HIV/AIDS人员心理卫生状况与心理社会影响因素

目的 :研究HIV/AIDS (艾滋病毒感染者 /艾滋病患者 )人群的心理卫生状态与心理社会因素的影响。方法 :采用病例对照研究方法。病例组与对照组两组对象均接受一般情况问卷、症状自评量表(Symptomchecklist 90 ,SCL -90 )、生活事件量表 (LifeEventScale ,LES)、生活质量综合评定问卷 (GenericQualityofLifeInventory -74,GQOLI -74)、自我接纳问卷 (Self -AcceptanceQuestionnaire ,SAQ )五个量表的测查。结果 :(1)病例组的SCL -90各个因子分高于对照组 (P <0 0 0 1) ;(2 )病例组总生活事件和负性生活事件得分高于对照组 (P =0 0 0 1) ;(3 )病例组自我接纳得分低于对照组 (P =0 0 0 1) ;(4 )病例组生活质量综合评定得分低于对照组 (P <0 0 0 1) ;(5 )多因素逐步回归分析 ,SCL -90总因子分相关因素主要为躯体症状严重程度 (负向评分 )、负性生活事件和自我接纳因子 ,躯体症状严重程度与SCL -90总因子分呈负相关 ,负性生活事件得分与SCL -90总因子分呈正相关 ,自我接纳得分与SCL -90总因子分呈负相关。结论 :HIV/AIDS组较对照组心理健康状态有明显差异 ,有较多的负性生活事件 ;自我接纳得分低于对照组 ;生活质量低于对照组。     

孕期受虐相关的社会心理因素

目的:通过调查孕期受虐相关社会心理因素,探讨家暴态度、家暴目睹经历、意外怀孕和流产史与孕期受虐的关系,为今后进一步研究提供参考.方法:用虐待评估问卷(AAS),对846名孕妇进行家庭暴力筛查,96名孕妇筛查为受虐者,从无受虐者中抽取匹配对照者150名,用简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、自尊量表(SES)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)进行心理评估,并比较孕期受虐者和无受虐者间相关社会心理特征的差异性.结果:孕期受虐总的发生率为11.3％,精神暴力为主要形式(占所有被调查者的7.0％).受虐组孕妇的流产史(19.8％)、意外怀孕(91.9％)、家暴认可态度(70.9％)和家暴目睹史(93.0％)的发生率均高于无受虐者(1.5％～42.3％,P ＜0.001),受虐组孕妇的积极应对、SSRS、SES和EPQ的内外向得分均低于无受虐者(均P＜0.05),而消极应对和EPQ的神经质或情绪稳定性得分高于无受虐者(均P＜0.01).孕期精神暴力和性暴力与流产史、意外怀孕、家暴认可态度、家暴目睹史呈正相关(r=0.21～0.35,Ps＜0.05).回归分析显示,丈夫有吸烟史(OR=2.82)、经济状况较好(OR=10.39)、家暴认可态度(OR =57.90)、家暴目睹史(OR=45.32)、意外怀孕(OR=45.45)、流产史(OR =4.03)、主观支持缺乏(OR=3.45)者孕期发生受虐的可能性更大(P＜0.05).结论:本研究提示,经济状况较好、丈夫有吸烟史、家暴认可、有家暴目睹史、意外怀孕、有流产史以及缺乏主观支持的孕妇,孕期越有可能发生受虐待.     

Psychosocial factors related to perceived compliance with cystic fibrosis treatment.

The present research was designed to investigate the adjustment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and their families as well as the relationship between adjustment and physician perceptions of compliance with CF treatment. Patient and family adjustment was assessed by means of the Personality Inventory for Children as well as measures of marital adjustment, depression, and social isolation completed by mothers of CF patients. Results indicated no characteristic pattern of psychopathology or adjustment problems. However, higher levels of perceived compliance with CF treatment were found to be associated with less satisfactory marital relationships and with less frequent maternal social contacts. These findings are discussed in terms of achieving a balance between compliance and psychological adjustment.     

Characteristics of African-Americans with multiple risk factors associated with HIV/AIDS

Multiple risk factors in young African-Americans have tremendous implications for the spread of AIDS. Two hundred forty-two heterosexual college students were classified as having low, moderate, or high risk for HIV infection based upon their self-reported sexual practices. Results indicated that subjects differed in AIDS knowledge and attitudes toward condoms with respect to both Gender and Risk level, with men and High Risk individuals being less knowledgeable and having more negative attitudes than their female and Low Risk counterparts respectively. Interaction effects revealed that High Risk men were less knowledgeable than both Low Risk men and High Risk women. High Risk men as well as High and Low Risk women reported more anger surrounding condom usage than Low Risk men. Low perceptions of vulnerability for AIDS were reflected in the entire sample. The implications of this study for primary prevention and future research are discussed.     

