业界追踪

温州5种日化用品质量不合格近日,温州市工商局组织对温州市各超市、购物中心以及其他场所所销售的日化用品（洁面乳、洗发露、沐浴露、染发膏、花露水等）进行了抽查检测,被检的126批次产品中，除12批次产品标签不符合规范外，共有5种日化用品质量检测不合格，以菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数、甲醇等指标超标为主，其中菌落总数超标最为普遍。     

手部卫生、院内感染检测与医学美容安全的关系

目的:探讨手部卫生、院内检测在医学美容安全方面重要性,预防术后感染,保障患者安全。方法:对两所医学美容机构2011年1月～2011年8月检测数据回顾性分析。结果:检测数据1115份,其中空气培养360份、物表152份、手216份、无菌物品131份、高压蒸汽灭菌器64份,使用中消毒液、灭菌剂192份。手卫生合格率为88.4%,低于其他的检测的结果。手术室、口腔科、供应室、治疗室、配药室。结论:加强手卫生的培训及宣传,对手卫生不合格的医务人员进行集中培训与检测直至合格,加强手卫生的管理,增强认识手部卫生与术后感染关系的重要性,对预防或减少术后感染有重要的意义。     

消费者信息

国家卫生部近期公布了1996年全国化妆品卫生抽查结果。在这次全国性的抽检中,共检查了56家商场的1155件进口化妆品的卫生许可批件,发现有254件、184个品牌无卫生许可批件,占22％。在对57家商场销售的433件国产特殊用途化妆品检查中,无卫生许可批件的占69.5％。对市场销售的176件粉类化妆品的质量检测结果表明,有7个产品的有害金属含量超标。抽检57家美容院使用的产品中发现17种超标,其中13种护肤护发产品的细菌总量超标。根据国务院《化妆品卫生监督条     

鞍山市铁东区公共场所使用化妆品存在的主要卫生问题及对策

目的了解鞍山市铁东区公共场所使用化妆品卫生问题,保障使用者身体健康。方法对2013年度鞍山市铁东区卫生防疫站辖区内监管的公共场所随机抽检化妆品,对公共场所使用化妆品单位数及比例,化妆品标签标识卫生问题等进行描述。结果住宿业化妆品使用情况为56%,其他三种场所100%使用。化妆品标签标识检查住宿业合格率最低,仅为50%。国产特殊用途化妆品持有效证件率仅为65%,普通的仅为62%。标签标识问题突出,进货渠道复杂。化妆品抽检合格率低。结论公共场所的化妆品卫生质量令人担忧。     

消毒液支领量对于手卫生消毒效果的影响

目的:通过从库房掌握每月临床科室对手消毒剂支领量的数量,监督手消液在科室的使用,确保手卫生消毒效果。方法:自2011年1月起,每月检查库房各科室手消毒剂支领数量,同时将医务人员手卫生监测不合格复查率作为观察指标,将2010年度监测数据作为对照组,2011年度监测数据作为观察组。结果:2010年度不合格复查率为2.8%;2011年度不合格复查率为0.49%。结论:临床科室从库房支领手消毒液数量增加,手卫生不合格复查率降低,可将此指标作为检测手卫生消毒效果的影响因素。     

竹山县2010年农村居民饮用水卫生质量调查结果分析

目的对竹山县2010年度城关地区9个乡镇40个村的141份农村居民生活饮用水中的12项指标进行监测分析,以了解其卫生状况。方法水样的检验按《生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法（GB/T5750-2006）》进行,检测结果按《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB5749-2006）》进行评价。结果检测的141份生活饮用水合格率为1.4%,微生物污染较严重。细菌学指标合格率较低,细菌总数不合格率为94.3%、总大肠菌群不合格率为98.6%。感官指标色度不合格率为2.0%,浑浊度不合格率为35.5%。化学指标除总硬度外,其他合格率较高。结论竹山县农村生活饮用水污染较严重,需要加强乡镇农村生活饮用水的改进和监督检测工作,同时坚持实施集中式供水。     

双乌风湿合剂微生物限度检查的方法学验证研究

目的:建立双乌风湿合剂的微生物限度检验方法。方法:按中国药典2010年版规定,分别采用平皿法、直接接种法对样品进行微生物限度检查,根据5株阳性对照菌的回收率结果进行其方法学验证试验研究。结果:大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌和黑曲霉的菌落回收率均>70%;控制菌(大肠埃希菌)采用直接接种法可检出。结论:经验证双乌风湿合剂微生物限度采用平皿法检查细菌、霉菌及酵母菌,直接接种法检查控制菌,方法有效可行。     

