Massive pulmonary embolism immediately diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography and treated with tenecteplase fibrinolysis

We report the case of a 75-year-old woman with new onset dyspnoea, hypotension, and right bundle branch block. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a thrombus in the right pulmonary artery and acute pulmonary embolism was diagnosed. The patient immediately underwent fibrinolysis with tenecteplase, with prompt recovery of clinical conditions and ECG anomalies. Bedside TTE might be helpful for immediate diagnosis of massive PE needing rapid treatment by fibrinolysis.     

Suspicion of pulmonary embolism in outpatients: nonspecific chest pain is the most frequent alternative diagnosis

OBJECTIVES: Several recent studies have focused on identifying clinical predictors of embolism. However, although pulmonary embolism is ruled out in 70-85% of the patients in whom it is suspected, data on the clinical characteristics and discharge diagnosis of such patients are scarce. Our aim was to evaluate whether clinical characteristics would allow predicting alternative diagnoses other than pulmonary embolism thereby ruling out venous thromboembolism. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Emergency centres of two teaching and general hospitals. SUBJECTS: A total of 1090 consecutive outpatients admitted for clinically suspected pulmonary embolism and a diagnosis established by a validated algorithm and a 3-month follow-up. OUTCOMES: Discharge diagnoses of patients in whom pulmonary embolism was ruled out were identified and regrouped into two categories: (i) nonspecific chest pain and (ii) diagnosis other than pulmonary embolism. Predictive accuracy of clinical and laboratory variables for diagnosing nonspecific chest pain was assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: In patients without pulmonary embolism, nonspecific chest pain (parietal chest pain, chest pain of unknown origin and pleuritis) was the most frequent discharge diagnosis (n = 334, 31% of the entire cohort, 43% of the patients without pulmonary embolism). Other patients without pulmonary embolism had a wide variety of diagnoses, of which the most frequent were bronchopneumonia (6.0% of the entire cohort) and heart failure (5.2%). In the multivariate analysis, seven variables were strongly associated with nonspecific chest pain: younger age (below 40 years), female gender, respiratory rate below 20 min(-1), heart rate below 100 min(-1), and absence of recent immobilization, dyspnoea and haemoptysis. Two of the 24 patients in whom all those characteristics were present had pulmonary embolism (8%, 95% CI 3-22%). CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent discharge diagnosis in emergency ward patients in whom pulmonary embolism is ruled out is nonspecific chest pain. A clinical model did not allow to predict nonspecific chest pain with enough accuracy to rule out pulmonary embolism without further testing. Whether a more precise characterization of chest pain might allow an accurate identification of such patients deserves further study.     

Tenecteplase to treat pulmonary embolism in the emergency department

Tenecteplase, a mutant form of alteplase, possesses pharmacological properties that might favor its use for emergent fibrinolysis of acute pulmonary embolism. Contemporaneous search of the World’s literature reveals 14 humans with acute pulmonary embolism treated with tenecteplase. Here, we summarize those cases and report the presentation features, dosing details and outcomes of eight additional patients with acute pulmonary embolism treated with tenecteplase in an academic emergency department. None of our eight patients had a significant hemorrhagic event after tenecteplase, and the outcomes of all eight appear to be acceptable. Taken together, we submit that the present case report and prior case reports are sufficient to comprise a phase I study of the safety and efficacy of tenecteplase to treat acute pulmonary embolism.     

Efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a relatively common life-threatening cardiovascular condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We present the efficacy and safety data of weight-adjusted tenecteplase in 30 consecutive patients of acute PE. 30 patients (22 male, 8 female) with acute PE were included in the study and divided into three groups: (1) Acute PE complicated by shock stage and/or persistent hypotension (12 patients). (2) RV dilatation and/or dysfunction without hypotension (14 patients). (3) Severe hypoxemia without hypotension and RV dysfunction (4 patients). Predominant symptoms were dyspnoea, cough, chest pain, syncope and haemoptysis, noted in 100 % (30), 40 % (12), 54 % (16), 32 % (9) and 10 % (3) of patients respectively. RV dilatation and dyskinesia were present in 86 %, septal paradoxical movement in 73 % and inferior venacava collapse absent in 53 % of patients respectively. 12 patients presented with acute PE and cardiogenic shock, 14 patients showed RV dilatation and dysfunction with systolic BP >90 mmHg and four patients were having RV dilation without dysfunction but severe hypoxemia. There was significant reduction in right ventricular systolic pressure and improvement in right ventricular dysfunction. Our study shows that tenecteplase is very effective and safe in the treatment of PE with minimal risk of bleeding in high risk group and intermediate risk and even in selective low risk category group of patients. However, in view of small number of patients in study group, a large multicentre randomized study would be required to draw a firm conclusion regarding the thrombolysis in low risk category patient.     

急性大块血栓性肺栓塞15例临床分析

目的总结急性大块血栓性肺栓塞的临床特征及治疗效果,并分析预后相关因素。方法对我院15例急性大块血栓性肺栓塞患者进行回顾性分析,包括临床表现、诊断、治疗及转归。结果本组常见临床表现依次为:心动过速100%,呼吸困难93.3%,一过性或持续性低血压53.3%,休克53.5%,晕厥40.0%,咯血40.0%。首诊准确率为46.7%。15例患者中死亡8例,病死率为53.3%。结论急性大块血栓性肺栓塞的误诊率、死亡率高;预后与右心室/左心室(RV/LV)比值、治疗方法以及是否合并其他疾病,特别是与脑卒中密切相关。紧急肺动脉内导管治疗是降低病死率的有效方法。     

A simple diagnostic strategy in hospitalized patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism

OBJECTIVES: Diagnostic strategies in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism have been extensively studied in outpatients; their value in hospitalized patients has not been well established. Our aim was to determine the safety and clinical utility of a simple diagnostic strategy in hospitalized patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. DESIGN: Prospective management study. SETTING: Twelve teaching hospitals (five academic, seven general hospitals). SUBJECT: A total of 605 hospitalized patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism. All patients completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: First the clinical decision rule (CDR)-score was calculated. An unlikely CDR-score in combination with a normal D-dimer excluded pulmonary embolism. All other patients underwent helical computed tomography (CT). CT either diagnosed or excluded pulmonary embolism, in which case anticoagulants were started or withheld. All patients were instructed to report symptoms of venous thrombosis. Objective tests were performed to confirm venous thromboembolism. The primary outcome was the incidence of symptomatic venous thrombosis during 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: The combination of an unlikely CDR-score and a normal D-dimer excluded pulmonary embolism in 60 patients (10% of all patients); no venous thromboembolic event occurred during follow-up (0%; 95% CI 0-6.7%). CT excluded pulmonary embolism in 380 patients; during follow-up venous thromboembolism occurred in five patients (1.4%; 95% CI 0.4-3.1%). CONCLUSIONS: An unlikely CDR-score in combination with a normal D-dimer appears to exclude pulmonary embolism safely in hospitalized patients. Before clinical implementation it is important this safety is confirmed by others. CT testing was obviated in only 10% of patients. CT can safely exclude pulmonary embolism in hospitalized patients.     