Problem issues related to HIV/AIDS in Eastern European and Central Asian countries

HIV has been spreading over the territories of our countries for 18 years, and it is still possible to resist the epidemic in a unique and efficient way. In June 2001, the UNO General Assembly Special Session was devoted to the problem of HIV/AIDS in full. Its Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (Resolution S-26/2) defines main directions of this work both in world-wide, regional, and international scopes. It should be stressed that first of all the Declaration emphasizes the necessity to improve management and coordination of efforts at the global, regional, and national levels, which is of special importance to Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where a new phase of HIV infection epidemic has begun and the spread of the virus grows and very soon may gain uncontrollable character. As for the countries of our region, here the epidemic process has been developing mostly through sexual way of transmission for 8 years since 1987, when the first case of HIV infection was revealed. More than 350000 HIV-infected people, including more than 15,000 children, have been registered in Russian Federation. More than 9000 people have died. The proportion of childbearing age women constantly grows, and the number of children born to mothers with AIDS has now exceeded 15,000. To realize the component "Prevention of HIV infection, B and C hepatitis, and revealing and treatment of HIV patients" of the priority national health project, 3.1 billion rubles are allocated for the prophylaxis of and fight against HIV and AIDS. The measures that are planned to take will allow for principle changes in the present situation with medical aid providence of contemporary antiretroviral medicines. Russian Orthodox Church with its parishes, monasteries etc. carries out numerous projects of primary HIV prophylaxis among children and young people in different regions; these projects are directed towards forming moral values.     

Methodologies to evaluate HIV / AIDS programmes

A summary is provided of methodologies to evaluate HIV/AIDS programs through qualitative and quantitative assessment. Evaluations of AIDS programs can take the form of process of output evaluations, outcome evaluations, or impact evaluations. Other newer forms of evaluation include formative evaluation, which refers to needs and situation assessments before program implementation, and summative evaluation, which entails assessment after implementation or an accomplishments or cost benefit review. When there is evidence of differences which cannot be explained by chance, program effectiveness is considered successful and implementation may be appropriate to other similar populations. Qualitative assessments are based on field data and loosely constructed assumptions, in order to create theoretical frameworks. One assumption is that observations are part of a dynamic, developmental process. Detailed information and in-depth understanding rather than statistics are desired. Content analysis is the method used to organize information into meaningful and manageable categories. Data may be obtained through document analysis, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observation of social settings. Specific situations where qualitative methods may be used are described: implementation processes and program outcomes. The relevance of qualitative methods becomes obvious in situations where changes in perceived norms among adolescents is desired. Survey questions inadequately measure norms and other structural barriers to practicing preventive behavior. Questions tend to oversimplify situations, and respondents may lie or provide socially acceptable answers. Participant observation provides a friendly atmosphere for obtaining sincere responses and more detailed accounts. Another situation where qualitative methods are useful is one in which information is sought on the meaning of behavior, motivations leading to particular behaviors, or the degree of satisfaction with an intervention.     

艾滋病与咨询

1　艾滋病流行概况艾滋病 (ＡＩＤＳ)是人类免疫缺陷病毒 (ＨＩＶ )引起的、通过性、血液和围产期母婴三种途径传播的传染病。根据联合国艾滋病规划署 (ＵＮＡＩＤＳ)和世界卫生组织 (ＷＨＯ) 1999年 12月公布的数据 ,自艾滋病流行以来 ,全世界累计已有 1880万人死于艾滋病 ,目前存活的艾滋病毒感染者和艾滋病人估计为 3430万[1] 。艾滋病已成为世界上仅次于心脏病、脑卒中和急性下呼吸道感染的第四个主要死因 ,是造成死亡最多的传染病 ,它已成为发展中国家主要的疾病负担[2 ] 。艾滋病流行对社会、经济和人口方面的毁灭性冲击是独一无二的[…     

HIV感染者和AIDS病人抑郁现状及其影响因素

目的了解HIV感染者和AIDS病人（PLWHA）的抑郁现状,探讨其影响因素,为制定PLWHA综合关怀模式、改善PLWHA心理状况提供客观依据。方法采用Zung氏自评抑郁量表（SDS）和评价方法,在广州市番禺区艾滋病自愿咨询检测门诊对144名PLWHA进行面对面问卷调查,采用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果AIDS病人SDS总分为（45．49±12．45）,显著高于国内常模（P〈0．05）;SDS总分年龄〉50岁者高于≤50岁者,在本市居住的非本市户籍者中居住年限〈5年和〉8年者均高于5～8年者,CD4细胞计数≤200个／mm^3者高于〉200个／mm^3者．差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。抑郁发生率未婚单身者高于其他、无业者高于有工作者、在本市居住的非本市户籍者中居住年限〈5年和〉8年者均高于居住5-8年者、家庭经济状况一般及以下者高于好者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析结果表明,婚姻（OR=11．20,95％CI：2．197～57．088）、有无工作（OR=7．954,95％CI：1．251～50．582）、CD4细胞计数（OR=6．018,95％CI：1．620—22．355）均与抑郁呈正相关。结论PLWHA普遍存在抑郁。应在随访关怀过程中建立有效的综合支持体系,以提高PLWHA的生活质量,改善抑郁状况。     