信息化管理在消化道肿瘤患者检验标本采集质量控制中的应用分析

目的 探讨分析信息化管理在消化道肿瘤患者检验标本采集质量控制中的应用价值。方法 选取2021年10月至2022年3月在兰州大学第一医院东岗院区住院的消化道肿瘤患者,包括胃癌、胰腺癌和结直肠癌共计40例,根据入院时间随机分为对照组和试验组,每组各20例。每组患者均选取其病理组织、血液、尿液、粪便4类标本各1份,每组标本各80份。试验组应用信息化管理对多部门、全环节进行全程监控,对照组为传统留取标本,比较分析两组不合格标本的情况。结果 对照组80份送检标本中质量不合格标本总数为26份,不合格率为32.5%;标本质量不合格最主要的类型是标本送检前固定处理方法不当、标本运送方式不合理、标本污染、标本类别有误、标本采集量有误。试验组80份送检标本中质量不合格标本总数为4份,不合格率5.0%,标本质量不合格主要类型为标本收集不标准、标本运送不合理。试验组标本质量合格率显著高于对照组（P=0.0001）。结论 通过信息化管理后,不合格标本发生率显著下降,信息化管理在提高消化道肿瘤患者检验标本采集质量控制中有较大应用价值。     

许昌市各类医疗机构口腔科治疗用水微生物污染状况监测及分析

目的了解许昌市区医疗机构口腔科治疗用水微生物污染状况,为预防院内感染提供依据。方法采用细菌检验方法,对许昌市各类医疗机构(市直医疗机构、民营医疗机构、个体)口腔科治疗用水进行随机抽样检查。结果共采集口腔科治疗用水样品240份,合格率为87.08%。市直医疗机构监测80份,合格率为96.25%;民营医院监测80份,合格率为86.25%;个体诊所监测80份,合格率为78.75%。结论许昌市医疗机构口腔科治疗用水存在有超标现象,应定期清洗、消毒管路,更新过滤装置,规范操作,有效控制微生物污染。     

对医院保洁员手卫生知识培训意义的再认识

目的:了解我院卫生保洁员的洗手习惯和洗手效果.方法:采用问卷调查的方法对我院130名保洁员进行手卫生相关知识的调查,随机选定其中34名现场考核其培训前后正确洗手方法掌握情况,并在洗手前、后对其手进行采样,做细菌培养计数.结果:培训前34名保洁员掌握正确的洗手方法人数不多(5.88%),手部细菌培养计数无1人合格,菌落计数最高1240cfu/cm2,最低14cfu/cm2;培训后大多数(88.24%)能掌握正确洗手方法,菌落计数合格率达到82.35%,培训后合格率明显提高.结论虽然本院每年都组织保洁员培训,但他们的手卫生现状还是不够理想,因此,加强保洁员洗手方法的培训及洗手效果的监测非常必要,尤其对于实行了后勤社会化的单位,将是一项长期性的工作.     

Bacterial spectrum and their sensitivity pattern in patients of chronic suppurative otitis media

The study was conducted from March 2008 to February 2010 in Microbiology Department, Citi Lab, Rawalpindi, to determine the causative microorganisms and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media. One hundred and eighty-three samples received at Citi Lab were included in the study. Pus samples were cultured aerobically. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done with standard antibiotic discs using modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of 183 patients, microbiological culture was yielded from 154 specimens (84%). There were 148 bacterial isolates (96%) and 06 fungi (4%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=59, 38%) was the most common isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus (n=34, 22%). Susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that 100% isolates were sensitive to Piperacillin/Tazobactam, whereas 98% isolates were sensitive to Imipenem and 76% to Ciprofloxacin. Continuous surveillance of susceptibility pattern is suggestive for effective therapy of chronic suppurative otitis media.     

Comparison of bacteria-retaining ability of absorbent wound dressings

Fibrous materials in some modern absorbent wound dressings have the ability to sequester and retain bacteria; however, this ability varies according to the nature of the fibres. We studied the bacterial retention capacity of alginate and carboxymethylcellulose dressings, using an infected skin ulcer model on the backs of rats. Wound surfaces were inoculated with either Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 1.5 x 10(6) colony-forming units per wound. AQUACEL; Hydrofiber;, Kaltostat; or Sorbsan; were applied to the contaminated wounds for 12 h. Each dressing was then divided into two pieces. Total viable bacterial count within the dressing was calculated using one piece, and bacterial count released from the dressing into physiological saline was determined using the other piece, enabling bacterial retention rate to be calculated. Bacterial counts in tissue were also determined. Each dressing was tested on each of 10 wounds contaminated with each bacterium. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for replicated measures combined with Duncan's multiple comparison test. AQUACEL; Hydrofiber; dressing was most effective in its ability to retain both Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p < 0.05). Bacterial counts in tissue showed no significant change with respect to pathogen or the type of dressing used. It can be concluded that the bacterial retaining ability of AQUACEL; Hydrofiber; dressing was found to be significantly higher than that of alginate dressings in an infected animal wound model.     