A prospective evaluation of hemoptysis cases in a tertiary referral hospital

Background and Aims: Hemoptysis is symptomatic of a potentially serious and life‐threatening thoracic disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative frequency of the different causes of hemoptysis, the change of the frequency of diseases, the value of the evaluation process and the outcome in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: A prospective study was carried out on consecutive patients presented with hemoptysis. Results: A total of 178 patients (136 male, 42 female) were included to the study. Lung cancer (51), pulmonary embolism (23) and bronchiectasis (23) constituted most of the diagnosis. The most frequent cause of hemoptysis in males was by far lung carcinoma (50). Twelve cases of bronchiectasis and 11 cases of pulmonary embolism were observed in females. While lung cancer and pulmonary embolism were associated with mild to moderate amounts of bleeding (84% and 100%, respectively), patients with active tuberculosis and pulmonary vasculitis had severe to massive hemoptysis (50% and 44%, respectively). Transthoracic and other organ biopsies, spiral computed tomography (CT) angiography (X pres/GX model TSX‐002a, Toshiba, Tochigi Ken, Japan) and aortography yielded high diagnostic results in our group (100%, 67%, 59% and 100%, respectively). The most frequent final diagnosis in patients with normal chest radiograph was pulmonary embolism (seven cases). Conclusions: Lung cancer, pulmonary embolism and bronchiectasis were the main causes of hemoptysis in this prospective cohort; however, this is the first report showing pulmonary embolism as a leading cause of hemoptysis. CT angiography with high‐resolution CT should be the primary diagnostic modality if the initial investigation is inconclusive in hemoptysis cases. Please cite this paper as: Uzun O, Atasoy Y, Findik S, Atici AG and Erkan L. A prospective evaluation of hemoptysis cases in a tertiary referral hospital. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2010; 4: 131–138.     

Diagnosis: imaging techniques

The diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) cannot be confirmed or excluded by the medical history and physical examination alone. Objective testing is required in all cases of clinically suspected VTE; for most patients, this includes imaging modalities such as compression ultrasonography, ventilation-perfusion lung scintigraphy, or computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Conventional pulmonary arteriography remains useful when CTPA is nondiagnostic or when an intervention such as catheter embolectomy is planned. Although CTPA is important in the evaluation of suspected VTE, ultimately the clinician must balance the risks against the benefits of CTPA for individual patients. Bedside echocardiography may be most appropriate for patients with hypotension or shock and suspected pulmonary embolism.     

N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

Plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), released from myocytes of ventricles upon stretch, has been reported to differentiate pulmonary from cardiac dyspnoea. Limited data have shown elevated plasma BNP levels in acute pulmonary embolism (APE), frequently accompanied by dyspnoea and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess plasma N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) in APE, and to establish whether it reflects the severity of RV overload and if it can be used to predict adverse clinical outcome. On admission, NT-proBNP and echocardiography for RV overload were performed in 79 APE patients (29 males), aged 63 +/- 16 yrs. Plasma NT-proBNP was elevated in 66 patients (83.5%) and was higher in patients with (median 4,650 pg x mL(-1) (range 61-60,958)) than without RV strain (363 pg x mL(-1) (16-16,329)). RV-to-left ventricular ratio and inferior vena cava dimension correlated with NT-proBNP. All 15 in-hospital deaths and 24 serious adverse events occurred in the group with elevated NT-proBNP, while all 13 (16.5%) patients with normal values had an uncomplicated clinical course. Plasma NT-proBNP predicted in-hospital mortality. Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide is elevated in the majority of cases of pulmonary embolism resulting in right ventricular overload. Plasma levels reflect the degree of right ventricular overload and may help to predict short-term outcome. Acute pulmonary embolism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with dyspnoea and abnormal levels of brain natriuretic peptide.     

The yield of a diagnostic hospital dyspnoea clinic for the primary health care section

