声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结隐匿性转移

探讨声门上型喉癌隐若性颈淋巴结转移的特点和规律。方法对１００例声门上型喉癌临床Ｎ０患者和颈廓清标本进行连续切片,光镜观察。结果隐匿性转移率为３８％,发现转移淋巴结５１个,Ⅰ区１个,Ⅱ区３７个,Ⅲ区１２个,Ⅳ区１个,     

喉癌,下咽癌颈廓清组织中转移淋巴结的分布研究

对５４例经临床或／和ＣＴ扫描确诊为有淋巴结转移而行颈廓清的标本进行病理学观察，发现，喉癌，下咽癌淋巴结转移有一定规律可循，即ＬｅｖｅｌⅡ，Ⅲ有较高的转移率，ＬｅｖｅｌⅣ，Ⅵ的发生率较代，而ＬｅｖｅｌⅡ，ＬｅｖｅｌⅤ很少发生转移。提示：喉癌，下咽癌病人的颈廓清的施术应在颈ＬｅｖｅｌⅡ－Ⅳ廓清的同时行同侧甲状腺侧叶的切除以将颈中器官周围淋巴结清扫彻底。     

声门上型喉癌患者血清癌胚抗原水平与潜在性颈淋巴结转移的关系

血清癌胚抗原 (ＣＥＡ)作为肿瘤标记物 ,多见于结肠癌、乳腺癌等 ,其与喉癌的相关性研究鲜见报道。声门上型喉癌颈淋巴结转移率高 ,尤其对术前颈部触诊未见明显转移灶者 ,颈清扫术的时机选择是提高疗效的关键。本文采用单克隆抗体 放射免疫测定法对 5 7例声门上型喉癌患者进行测定 ,旨在探讨其与淋巴结转移的关系 ,为颈清扫术提供参考指标。1　资料与方法1 .1　临床资料5 7例声门上型喉癌 ,术前颈部均未触及包块 ,术后均经病理证实为鳞癌。其中Ⅰ期 1 5例 ,Ⅱ期1 6例 ,Ⅲ期 1 6例 ,Ⅳ期 1 0例。经病理确诊颈淋巴结转移 (Ｎ+)组 2 8例 ,男 1…     

喉癌临床N0患者颈淋巴结转移的病理研究

目的 探讨喉癌临床Ｎ０患者颈淋巴结转移特点,为颈淋巴结处理方式选择提供根据。方法 ４０例临床Ｎ０喉癌患者被随机为选择性根治性颈廓清术及功能性颈廓清术两组。分别完成１３及２７例。将获得淋结逐一行病理检查,以确定转移情况。结果 ＲＮＤ组平均每侧获淋巴结３４．２枚,ＦＮＤ组为２７．４枚,差异无显著性。两组颈淋巴结转移率分别为３０．８％及３３．３％,总转移率为３２．５％。１３例颈淋巴结转移阳性病例中１２列     

喉癌和下咽癌颈淋巴结转移临床对比分析

目的：探讨喉癌、下咽癌患者颈淋巴结转移的特点和分布规律。方法：对全喉切除术同期及复发后第1次行颈淋巴结清扫的129例喉癌、下咽癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性对比分析，研究不同类型的喉癌、下咽癌患者颈淋巴结的转移情况。结果：声门上型喉癌、下咽癌患者易发生早期淋巴结转移；下咽癌患者的转移淋巴结融合率高，颈静脉下区出现阳性淋巴结的比率高；声门上型喉癌、下咽癌患者原发病灶分化差的比率相对偏高；同期与复发后行颈淋巴结清扫的患者原发病灶分期差异无显著性意义。结论：对T2期及以上的声门上型喉癌及下咽癌患者，尤其当细胞分化比较差时，即使颈淋巴结阳性体征不明显亦应积极考虑颈淋巴结清扫问题，对下咽癌患者行颈淋巴结清扫时应考虑彻底清扫颈静脉下区的淋巴结。     