Multiple bacterial species reside in chronic wounds: a longitudinal study

The aim of the study was to investigate the bacterial profile of chronic venous leg ulcers and the importance of the profile to ulcer development. Patients with persisting venous leg ulcers were included and followed for 8 weeks. Every second week, ulcer samples were collected and the bacterial species present were identified. More than one bacterial species were detected in all the ulcers. The most common bacteria found were Staphylococcus aureus (found in 93.5% of the ulcers), Enterococcus faecalis (71.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (52.2%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (45.7%), Proteus species (41.3%) and anaerobic bacteria (39.1%). Resident bacterial species were present in all the ulcers. In 76% of the ulcers, two or more (up to five) resident bacterial species were found. The most common resident bacterial species were S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, ulcers with P. aeruginosa were found to be significantly larger than ulcers without the presence of P. aeruginosa (P < 0.005). Our study demonstrated that the chronic wound is colonised by multiple bacterial species and that once they are established many of them persist in the wound. Our results suggest that the presence of P. aeruginosa in venous leg ulcers can induce ulcer enlargement and/or cause delayed healing.     

Microbiological quality of hemodialysis water in a three-year multicenter study in Uruguay

BACKGROUND: The microbiological quality of treated water is a very important issue in hemodialysis (HD) centers. Water treatment may have a dramatic effect on microbial contamination because of bacterial colonisation of the different parts of the system such as storage tanks, softeners or deionisers. Therefore, HD centers must have stringent quality programmes including regular water monitoring for microbiological analysis. We report the results of a three-year study (July 97 to June 2000) including bacteriological quality analysis of 3129 water samples from 32 out of 38 HD centers throughout Uruguay. METHODS: Bacteriological analysis of water samples was based on heterotrophic count, total coliform count and Pseudomonas aeruginosa presence/absence, according to the procedures proposed by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). RESULTS: Heterotrophic counts of 83% of the samples were under 200 colony forming units (CFU) /mL (AAMI limit of compliance) and the water samples after the final bactericidal treatment showed 99% compliance. The points showing the worst results were softeners and deionisers (60% acceptance). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with a similar study in Uruguay, from January 96 to June 97 at the same microbiological laboratory, there has been a marked improvement in the microbiological quality of water for hemodialysis.     

抗生素治疗大鼠烧伤绿脓杆菌菌血症时释放内毒素的实验研究

目的 观察不同种类抗生素治疗烧伤绿脓杆菌(PA103)菌血症时诱导细菌释放内毒素的情况。方法利用内毒素微量检测技术,检测抗生素治疗烧伤菌血症大鼠血中内毒素水平及血中细菌菌量。结果 应用敏感抗生素治疗烧伤菌血症均能有效杀灭细菌,但同时能不同程度诱导细菌释放内毒素,伊米配能诱导释放内毒素较少,头孢哌酮次之,头孢他啶和头孢氨噻肟较多。结论 不同种类抗生素具有不同程度的诱导绿脓杆菌释放内毒素的作用,释放的量与其杀菌能力无相关。     

烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌β内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因分析

目的 了解烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌B内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因携带情况及耐药性。方法 采用K-B法检测来自烧伤创面和病房的铜绿假单胞菌对9种β内酰胺类抗生素的耐药谱。用PCR扩增法检出β内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因的阳性菌株，用他唑巴坦对哌拉西林阻断实验判断上述阳性菌株是否产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBL）。结果 12株检出β内酰胺类耐药基因的铜绿假单胞菌对所试的头孢菌素类抗生素和哌拉西林均耐药，其中7株对包括亚胺培南和氨曲南在内的9种抗生素耐药。他唑巴坦对哌拉西林耐药阻断实验提示，这7株耐药基因阳性菌株均产ESBL。本实验扩增出6种β内酰胺耐药基因，分别为VEB、IMP、PSE、FOX、OXA、VIM。结论 烧伤病房铜绿假单胞菌β内酰胺类抗生素耐药基因携带率较高，与细菌多重耐药有密切关系。     

Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora in semen from fertile and infertile groups of men.