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of a combined examination programme with treatment advice on patients from general practice with dyspnoea. DESIGN: Prospective study with 6 months followup. SETTING: Regional hospital offering care for patients from 74 general practitioners. SUBJECTS: A total of 284 consecutive patients referred from general practice with dyspnoea. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were subjected to a combined examination programme including physical examination, ECG, chest X-ray, lung spirometry, echocardiography and routine laboratory tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (i) Relationship between a diagnosis made by the referring general practitioner and the diagnosis based on the combined examination programme. (ii) The impact of the investigation programme and resulting therapeutic advice on dyspnoea after 6 months. RESULTS: Only in 39% of the patients there was concordance of the diagnoses on referral and the diagnosis based on the examination programme. Heart failure and lung disease was suspected in 126 and 79 patients, respectively, but these diagnoses were confirmed in only one-third to half of the patients. Conversely heart failure was revealed in 13 of 107 patients not suspected of heart failure (12%) and lung disease in 45 of 154 patients not suspected of pulmonary disease (29%). A change of treatment was suggested in 64% of all patients. After 6 months, improvement of dyspnoea was seen in more than half of the patients. In patients in whom the changes of medical treatment were completed, 61% expressed improvement in dyspnoea, whereas improvement of dyspnoea was recorded in only 34% of patients in whom the recommended treatment advice was not taken (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: (i) In most patients it seems to be too difficult to establish the background of dyspnoea in general practice. (ii) There appears to be a substantial chance of improvement in patients with dyspnoea, in particular for patients who act on treatment advice based on an integrated examination programme; the chance of improvement is almost twice as good as in patients who are not capable to do so.     

AaDO2 as a predictor of pulmonary hypertension resulting from pulmonary emboli

The authors examined the records of all patients referred for right heart catheterization between 1963-84 because of persistent dyspnoea after one or more episodes of pulmonary emboli. Patients with a history of congestive heart failure, angina, restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease that could explain their symptoms were excluded. Catheterization was performed 15.8 +/- 24 months after the first suspected episode of pulmonary embolism. Seven of the 29 patients included had resting pulmonary hypertension (PH). All of these had an alveolo-arterial oxygen difference (AaDO2) greater than 25 mmHg. Twenty patients of the group, taken as a whole, had an AaDO2 greater than 25 mmHg. Information was available from 1 month to 5 years later in 6/9 patients with an AaDO2 less than 25 mmHg. In all of them dyspnoea improved or resolved. Information was available in 15/20 patients with AaDO2 greater than 25 mmHg. Three of 8 patients without PH but with an increased AaDO2 on the initial catheterization developed PH within 2 years. Dyspnoea increased in 1 of the remaining five. Four patients who initially had PH developed right heart failure 6 months-3 years later. In the remaining 3, dyspnoea was stable in 1, increased in 1 and one patient died with autopsy evidence of multiple pulmonary emboli. Abnormal oxygenation predicts the presence or subsequent development of PH in patients who are chronically dyspnoeic after pulmonary embolism.     

Sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a systematic review

PURPOSE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and to determine the safety of withholding anticoagulant therapy in patients who have clinically suspected pulmonary embolism and negative results on helical CT. DATA SOURCES: The MEDLINE database was searched for all reports published from 1986 to October 1999 that evaluated the use of helical CT for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Bibliographies of the retrieved articles were cross-checked to identify additional studies. STUDY SELECTION: All prospective English-language studies were selected. Retrospective studies, review articles, and case reports were excluded, and 5 of the 20 identified articles were excluded. The scientific validity of the remaining 15 articles was assessed. DATA EXTRACTION: Two of the authors used a priori, pre-defined criteria to independently assess each study. A third author resolved disagreements by adjudication. The pre-defined criteria were inclusion of a consecutive series of all patients with suspected pulmonary embolism, inclusion of patients with and those without pulmonary embolism, a broad spectrum of patient characteristics, performance of helical CT and pulmonary angiography (or an appropriate reference test) in all patients, and independent interpretation of the CT scan and pulmonary angiogram (or reference test). Specific data on sensitivity and specificity and the associated 95% CIs were recorded when available. DATA SYNTHESIS: No study met all of the predefined criteria for adequately evaluating sensitivity and specificity. The reported sensitivity of helical CT ranged from 53% to 100%, and specificity ranged from 81% to 100%. In no prospective study was anticoagulant therapy withheld without further testing for venous thromboembolism in consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. One prospective study reported the outcome of selected patients with negative results on helical CT who did not receive anticoagulant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Use of helical CT in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism has not been adequately evaluated. The safety of withholding anticoagulant treatment in patients with negative results on helical CT is uncertain. Definitive large, prospective studies should be done to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and safety of helical CT for diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism.     