喉癌颈淋巴结处理原则的制定与应用

喉癌术后颈淋巴结转移癌复发是影响喉癌预后的重要因素之一 ,降低颈淋巴结转移癌的复发率是提高喉癌治疗水平的重要条件。我科在 1 995年对既往诊治的喉癌患者的颈淋巴结转移及转移癌复发的临床资料进行了回顾性分析〔1〕,并对行功能性颈清扫术和根治性颈清扫术的两组条件相近的本病患者的颈淋巴结转移癌复发情况进行对比研究〔2〕,同时根据由此而获得的资料 ,制定了喉癌颈淋巴结处理原则。 1 995年以后我们将处理原则应用于临床实践 ,获得了较好的效果。现将按处理原则治疗喉癌患者的情况总结如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　处理原则的制定1 995…     

声门上型喉癌N_0患者颈淋巴结转移及临床处理

声门上型喉癌在各类型喉癌中最易发生颈淋巴结转移〔1〕。目前对于声门上型喉癌术前已发现颈淋巴结肿大者 (Ｎ+)需行各种类型的颈清扫术已成共识 ;而对手术前未发现颈淋巴结转移者 (Ｎ0 )的处理意见则不一致。本文就近年来有关声门上型喉癌Ｎ0 患者的临床研究资料综述如下。1　Ｎ0 患者颈淋巴结转移的比例近年来许多学者对Ｎ0 患者行同期或 2期颈清扫术后的标本进行连续病理切片 ,发现隐匿淋巴结转移比例为 0～ 6 2 .5 % 〔2 ,3〕,平均在 3 0 %左右。贾深汕 (1 998)曾对术前未经过任何手术、化疗及放疗的声门上型喉癌Ｎ0 患者进行随机分组 ,…     

声门上型喉癌与颈淋巴结转移

我们将１９７９－１９８７年临床，病理及随访资料完整的１１５例声门上上型喉癌病历进行回顾性分析，通过对喉癌大体形态、组织大块连续切片、石蜡切片的病理组织学的观察发现，声门上型喉癌的原发部位、肿瘤大小、病理分期、病理组织学分级及肿瘤边缘生长方式均与颈淋巴结转移密切相关，将其综合分析，可做为此型喉癌是否有颈淋巴结转移（特别是Ｎ０患者）的预测，并可作为确定颈部治疗方案的参考。     

喉癌临床N0患者颈淋巴结转移的病理研究

目的探讨喉癌临床Ｎ０患者颈淋巴结转移特点,为颈淋巴结处理方式选择提供根据。方法４０例临床Ｎ０喉癌患者被随机分为选择性根治性颈廓清术（ｒａｄｉｃａｌｎｅｃｋｄｉｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ＲＮＤ）及功能性颈廓清术（ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｎｅｃｋｄｉｓｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ＦＮＤ）两组,分别完成１３及２７例。将获得淋巴结逐一行病理检查,以确定转移情况。结果ＲＮＤ组平均每侧获淋巴结３４．２枚,ＦＮＤ组为２７．４枚,差异无显著性（ｔ＝０．８６,Ｐ＞０．０５）。两组颈淋巴结转移率分别为３０．８％（４／１３）及３３．３％（９／２７）,总转移率为３２．５％（１３／４０）。１３例颈淋巴结转移阳性病例中１２例（９２．３％）转移淋巴结位于Ⅱ,Ⅲ区。３３枚转移阳性淋巴结中３２枚（９６．９％）位于第Ⅱ和Ⅲ区。两组３年生存率分别为６９．２％（９／１３）及７７．８％（２１／２７）,统计学差异无显著性（χ２＝０．３４１８,Ｐ＞０．５）,总的３年生存率为７５％（３０／４０）。结论对临床Ｎ０喉癌患者行肩胛舌骨肌上或侧颈廓清术较为适宜。     

Prognostic significance of lymph node reactivity in patients with laryngeal carcinoma

Apart from the presence or absence of metastases in patients with laryngeal carcinoma, there are changes of reactivity in cervical lymph nodes that are seen histologically as nonspecific reactive lymphadenitis. These changes are morphological manifestations of the regional lymphatic system reactivity in relation to tumor, and their presence may be of prognostic value. To test this hypothesis, 45 patients with laryngeal carcinoma were examined for the evidence of node reactivity. The classification applied by Tsakraklides et al. was used, defining patterns of lymphocyte predominance, germinal center appearance (indicating lymph node stimulation) and whether or not lymphocyte depletion had occurred. The presence of node reactivity was compared with long-term (5-year) survivals in the group of patients studied. By applying statistical analysis it was found that lymph node stimulation was a favorable prognostic factor, while its absence worsened prognosis.     