Semen samples were collected by masturbation under asceptic conditions from men who had sired children within the past 6 mo (group A) and asymptomatic men attending an infertility clinic who had not sired children and whose wives were asymptomatic for infertility (group B). These 109 semen samples were analyzed and cultured for isolation of aerobic and anerobic organisms. Overall, 68% of the specimens had positive bacterial cultures: 54% of the samples from group A were positive and 73% from group B were positive. Mixed bacterial flora were isolated from both groups but in group B they were more varied and present in a higher colony count than in group A. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staph. aureus, Corynebacterium species, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum were isolated from group A. Group B revealed these organisma plus Streptococcus pneumoniae type III, Strep. pyogenes group A, Strep. feacalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Bacteroides species, Peptostreptococcus species, and Eubacterium species. Semen samples from group A were of better quality than those from group B. In addition, the antibacterial effect of seminal plasma from group A was greater than that from group B.     

Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibody detection in patients with bronchiectasis without cystic fibrosis

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent cause of infection in patients with bronchiectasis. Differentiation between non-infected patients and those with different degrees of P aeruginosa infection could influence the management and prognosis of these patients. The diagnostic usefulness of serum IgG antibodies against P aeruginosa outer membrane proteins was determined in patients with bronchiectasis without cystic fibrosis. METHODS: Fifty six patients were classified according to sputum culture into three groups: group A (n=18) with no P aeruginosa in any sample; group B (n=18) with P aeruginosa alternating with other microorganisms; and group C (n=20) with P aeruginosa in all sputum samples. Each patient had at least three sputum cultures in the 6 months prior to serum collection. Detection of antibodies was performed by Western blot and their presence against 20 protein bands (10-121 kd) was assessed. RESULTS: Antibodies to more than four bands in total or to five individual bands (36, 26, 22, 20 or 18 kd) differentiated group B from group A, while antibodies to a total of more than eight bands or to 10 individual bands (104, 69, 63, 56, 50, 44, 30, 25, 22, 13 kd) differentiated group C from group B. When discordant results between the total number of bands and the frequency of P aeruginosa isolation were obtained, the follow up of patients suggested that the former, in most cases, predicted chronic P aeruginosa colonisation. CONCLUSION: In patients with bronchiectasis the degree of P aeruginosa infection can be determined by the number and type of outer membrane protein bands indicating which serum antibodies are present.     

热带海岛地区某医院烧伤感染病原菌分布及耐药性调查

目的 了解热带海岛地区烧伤感染病原菌分布及耐药情况。方法 回顾性调查分析2000-2005年笔者单位烧伤病区392例住院患者的病原菌分布情况及其耐药性特点。结果 （1）共检出671株病原菌，其中铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、不动杆菌是主要菌种。最常见的铜绿假单胞菌检出率为27．7％，较20世纪90年代（33．6％）有下降趋势。（2）铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南／西司他丁及头孢吡肟的耐药率分别为32．2％和36．7％，对其余10种常用抗生素的耐药率均在80．0％以上。（3）141株金黄色葡萄球菌中，共检出89株甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌，检出率为63．1％；未检出对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。结论 铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、不动杆菌等是热带海岛地区烧伤感染的主要病原菌；前两者的抗生素耐药率较高。     

哌拉西林/他唑巴坦体外诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放DNA的初步研究

目的　观察不同浓度哌拉西林/他唑巴坦在体外诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放DNA的情况。方法　选择体外对铜绿假单胞菌菌株敏感的哌拉西林/他唑巴坦为本研究所用抗生素。制备铜绿假单胞菌菌液后,测定其浓度并检测哌拉西林/他唑巴坦最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC).将不同稀释度的哌拉西林/他唑巴坦加入铜绿假单胞菌菌液中,于37℃下培养4、24h,取其上清液,采用加入SYBRGold染料的DNA电泳法检测其DNA释放情况。　结果　无论有无哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的作用,体外培养4h的铜绿假单胞菌均未测得DNA释放。无哌拉西林/他唑巴坦时,铜绿假单胞菌在体外培养24h可自发释放一定量的DNA分子,其碱基对数目分布在>2 000bp和<100bp两个区域;以第3次测定的MIC(0. 008g/L)为例,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦浓度在亚MIC(0. 002、0. 004g/L)时,诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放的DNA分子碱基对数目仍分布在上述两个区域, 但<100bp的DNA分子明显增多。哌拉西林/他唑巴坦在大于MIC时,仅诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放少量<400bp的DNA.结论　自然生长情况下铜绿假单胞菌可释放一定量的DNA分子。不同浓度的哌拉西林/他唑巴坦诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放的DNA分子,在碱基对数目和分子数量方面均有明显差别。