某地下人防工程夏季环境卫生情况调查与评价

目的调查长期密闭人防工程在人员进驻后微小气候、空气中总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP)浓度与细菌总数的变化 ,为改善工程内环境质量提供科学依据。方法测定某地下人防工程在人员进驻前后 2个房间内的气温、相对湿度、气压、空气中TSP浓度及细菌总数。结果无人进驻时 ,工程内的气温为 2 2 .3℃ ,相对湿度为 72 .5 % ,风速为 0m·s- 1,空气中TSP浓度 1号房间为 1.4 9mg·m- 3,2号房间为 0 .31mg·m- 3,细菌总数为 90 0cfu·m- 3。人员进驻一定时间后 ,气温 1号房间由 (2 2 .3± 0 .9)℃升为 (2 3.4± 0 .4 )℃ ,2号房间由 (2 2 .8± 0 .6 )℃升为 (2 3.9± 0 .3)℃ ;相对湿度 1号房间由通风换气后的 (6 6 .6± 2 .2 ) %升为 (74 .3± 2 .6 ) % ,2号房间由 (6 6 .3± 2 .7) %升为 (75 .5± 4 .9) % ;风速 1号房间为 (0 .12± 0 .0 4 )m·s- 1,2号房间为 (0 .11± 0 .0 5 )m·s- 1;空气中TSP浓度 1号房间为 (0 .34± 0 .19)mg·m- 3,2号房间为 (0 .6 3± 0 .2 0 )mg·m- 3;空气中的细菌总数 1号房间为 (1114± 6 2 9)cfu·m- 3,2号房间为 (14 0 3± 76 8)cfu·m- 3。结论某地下人防工程内无人进驻时的气温较低 ,人员进驻以后气温有所升高 ,相对湿度较高 ,风速接近于零 ,未达标准 ,空气中TSP浓度严重超标 ,细菌总数较     

武警某部男战士和学员有氧耐力训练心率的研究

目的 :指导和监控部队有氧耐力训练强度 ,为提高训练效果提供参考资料。方法 :对 6 32名 18- 2 2岁男战士和学员依照GJB1337- 92和GJB2 5 5 8- 96规定的方法分别测定安静心率和训练心率。结果 :(1)安静心率均值 6 9.3± 6 .4b·min- 1,中等训练心率 16 1.2± 6 .2b·min- 1;最小训练心率为 147.4± 6·2b .min- 1,最大训练心率为 173.2± 6 .4b·min- 1;(2 )依测定结果制作了 6 0 %、70 %和 80 %三个有氧耐力训练心率表 ,使不同年龄、不同安静心率的人可以直接快捷地查到适宜训练心率。结论 :武警某部有氧耐力训练的适宜训练心率为 147～ 173b·min- 1。适宜训练心率依安静心率递增而递增 ,依年龄递增而递减。     

几种药物对提高高原部队战士体力作业效率的效果观察

目的 :研究并筛选提高高原部队战士体力作业效率的药物。方法 :在海拔 370 0m将已习服半年的 4 0名士兵随机分为 4组 ,每组 10人 ,用踏车式心脏功量机让受试者做坐位踏车运动。初始负荷为 2 5W ,每 3min递增 5 0W ,递增至 2 2 5W 3min时踏车终止。记录初始负荷和每次负荷递增后 2 .5min时的血氧饱和度 (SaO2 )和运动心率 ,踏车终止后第 1、2、3、4、5min时的恢复心率 ,计算其平均值。然后 3组受试者分别口服酪氨酸 ,乙酰唑胺 ,依那普利加硝苯地平 ,对照组给予炒面胶囊 ,均每天 2次 ,连服 15d。在服药第 10天、第 15天、停药第 10天、第 2 0天时重复上述运动实验。结果 :服药第 10天酪氨酸组SaO2 为 (85 .8± 1.8) % ,高于依那普利组 (83.7±1.6 ) %和对照组 (83.3± 0 .9) % ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。服药第 15天酪氨酸组和乙酰唑胺组SaO2 分别为 (86 .0± 1.8) %和 (86 .4± 1.7) % ,均高于对照组 (83.2± 1.6 ) %的水平 ,运动心率分别为 (132 .6± 11.3)b·min- 1和 (133.1± 3.7)b·min- 1,均低于对照组 (14 5 .7± 6 .4 )b·min- 1,有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;依那普利组SaO2 高于对照组 ,运动心率低于对照组 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;酪氨酸组恢复心率低于对照组 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5     