15例老年人肺动脉栓塞临床病理分析

目的分析尸检中６５岁以上老年人肺动脉栓塞（以下简称肺栓塞）的临床、病理资料，探讨老年人肺栓塞的特点及误诊原因。方法收集我院１９５１～１９９２年尸检１１１１例中老年人肺栓塞１５例，对照分析其临床、病理特点。结果男性１４例，女性１例，年龄６５～８２岁。误诊率８６．７％。原有基础病以冠心病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）、糖尿病为多。结论老年人肺栓塞病情重且复杂、临床表现不典型、各种疾病表现相互掩盖可能是误诊的主要原因     

Excluding pulmonary embolism at the bedside without diagnostic imaging: management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting to the emergency department by using a simple clinical model and d-dimer.

BACKGROUND: The limitations of the current diagnostic standard, ventilation-perfusion lung scanning, complicate the management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. We previously demonstrated that determining the pretest probability can assist with management and that the high negative predictive value of certain D -dimer assays may simplify the diagnostic process. OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety of using a simple clinical model combined with D -dimer assay to manage patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected pulmonary embolism. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Emergency departments at four tertiary care hospitals in Canada. PATIENTS: 930 consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. INTERVENTIONS: Physicians first used a clinical model to determine patients' pretest probability of pulmonary embolism and then performed a D -dimer test. Patients with low pretest probability and a negative D -dimer result had no further tests and were considered to have a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism excluded. All other patients underwent ventilation-perfusion lung scanning. If the scan was nondiagnostic, bilateral deep venous ultrasonography was done. Whether further testing (by serial ultrasonography or angiography) was done depended on the patients' pretest probability and the lung scanning results. MEASUREMENTS: Patients received a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism if they had a high-probability ventilation-perfusion scan, an abnormal result on ultrasonography or pulmonary angiography, or a venous thromboembolic event during follow-up. Patients for whom the diagnosis was considered excluded were followed up for 3 months for the development of thromboembolic events. RESULTS: The pretest probability of pulmonary embolism was low, moderate, and high in 527, 339, and 64 patients (1.3%, 16.2%, and 37.5% had pulmonary embolism), respectively. Of 849 patients in whom a diagnosis of pulmonary-embolism had initially been excluded, 5 (0.6% [95% CI, 0.2% to 1.4%]) developed pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis during follow-up. However, 4 of these patients had not undergone the proper diagnostic testing protocol. In 7 of the patients who received a diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, the physician had performed more diagnostic tests than were called for by the algorithm. In 759 of the 849 patients in whom pulmonary embolism was not found on initial evaluation, the diagnostic protocol was followed correctly. Only 1 (0.1% [CI, 0.0% to 0.7%]) of these 759 patients developed thromboembolic events during follow-up. Of the 437 patients with a negative D -dimer result and low clinical probability, only 1 developed pulmonary embolism during follow-up; thus, the negative predictive value for the combined strategy of using the clinical model with D -dimer testing in these patients was 99.5% (CI, 99.1% to 100%). CONCLUSION: Managing patients for suspected pulmonary embolism on the basis of pretest probability and D -dimer result is safe and decreases the need for diagnostic imaging.     

Efficacy and safety of single-bolus tenecteplase compared with front-loaded alteplase in Chinese patients with acute myocardial infarction

Following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), early and complete epicardial reperfusion is asso- ciated with improved survival.1 For decades, the only avail- able pharmacologic intervention aimed at reperfusion was intravenous streptokinase (SK). The efficacy of (SK) was firmly established in the Italian Group for the Study of Strep- tokinase in Myocardial Infarction (GISSI-1) trial, which re- ported an 18% relative reduction in mortality among pa- tients presenting with STEMI within 12 hours after the on- set of symptoms.2 Despite the fact that tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) is associated more rapid dissolution of     

