused no effect in endothelium rubbed preparations. In addition, the HE (0.5 mg/mL) markedly antagonized the contractile responses elicited by AI, but caused only a slight effect on AII-induced contractile responses in rabbit aorta. These findings indicate that the active principle(s) present in the HE from the bark of Hymenaea martiana selectively inhibit the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant responses caused by several substances in aortic rings from rat and rabbit, presumably by a mechanism related with endothelium-derived relaxation factor synthesis and/or inactivation. The HE also antagonized AI but not AII-induced contractions in rabbit aorta, suggesting some interference with the angiotensin converting enzyme.     

五爪龙生药特征研究

 目的　为五爪龙的生药鉴别和开发提供依据。方法　详细描述原植物形态、药材性状、显微鉴别。结果　发现比较明显的鉴别特征。结论　这些特征可作为鉴别五爪龙的依据。     

20种中药对酪氨酸酶抑制作用的研究

 目的：评价某些中药对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用。方法：应用多巴色素法浏定对酪氨酸酶的抑制活性,底物为L-酪氨酸,在 490 nm处浏定吸光度。结果：检查了20种中药乙醇提取物对酪氨酸酶的抑制活性,其中芦荟、熟地黄、当归等中药抑制作用 较强。结论：某些中药可用于药品或化妆品中治疗色素沉着过多症。     

关于完善地方药材标准管理的思考与建议

针对地方药材标准管理问题,对地方药材的管理历史、管理现状、法律定位和积极意义进行分析,总结出当前地方药材标准管理工作中存在着"同名异物、同物异名"等突出问题。提出加强法规体系建设,完善管理办法;规范协调工作机制,解决突出问题;加强基础研究,解决共性技术问题;研究地方药材转化为药典标准的渠道,实现动态管理等方面的建议。     

中药炮制增效原理探讨

目的:改进中药炮制方法,提高炮制品质量。方法:探讨能使中药炮制后增效的原理。结果:发现能使药物增效的方法和原理很多。结论:选择适当的炮制方法,能更好地发挥药物的药理作用。     

加快编制《全国中药饮片炮制规范》,规范统一饮片炮制国家标准

近年来,中药饮片的重要性日益彰显,面临着新的发展形势和机遇.笔者结合工作实际,深入分析加快编制《全国中药饮片炮制规范》的重大意义,提出编制总体目标及工作任务,并强调要正确处理好影响编制《全国中药饮片炮制规范》的几个重要关系,统一饮片炮制国家标准,着力解决好当前中药饮片产业发展面临的现实问题.     

Screening for toxic thiophene compounds from crude drugs of the family compositae used in Northern Italy

The presence and distribution of biosynthetically related di- and terthiophenes from 25 crude drugs derived from some genera of the family Compositae were investigated by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) densitometry. A significant thiophene content was found in Tagetes patula, Achillea millfolium, A. millefolium var. tanacetifolia, Arnica montana, Artemisia absinthium, A. pontica, A. dracunculus, Centaurea cyanus, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Doronicum pardaliandres, Helianthus annuus and Tanacetum vulgare. The results of this study indicate that commercial crude drugs from the Compositae contain amounts of photoactive thiophenes which are potentially toxic.     

加热炮制对中药饮片黄曲霉毒素B1含量的影响

目的:比较不同炮制方法对中药饮片黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)含量的影响。方法:间接竞争酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定中药饮片加热炮制前后黄曲霉毒素B1含量。结果:加热炮制能够降低饮片AFB1的含量,但对含量较高者炮制并不能使其达到安全范围。加热炮制的方法不同,对AFB1的含量影响不同。结论:加热炮制对饮片AFB1含量有一定影响。应当建立饮片AFB1含量限度标准。含油脂不多的果实类饮片AFB1的含量限度标准初步确定为≤5μg/kg,含油脂较多的种子类药材饮片限量标准初步为20μg/kg,与国家食品类限度标准相同。     

淫羊藿饮片杂质问题的研究与探讨

目的:探讨淫羊藿饮片中的杂质问题。方法:检查15批次淫羊藿饮片中各类杂质的含量,并测定淫羊藿饮片各部位中朝藿定A、朝藿定B、朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷和宝藿苷I五种黄酮类成分的含量。结果:15批次淫羊藿饮片杂质平均含量为23.66%,其中非药用部分茎占18.39%,柄占4.22%,其它杂质异物占1.05%,并且茎、柄中5种黄酮类成分的含量为淫羊藿叶中含量的1/10。结论:淫羊藿饮片中茎、柄杂质的大量存在直接导致了饮片整体质量的降低,因此建议在2010版《中国药典》质量标准制订中,将淫羊藿药材的药用部位规定为干燥叶片,从药材源头开始杜绝非药用部分茎、柄的存在,从而提高淫羊藿药材和饮片的整体质量,保证饮片的纯净度和投药量的准确度,进而确保临床疗效。     

关于我国民族药材标准及其研究制定的若干思考

本文初步论述了加强我国民族药材工作的重要意义,根据我国民族药材标准工作的成绩与不足,对纳入标准的品种范围,标准研究制定的总体原则,标准中项目、内容与指标的确立,以及标准具体研究制定中需注意的几个问题提出了自己的观点。并从宏观上就加强我国民族药材标准化建设提出了几点积极性建议。     

柴胡总皂苷粗提物致大鼠肝毒性及氧化损伤机制相关性研究

目的:观察长期、大量给予柴胡总皂苷粗提物导致大鼠肝毒性损伤程度及与氧化损伤机制的相关性。方法:按45 d毒性试验方法,给大鼠灌胃柴胡总皂苷粗提物,按柴胡总皂苷计算,高、中、低剂量组分别为100,50,10 mg.kg-1,45 d后观察一般状况,检测肝功能相关指标,检测血和肝组织内脂质代谢情况、糖代谢、胆红素(TBIL)水平和肝组织病理检查;检测血中总巯基(-SH)的量和血、肝组织内丙二醛(MDA)水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的量和活性。结果:柴胡总皂苷粗提物可导致血中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性增高,肝脏重量和肝体比值增大,血和肝内TG含量增加,对血中胆固醇(CHO)和肝内糖原(Gn)影响不明显,仅高剂量组对TBIL有影响;病理组织学检查可见肝细胞损伤。可导致血中总-SH的量增加;血和肝内MDA水平、GSH含量增加,SOD,GSH-Px活性下降。上述变化随剂量的增加而逐渐加重,与蒸馏水对照组比较有明显差异。结论:柴胡总皂苷粗提物可导致大鼠明显的肝毒性损伤,其损伤途径与氧化损伤机制有关。     

13种生药提取物及化学成分的抗真菌活性筛选

目的：对13例生物的醇提物及13种单体化合物进行啤酒突变性GL7和威克海姆原藻敏感性测度。方法：采用显间直接计数法和MTT（噻唑蓝）法确定微生物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）及其抑菌效果。结果：黄柏、丁香、乌梅、黄连、山豆根对二者均有强烈抑制作用。澳洲茄对威克海姆原藻（Prototheca wickerhamii)的MIC比啤酒酵母突变GL7（Saccha-romyces cerevisiae GL7)的MIC低40倍。结论：各种生药提取及化学成分对不同微生物的抑制效果有显著不同,澳洲茄胺是甾醇生物合成途径的阻断剂,紫檀芪、7－羟基－4′-甲氧基黄烷和白鲜碱对2种微生物各的甾醇生物合成途径没有影响。