极低频电磁场对小鼠脑和肝细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响

目的　研究极低频电磁场暴露对小鼠脑和肝细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响。方法　小鼠经 5 0Hz、0 .2mT或 5 0Hz、6 .0mT电磁场暴露 2周 ,采用TUNEL法观察凋亡细胞 ,采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率和细胞周期。结果　 0 .2mT和 6 .0mT电磁场暴露后 ,脑细胞凋亡率分别为 ( 5 .6 0±1.4 7) %和 ( 4 .73± 0 .4 8) % ,与对照组 [( 2 .90± 0 .75 ) % ]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;肝细胞凋亡率分别为 ( 4 .19± 2 .0 8) %和 ( 3.38± 0 .6 5 ) % ,与对照组 [( 1.84± 0 .76 ) % ]比较 ,差异亦有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。脑细胞G0 G1期细胞百分率分别为 ( 80 .2 1± 1.6 8) %和 ( 79.5 4± 0 .5 6 ) % ,肝细胞G0 G1期细胞百分率分别为 ( 79.4 2± 1.80 ) %和 ( 80 .4 7± 1.79) % ,与对照组 [分别为 ( 76 .85± 0 .83) %、( 73.36±3.10 ) % ]比较 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。与此同时 ,S期和G2 +M期的细胞百分率明显下降。结论　极低频电磁场暴露可能诱发小鼠脑和肝细胞周期改变 ,并可能进一步导致细胞凋亡。     

海训对官兵降钙素基因相关肽及心血管系统的影响

目的探讨海训对官兵血浆降钙素相关基因肽 (CGRP)水平及心血管系统的影响。方法用放射免疫法测定血浆CGRP浓度 ,用常规方法检测血压、心率 ,分别在海训前、初次和末次海训时、海训结束后对某部 30 0名官兵检测上述指标并加以比较。结果 :海训前、初次、末次海训时及 3个月海训结束后官兵的血浆CGRP浓度分别为 (4 2 .9± 9.2 )、(4 7.9± 6 .8)、(4 8.9± 7.1)和(4 2 .2± 6 .2 )ng·L- 1,表明训练时明显增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,训练结束后恢复正常 ;末次训练时收缩压为 (19.2± 1.5 )kPa、舒张压为 (11.9± 0 .9)kPa、心率为 (12 7.0± 8.4 )b·min- 1较训练前及训练结束后显著升高 (P <0 .0 1) ,但与初次训练时比较无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;末次海训时指战员血浆CGRP值与血压、心率有显著相关性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论海训时官兵心血管系统产生一定的变化 ,可能与血浆降钙素相关基因肽水平有关。     

海训对心率、血压及血浆内皮素的影响

目的探讨海训对心血管系统及血浆内皮素 (ET)水平的影响。方法用常规方法检测 30 0名官兵海训前、初次和末次海训时、海训结束后的心率、血压 ,用放射免疫法测定血浆ET浓度。结果海训前的心率为 (6 9.1± 6 .3)次·min- 1,收缩压为 (14 .7± 1.1)kPa ,舒张压为 (9.2±0 .7)kPa ,血浆ET浓度为 (5 1.9± 7.9)ng·L- 1;初次、末次海训时的心律分别为 132 .9± 9.1和(12 7.0± 8.4 )次·min 1,收缩压为 2 0 .1± 1.6和 (19.2± 1.5 )kPa ,舒张压为 12 .4± 1.0和 (11.9± 0 .9)kPa ,血浆ET浓度为 6 8.4± 14 .5和 (6 9.3± 19.7)ng·L- 1,与海训前比较均具有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;心率、收缩压和舒张压值及ET浓度末次海训时与初次海训时比较、海训结束后与海训前比较均无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但末次海训时指战员血浆ET值与血压、心率有明显相关性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论海训时指战员心血管系统产生一定的变化 ,与血浆ET水平有关。     

极低频电磁场对小鼠脑和肝脏c-fos mRNA水平的影响

目的　研究极低频电磁场暴露对小鼠脑和肝组织c fosmRNA水平的影响。方法　将小鼠暴露于 5 0Hz、0 .2mT及 5 0Hz、6 .0mT的电磁场中 ,持续 2周或 4周 ;采用竞争性RT PCR方法检测小鼠脑和肝脏c fosmRNA水平。结果　 5 0Hz、0 .2mT及 5 0Hz、6 .0mT电磁场暴露 2周后 ,小鼠脑组织c fosmRNA的水平上升为 ( 0 .0 178± 0 .0 0 76 )amol 12 0ngcDNA和 ( 0 .0 0 92± 0 .0 0 4 2 )amol 12 0ngcDNA ,与对照组 [( 0 .0 0 12± 0 .0 0 0 5 )amol 12 0ngcDNA]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;肝组织c fosmRNA的水平上升为 ( 0 .0 117± 0 .0 0 5 5 )amol 12 0ngcDNA和 ( 0 .0 14 8± 0 .0 16 2 )amol 12 0ngcDNA ,与对照组[( 0 .0 0 0 5± 0 .0 0 0 5 )amol 12 0ngcDNA]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。 0 .2mT和 6 .0mT电磁场暴露4周后 ,小鼠脑组织c fosmRNA的水平上升为 ( 0 .0 10 0± 0 .0 0 5 4 )amol 12 0ngcDNA和 ( 0 .0 198±0 .0 0 79)amol 12 0ngcDNA ,与对照组 [( 0 .0 0 15± 0 .0 0 0 8)amol 12 0ngcDNA]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;肝组织c fosmRNA的水平分别上升为 ( 0 .0 173± 0 .0 12 2 )amol 12 0ngcDNA和 ( 0 .0 133±0 .0 0 90 )amol 12 0ngcDNA ,而对照组无表达。结论　 5 0Hz电磁     