Level IIb lymph node metastasis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES: Selective neck dissection, despite preservation of the spinal accessory nerve, can lead to some degree of postoperative shoulder dysfunction as a result of removal of level IIb lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to determine whether level IIb lymph nodes can be preserved in elective or therapeutic neck dissection as a treatment for patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective analysis of a case series. METHODS: A prospective analysis of 65 patients with laryngeal SCC who underwent surgical treatment of the primary lesion with simultaneous neck dissection from January 1999 to December 2002 was performed. During the neck dissection, the contents of the level IIb lymph nodes were dissected, labeled, and processed separately from the remainder of level II nodes and the main neck dissection specimen. The incidence of pathologic metastasis to level IIb lymph nodes and the regional recurrence within this area were evaluated. In addition, several potential risk factors for metastatic disease in the level IIb lymph nodes such as sex, age, cT stage, cN stage, and the presence of other positive lymph nodes were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 125 neck dissections were performed in this series. Of these dissections, 102 (82%) were elective and 23 (18%) were therapeutic. The prevalence of metastases in the level IIb lymph nodes was 1% (one of 46) and 0% (zero of 56) in clinically node-negative (N0) ipsilateral and contralateral necks, respectively, and 37% (seven of 19) and 0% (zero of four) in clinically node-positive ipsilateral and contralateral necks, respectively. There was a statistically significant association between level IIb metastases and clinically positive N stage (P<.001). The presence of other positive lymph nodes was also shown to have a statistically significant association with metastasis in the level IIb lymph nodes (P=.001). Only two of 46 patients (4%) with clinically N0 necks developed a regional recurrence. However, three of eight cases (38%) with positive pathologic level IIb lymph nodes developed regional recurrence. CONCLUSION: Level IIb lymph node pads may be preserved in elective neck dissection in patients with laryngeal SCC. However, this area should be removed thoroughly during therapeutic neck dissection in the treatment of clinically node-positive necks.     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移规律的临床分析

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结转移规律,为选择最佳手术方式提供参考。方法 回顾分析2001年1月至2013年8月济南军区总医院甲状腺乳腺外科616例诊断为甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床和病理资料。结果 616例有完整统计资料的甲状腺乳头状癌患者中,病理诊断颈部淋巴结总转移率为58.77%(362/616),中央区(Ⅵ区)淋巴结转移率为48.70%(300/616),颈侧区(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ区)淋巴结转移率为38.80%(239/616),原发肿瘤的部位、最大直径、是否累及包膜、是否为多发病灶及患者年龄对颈部淋巴结转移率有显著影响,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且双因素方差分析显示,肿瘤直径越大,转移到颈侧区的可能性越大。结论 甲状腺乳头状癌最常见的转移部位是Ⅵ区,术中应常规清除,其次依次为Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ区,对于患者原发肿瘤具有累及包膜、直径＞1cm、多发病灶及位于双侧等特点应清扫颈侧区,术中快速病理检查颈侧区淋巴结病理状态,确定颈侧区淋巴结清扫范围。     

Correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor expression and presence of lymph node metastasis in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