Prevalence and risk factors of HIV and syphilis,and knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men in Chongqing,China

High HIV prevalence and incidence burdens have been reported in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chongqing, China. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), to appraise the knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among MSM, and to analyze the possible causes of deviation between behavior and knowledge to make better strategies. We recruited 617 MSM from February to July in 2008 by using a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method in Chongqing, China. Through the collection of questionnaire-based data and biological testing results from all objects, we launched a cross-sectional survey. STATA/SE was used for data analysis by frequency, ANOVA, rank sum test and logistic regression models. MSM with syphilis (OR=4.16, 95%CI: 2.35-7.33, P<0.0001) were more likely to be HIV infected. Being a company employee (OR=3.64, 95%CI: 1.22-10.08, P<0.0001) and having bought male for sex (OR=3.52, 95%CI: 1.10-11.32, P < 0.034) were associated with a higher probability of syphilis. MSM with younger age, higher education and greater monthly income had a higher mean knowledge score. MSM who had HIV testing had a higher mean knowledge score than those who never had. Students, venues for finding sex partners by Internet and homosexuals in MSM had a higher mean knowledge score compared to other occupations, venues for finding sex partners and sexual orientation. There is an urgent need for delivery of barrier and biomedical interventions with coordinated behavioral and structural strategies to improve the effect of HIV interventions among MSM.     

Psychosocial HIV/AIDS Prevention for High-Risk African American Men: Guiding Principles for Clinical Psychologists

Among African American men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV infection has become an epidemic and requires psychosocial prevention. This population faces racism, HIV discrimination, heterosexism, and hate crime while living with its own internalized homophobia and denial. I discuss the principles for psychosocial HIV prevention. I posit that HIV services need to gather resources to tackle life circumstances of MSM of color; to empower them via social support, acceptance, and integration of their racial and sexual identities; to provide social skill training; to disseminate correct HIV and health information; and to modify the norms of safer sex behaviors. Clinical psychology as a field should collaborate with community psychology, train more African American MSM, and conduct evaluation of culture-specific prevention efforts.     

在HIV/AIDS小组心理治疗的实践

目的：在HIV／AIDS患者中开展小组心理治疗。探索经验和方法。方法：采用支持、认知为导向的集体心理治疗方法，对三位HIV／AIDS个体进行心理治疗。结果：三位患者在小组治疗后认同HIV身份之时，接纳自己，面对现实、减轻了孤独感。结论：在HIV／AIDS人员中实施集体心理治疗将有利于提高其生活质量。     

HIV感染者和AIDS病人焦虑状况及其影响因素

目的了解艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者和艾滋病（AIDS）病人（简称PLWHA）焦虑状况,探讨其影响因素。方法采用Zung氏焦虑自评表（SAS）和评价方法 ,在广州市番禺区艾滋病VCT门诊对144名PLWHA进行面对面问卷调查,采用SPSS统计软件进行统计学析。结果 PLWHA的SAS总粗分（32.19±6.91）高于国内常模,差异有统计学意义（t=3.919,P〈0.01）。焦虑总发生率为17.36%,其中HIV感染者和AIDS病人分别为16.16%和20.00%。SAS标准总分方面,AIDS病人、年龄〉50岁者、在本市居住的非本市户籍者中居住年限〈5年者、确认感染HIV年限〈1年者、抗病毒治疗年限〈1年者和CD4细胞计数≤200个/mm3者均相对较高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。年龄〉50岁者和确认感染HIV年限〈1年者的焦虑患病率均相对较高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。Logistic多因素分析发现,性别、年龄和确认感染年限是PLWHA焦虑的主要影响因素,年龄〉50岁者产生焦虑的危险是≤50岁者的7.8倍。结论 PLWHA的焦虑状况较一般人群严重,并受多方面因素的影响,应在随访关怀过程中加强心理支持体系的构建,改善其焦虑状况,提高生活质量。     

Ultrastructure of HIV/AIDS

Transmission electron microscopy has played a key role in our understanding of the human immunodeficiency virus and the opportunistic infections that accompany HIV disease. This paper describes features of HIV production; HHV-8, the virus that is associated with Kaposi sarcoma; Trachipleistophora anthropophthera, a new disseminating microsporidian; and bacterial enteritis, which causes diarrhea in patients with AIDS.     

Ultrastructure of HIV/AIDS

Transmission electron microscopy has played a key role in our understanding of the human immunodeficiency virus and the opportunistic infections that accompany HIV disease. This paper describes features of HIV production; HHV-8, the virus that is associated with Kaposi sarcoma; Trachipleistophora anthropophthera , a new disseminating microsporidian; and bacterial enteritis, which causes diarrhea in patients with AIDS.