极低频电磁场及与铅联合作用对小鼠抗氧化系统的影响

目的　研究极低频电磁场及其与铅的联合作用对小鼠脑和肝脏抗氧化系统的影响。方法　将小鼠暴露于 5 0Hz、0 .2mT或 6 .0mT的电磁场中 ,持续 2周 ,同时染铅 (5 0mg/kg) ,观察小鼠脑和肝脏氧化、抗氧化系统和细胞膜流动性的变化。结果　电磁场暴露下 ,脑和肝组织丙二醛 (MDA)含量分别为 (1.35± 0 .0 9)、(6 .15± 0 .2 8)nmol/mgpro(0 .2mT)和 (3.98± 0 .10 )、(6 .5 0± 0 .79)nmol/mgpro(6 .0mT) ,较对照组 [分别为 (1.33± 0 .12 )、(3.95± 0 .2 1)nmol/mgpro]高 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;总抗氧化能力 (T AOC)分别为 (3.99± 0 .39)、(1.92± 0 .32 )U/mgpro(0 .2mT)和 (3.12±0 .37)、(1.5 7± 0 .14 )U/mgpro(6 .0mT) ,较对照组 [分别为 (4.39± 0 .4 8)、(2 .4 5± 0 .2 1)U/mgpro]明显升高 ;肝谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量也较对照组有所下降。脑细胞和肝细胞膜流动性分别为 1.2 2 4± 0 .190、1.894± 0 .0 76 (0 .2mT)和 1.15 9± 0 .179、1.5 16± 0 .2 0 4 (6 .0mT) ,较对照组 (分别为 1.396± 0 .0 4 0、2 .899± 0 .5 5 2 )下降。电磁场暴露 (6 .0mT)合并染铅 ,与单独电磁场暴露组相比 ,脑和肝脏组织MDA含量分别升高为 (8.4 0± 0 .72 )、(12 .88± 1.0 9)nmol/mgpro ,GSH含量分别升高为 (16     

极低频电磁场对雄性小鼠生殖的影响

目的　研究极低频电磁场 (ELFEMFs)对雄性小鼠生殖的影响。方法　 94只昆明种清洁级雄性小鼠分别暴露于 5 0Hz,0 .2、3.2、6 .4mT电磁场下 ,持续 2周或 4周 ,观测小鼠睾丸重量、睾丸组织学变化 ,计量其精子数、精子活动率及精子头部畸形率 ,采用流式细胞术检测睾丸不同倍体细胞的百分比、DNA含量以及各时相的细胞百分比。结果　 6 .4mT电磁场暴露 4周后 ,小鼠睾丸重量为( 76 .0 6± 32 .2 5 )mg ,比对照组 [( 111.4 4± 19.99)mg]明显下降 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;电磁场暴露各组小鼠睾丸组织学无明显改变 ;电磁场暴露 4周组小鼠精子数量均下降 ,其中 0 .2mT和 6 .4mT暴露组分别为 ( 4 .87± 0 .94 )× 10 6 ml和 ( 4 .30± 1.89)× 10 6 ml,与对照组 [( 6 .6 7± 0 .70 )× 10 6 ml]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;电磁场暴露各组小鼠精子活动率均下降 ,0 .2、3.2、6 .4mT电磁场暴露组小鼠 2周和 4周的精子畸形率分别为 ( 7.4 16± 3.35 2 ) %、( 6 .86 2± 2 .94 7) %、( 8.112± 4 .6 15 ) %和 ( 10 .2 6 7±3.836 ) %、( 11.0 2 7± 7.0 5 9) %、( 8.814± 3.6 78) % ,与对照组 [( 4 .0 98± 2 .0 2 8) %、( 3.714± 1.830 ) % ]的差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;6 .4mT电磁场暴露 2周组小鼠     

中药复方对热应激大鼠的抗热效果

目的 研制中暑防治新型中药复方及其效果评价。方法Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和给药组,观察在高温条件下(仓温:38℃、RH:80％)中药复方对大鼠肛温、心电图、血浆LDH水平的影响及其抗疲劳作用。结果热暴露1 h后,大鼠1 d和3 d给药组肛温与各自的对照组比较,升高幅度分别降低17％和13％(P<0.05);1 d和3 d对照组的大鼠心率分别为(530±52)b·min-1和(576±23)b·min-1,显著高于正常组[(465±19)b·min-1,P<0.05],而1 d和3 d给药组分别为(506±21)b·min-1和(523±27)b·min-1,与正常组无显著性差异。给药组心电图R波幅,与各自的对照组都有显著性差异(P<0.05)。但1 d和3d给药组之间在肛温、心率、R波幅均无显著性差异。热暴露后,对照组血清LDH活力升高75.6％(P<0.05),药物组升高15.2％(P>0.05);抗疲劳试验表明,药物组比对照组大鼠游泳时间提高3.85倍(P<0.01)。结论本抗热中药复方可以显著增强大鼠热耐受能力,减轻机体热损伤,并提高运动能力。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.