IntroductionSquamous cell carcinoma is the most common neoplasm of the larynx, and its evolution depends on tumor staging. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a marker of angiogenesis, and its expression may be related to increased tumor aggressiveness, as evidenced by the presence of cervical lymphatic metastases.ObjectivesTo evaluate the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor marker in non-glottic advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx (T3/T4) and correlate it with the presence of cervical lymph node metastases.MethodsRetrospective clinical study and immunohistochemical analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor through the German scale of immunoreactivity in products of non-glottic squamous cell carcinomas.ResultsThis study analyzed 15 cases of advanced non-glottic laryngeal tumors (T3/T4), four of which exhibited cervical lymphatic metastases. There was no correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor expression and the presence of cervical metastases.ConclusionAlthough vascular endothelial growth factor was expressed in a few cases, there was no correlation with the spread of cervical lymph metastases.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a minimally invasive method to stage the regional lymphatics that has revolutionized the management of patients with intermediate-thickness cutaneous melanoma. Head and neck surgeons have been encouraged by the accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma and have applied the technique to patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The objectives of the study were 1) to study the feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy as a method to stage the regional lymphatics in HNSCC and 2) to determine whether there are qualitative differences between the cutaneous and mucosal lymphatics that would affect the technique used in HNSCC. STUDY DESIGN: Two methods of investigation were employed: a prospective laboratory study using a feline model for sentinel lymph node biopsy and a retrospective review of patients who received lymphoscintigraphy before neck dissection and intraoperative identification of the sentinel lymph node. METHODS: Lymphoscintigraphy and a gamma probe were used in four felines to study the kinetics of technetium-labeled sulfa colloid (Tc-SC) in the mucosal lymphatics. In the second part of the feline study, eight subjects were studied intraoperatively. Tc-SC and isosulfan blue dye were used to study the injection technique for the mucosal lymphatics and to determine the time course of the dye and Tc-SC to the sentinel lymph node. In Part II of the present study, a retrospective review of 33 patients with HNSCC was conducted. Twenty patients (stage N0) whose treatment included elective neck dissection were studied with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and underwent intraoperative identification of the sentinel lymph node to determine the accuracy and feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Eight patients with palpable neck disease and five patients with recurrent or second primary disease whose previous treatment included neck dissection were also studied with lymphoscintigraphy before neck dissection. RESULTS: In the feline study, both Tc-SC and isosulfan blue dye traversed the lymphatics rapidly, appearing in the sentinel lymph node in less than 5 minutes. Modification of the injection technique used for cutaneous melanoma was required to depict the sentinel lymph node of the base of tongue. In the human study, the sentinel lymph node was accurately identified in 19 of 20 (95%) N0 patients. On average, 2.9 sentinel lymph nodes (range, 1-5) were identified in 2.2 (range, 1-4) levels of the neck. Sentinel lymph nodes were bilateral in 4 of 19 patients. When the sentinel lymph node was identified, it accurately predicted the pathological nodal status of the regional lymphatics. Three of 20 patients had cervical metastases, and the sentinel lymph node was identified in 2 of 3 patients with pathologic nodes (pN+). Focal areas of radiotracer uptake were identified in seven of eight patients with palpable disease. These areas corresponded to the level with palpable disease in four patients. The lymphatics delineated by lymphoscintigraphy in the five patients with previous neck dissection were outside the levels that had been dissected. Lymphoscintigraphy depicted collateral patterns of lymphatic drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is technically feasible and is a promising, minimally invasive method for staging the regional lymphatics in patients with stage N0 HNSCC. Lymphoscintigraphy alone may determine the levels that require treatment in patients with disrupted or previously operated cervical lymphatics.     

The potential risk of vessel infiltration and cervical lymph node metastasis in hypopharyngeal superficial squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective observational study

Conclusion: The depth of hypopharyngeal superficial cancer may predict vessel infiltration and potential risk of cervical lymph node metastasis. Objectives: To elucidate the histopathological predictors of vessel infiltration and the risk of regional lymph node metastasis in hypopharyngeal superficial cancer. Methods: This study included 31 lesions from 30 patients who had undergone transoral en bloc resection in the hospital. Patients with intraepithelial neoplasia or muscular invasion were excluded. Patient characteristics, nodal status, state of vessel infiltration, state of perineural invasion, histopathological parameters, and post-operative cervical lymph node recurrence were retrospectively examined. The histopathological parameters measured were tumor diameter and the following three parameters: tumor thickness, depth from the mucosal surface, and depth from the basement membrane. Correlations between histopathological parameters and state of vessel infiltration were statistically analyzed. Results: Of the 31 lesions examined, four had vessel infiltration. Three of the four lesions with vessel infiltration had regional lymph node metastasis as well as subsequent lymph node metastasis. Lesions with vessel infiltration were significantly deeper than those without. In contrast, there was no significant difference in lesion diameters. In addition, there was no correlation between the depth and the diameter of the lesion.     