A structured clinical model for predicting the probability of pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE: To develop a structured model to predict the clinical probability of pulmonary embolism. METHODS: We studied 1,100 consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism in whom a definite diagnosis had been established. We used logistic regression analysis to estimate the probability of pulmonary embolism based on patients' clinical characteristics; the probability was categorized as low (< or = 10%), intermediate (>10%, < or = 50%), moderately high (>50%, < or = 90%), or high (>90%). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of pulmonary embolism was 40% (n = 440). Ten characteristics were associated with an increased risk of pulmonary embolism (male sex, older age, history of thrombophlebitis, sudden-onset dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis, electrocardiographic signs of acute right ventricular overload, radiographic signs of oligemia, amputation of the hilar artery, and pulmonary consolidation suggestive of infarction), and five were associated with a decreased risk (prior cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, high fever, pulmonary consolidation other than infarction, and pulmonary edema on the chest radiograph). With this model, 432 patients (39%) were rated a low probability, of whom 19 (4%) had pulmonary embolism; 283 (26%) were rated an intermediate probability, of whom 62 (22%) had pulmonary embolism; 72 (7%) were rated a moderately high probability, of whom 53 (74%) had pulmonary embolism; and 313 (28%) were rated a high probability, of whom 306 (98%) had pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSION: This prediction model may be useful for estimating the probability of pulmonary embolism before obtaining definitive test results.     

疑诊肺栓塞患者337例中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率

目的 评价疑诊肺栓塞患者中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率.方法 顺序收集2004年1月至2006年6月在北京首都医科大学附属朝阳医院和宁夏医学院附属医院内疑诊肺栓塞的患者,进行CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)联合下肢CT静脉造影检查(CTV)或CTPA联合下肢静脉超声检查.分析肺栓塞患者中合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率以及下肢深静脉血栓的发生部位有无不同.采用SPSS 11.5统计软件进行数据分析,描述性结果采用频数分析法,组间比较采用卡方检验.结果 共337例患者纳入研究,男189例,女148例,中位年龄62岁,范围19～84岁.CTPA诊断肺栓塞者144例,CTV和下肢超声检查诊断下肢深静脉血栓患者100例.肺栓塞患者合并下肢深静脉血栓的发生率为44%(63/144),其中76%(48/63)发生于近端深静脉内;而下肢深静脉血栓形成患者中合并肺栓塞的发生率为63%(63/100).结论 无论肺栓塞患者合并下肢深静脉血栓,还是下肢深静脉血栓患者合并肺栓塞的发生率均很高,有必要同时进行肺动脉和下肢深静脉检查.     

Prevalence of duplex ultrasonography detectable venous thrombosis in patients with suspected or acute pulmonary embolism

OBJECTIVES: Duplex ultrasonography performance in detecting embolic foci has not been proven satisfactory compared with phlebography or autopsic findings. In case of suspected pulmonary embolism, the embolic focus is only discovered in 11 to 18% of the cases compared with more than 30% with phlebography. For overt acute pulmonary embolism, the discovery rate is in the 30 to 45% range versus 70 to 80% with phlebography or autopsy findings. This discrepancy might result from the fact that duplex ultrasonographic explorations are generally limited to the deep collectors at the cruropopliteal level. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of duplex ultrasonography detected venous thrombosis in patients with suspected or acute pulmonary embolism when the exploration includes the entire venous system from the inferior vena cava to the ankles and examines not only the deep collectors but also the muscle and superficial networks.MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included all patients with suspected pulmonary embolism referred to the emergency unit from January 1, 1995 through December 31, 1998. The patients' hospital files were used to determine the suspected pulmonary embolism population. The acute pulmonary embolism population was defined as the patients whose files contained documented proof of pulmonary embolism (highly probable ventilation/perfusion pulmonary scintigraphy, positive pulmonary angiography, positive proximal angioscan). Thrombosis of the deep venous collectors with or without associated superficial or muscular localization was classed as "deep venous thrombi" and superficial or muscular thrombosis without involvement of the deep collectors was classed as "other venous thrombi". Subpopliteal thrombosis was classed as distal and popliteal or suprapopliteal thrombosis as proximal.RESULTS: The suspected pulmonary embolism group included 352 patients, 118 men and 234 women aged 67.6 +/- 15.4 and 70.8 +/- 20.0 years respectively (m +/- SD). The acute pulmonary embolism group included 60 patients, 17 men and 43 women aged 66.2 +/- 12.5 and 69.7 +/- 16.6 years respectively. Overall prevalence of duplex-ultrasound detected venous thrombosis was 30.4% (107/352) (95%CI: 25.6-35.2) in the suspected pulmonary embolism group and 80% (48/60) (95%CI: 69.9-90.1) in the acute pulmonary embolism group. Deep venous thrombi reaching the collectors and proximal thrombi predominated. Prevalence of "other venous thrombi" and distal venous thrombi were 6.5% (23/352) and 11.4% (40/352) respectively in the suspected pulmonary embolism group and 15.0% (9/60) and 26.7% (16/60) in the acute pulmonary embolism group. The frequency of asymptomatic venous thrombosis of the lower limbs, irrespective of the localization, was 42.1% (45/107) in the suspected pulmonary embolism group and 52.1% (25/48) in the acute pulmonary embolism group.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of duplex-ultrasonography detected venous thrombosis in patients with suspected or proven pulmonary embolism found in this series was equivalent to the rates reported in phlebography and autopsy series. The prevalence was higher than usually reported for duplex-ultrasonography studies limited to the cruro-popliteal level. The difference came from the "other venous thrombi" and "distal deep venous thrombi" discovered by exploring the superficial and muscular networks and the calves. This study demonstrates the contribution of duplex-ultrasonography to the diagnostic strategy for pulmonary embolism.     

Occult malignant neoplasm in patients with deep venous thrombosis

An association between venous thrombosis and cancer was first suggested by Armand Trousseau and subsequently confirmed by multiple postmortem studies. In a previous study, patients with pulmonary embolism, as assessed by pulmonary angiography, were at significantly increased risk of occult cancer with a comparison group of patients without pulmonary embolism. This nonconcurrent prospective epidemiologic study extends these findings by demonstrating a significantly increased risk of occult cancer in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) confirmed by impedance plethysmography as compared with those with suspected DVT in whom the diagnosis was ruled out. Differences in the incidence of malignant neoplasms were greatest within the first two years after the diagnosis of DVT, and patients younger than 50 years with venous thrombosis were at particularly increased risk of occult cancer (relative risk, 19.0). These findings indicate that all patients with DVT or pulmonary embolism should have an appropriate diagnostic workup and careful follow-up, particularly with regard to the risk of occult cancer.     

Prognostic significance of right ventricular afterload stress detected by echocardiography in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic value of echocardiographic findings in patients who present with symptoms suggestive of acute pulmonary embolism. DESIGN: 317 patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism were prospectively evaluated by echocardiography for the presence of right ventricular afterload stress and right heart or pulmonary artery thrombi. Objective confirmation of pulmonary embolism by lung scan or pulmonary angiography was obtained in 164 (52%). The presence of deep venous thrombosis was established in 90 of 158 patients (57%) who underwent phlebographic or Doppler sonographic studies. RESULTS: Right ventricular afterload stress was diagnosed in 87 patients (27%). Objective confirmation of pulmonary embolism and diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis was more common in patients with right ventricular afterload stress than in those without (83% v 40% and 46% v 22%, respectively; P < 0.001). This was also true for the detection of thrombi in the right heart and major pulmonary arteries (12 patients v 1 patient; P < 0.001) as well as for the in-hospital mortality from venous thromboembolism (13% v 0.9%; P < 0.001). One year mortality from pulmonary embolism was 13% in patients with right ventricular afterload stress at presentation compared with 1.3% in those without (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of right ventricular afterload stress detected by echocardiography is a major determinant of short term prognosis in patients with clinically suspected acute pulmonary embolism.