前哨淋巴结检测在头颈部鳞状细胞癌中的应用

目的　评价前哨淋巴结 (sentinellymphnode ,SLN)检测在N0头颈鳞状细胞癌 (简称鳞癌 )中的可行性以及SLN对微小转移灶的诊断价值。方法　分析研究中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科 2 0 0 1年 8月～ 2 0 0 2年 2月收治的 10例头颈鳞癌患者 ,为未经治疗临床诊断为N0的患者。所有患者术前均在肿瘤周围的黏膜下注射锝标记的右旋糖酐胶体 (technetium 99m preparedwithdextrancolloid ,99mTc DX) ,约 30min后行单光子发射计算机断层显像术扫描 ,在相应的颈部皮肤上标记显像“热点” ;术中翻开皮瓣后用手提探测仪探测术野 ,以高于背景计数 4倍以上确定为SLN。将确定的SLN送病理学检查 ,并借助淋巴结连续切片和免疫组化法检测微小转移灶。结果　术前淋巴结显像及术中探测仪探测所识别的SLN行病理学检查 ,10例N0患者有 3例发现隐性转移 ,其隐性转移率为 30 % (3/ 10 ) ,SLN的阳性率为 2 2 .7% (5 / 2 2 ) ,非SLN的阳性率为 0 .4 % (1/ 2 4 7)。经病理证实为SLN阴性的患者的非SLN无阳性发现。结论　头颈鳞癌颈部N0的SLN检测对发现临床隐性转移灶是可行的。SLN检测技术可缩小手术范围 ,减少手术的创伤及并发症 ,该技术的进一步推广还需更多的研究。     

The impact of sentinel lymph node biopsy on the quality of life in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

IntroductionSentinel lymph node biopsy is a proven method for staging the neck in patients with early oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma because it results in less comorbidity than the traditional method of selective neck dissection, with the same oncological results. However, the real effect of that method on the quality of life of such patients remains unknown.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma T1/T2N0 submitted to sentinel lymph node biopsy compared to those that received selective neck dissection.MethodsCross-sectional study including 24 patients, after a 36 month follow-up, 15 of them submitted to the sentinel lymph node biopsy and 9 to selective neck dissection. All patients answered the University of Washington quality of life questionnaire.ResultsThe evaluation of the questionnaires showed a late worsening of the domains appearance (p = 0.035) and chewing (p = 0.041), as well as a decrease of about 10% of general quality of life (p = 0.025) in patients undergoing selective neck dissection ??in comparison to those undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy.ConclusionPatients with early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy presented better late results of general quality of life, mainly regarding appearance and chewing, when compared to patients submitted to selective neck dissection.     

Prognostic importance of harvested lymph node number,metastatic lymph node number,and lymph node ratio in surgically managed laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

IntroductionLymph node metastasis is a well-known prognostic factor for laryngeal carcinoma. However, current nodal staging systems provide limited information regarding prognosis. Additional parameters should be considered to improve prognostic capacity.ObjectivesTo assess the prognostic values of metastatic lymph node number, ipsilateral/contralateral harvested lymph nodes, and lymph node ratio in patients undergoing surgical treatment of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.MethodsSeventy-four patients diagnosed with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma primarily managed surgically were included in this study. The patients’ pathological and survival data were obtained from their medical records. The effects of harvested lymph nodes and lymph node ratio on disease-free survival, disease-specific survival, and overall survival were analyzed.ResultsIpsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral evaluations of harvested lymph nodes showed no significant associations with prognosis. Lymph node ratio was significantly associated with overall survival when evaluated bilaterally. Metastatic lymph node number showed more suitable stratification than TNM classification.ConclusionsMetastatic lymph node number and bilateral lymph node ratio parameters should be taken into consideration to improve the prognostic capacity of TNM.     

喉癌、下咽癌颈廓清组织中转移淋巴结的分布研究

对54侧经临床检查或／和CT扫描确诊为有淋巴结转移而行预廓清的标本进行病理学观察，发现：喉癌、下咽癌淋巴结转移有一定规律可循，即LevelⅡ、Ⅲ有较高的转移率，LevelⅣ、Ⅵ的发生率较低，而LevelⅠ、LevelⅤ很少发生转移。提示：喉癌、下咽癌病人的颈廓清的施术应在颈LevelⅡ～Ⅳ廓清的同时行同侧甲状腺侧叶的切除以将颈中器官周围淋巴结清扫彻底。对LevelⅠ，LevelⅤ的清扫应在临床触诊、CT检查的证实下或术中发现转移时方可进行．以减少颈廓清手术范围、手术时间和术后并发症的发生。