中学生心理卫生状况调查及相关因素分析

目的：研究中学生心理健康水平及影响因素。方法：以群体分层抽样法，共抽取受试样本2066例。采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）、青少年心理卫生调查表（自编），对宝鸡市12所中学初一至高三的六个年级的中学生进行问卷调查。结果：表明约9％的中学生有心理健康问题。中学生心理健康问题依次为强迫、人际关系敏感、敌对、偏执、抑郁、焦虑等。偏相关分析发现中学生心理健康水平与神经质、精神质、年级、学习任务、性别等呈正相关。结论：中学生心理健康值得高度重视；神经质与精神质的个性倾向、年级、学习任务等是影响中学生心理健康的重要因素。     

Debate: COVID-19 and school mental health in Pakistan

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the social distancing procedures have caused disruptions to daily activities. The first preventive procedures by the closing of schools will undoubtedly have short- and long-term consequences for the mental health of school students. The movement restrictions, school closures and stay at home during the COVID-19 pandemic will likely lead to a rise in the rates of domestic violence, loneliness, depression, fear, panic and anxiety, and substance use among school students.     

女子中学学生心理健康状况的调查

目的调查女子中学学生心理卫生状况.方法抽取寄宿制女子中学和普通中学各一所,采用精神症状自评量表（SCL-90）对学生进行测评,并对结果进行比较.结果两所学校女生的心理卫生状况均较差,问题学生检出率分别为15.45%和13.83%,以初一和初四多见而严重.表现形式亦不尽相同,女子中学表现在人际关系敏感、敌意、恐怖及精神病性等方面,普通中学女生表现在躯体化、强迫症状、抑郁及焦虑等因子方面,这些在初中三年级时差别开始明显.结论两所学校学生总体心理卫生状况均较差,有心理问题学生的总检出率相当,心理问题的表现形式却不十分一致.     

团体心理干预对初中生自我概念与心理健康的影响

目的 探讨团体心理干预对初中生自我概念与心理健康的影响.方法 采用自我描述问卷和中学生心理健康量表对上海市松江区146名初中生进行测查.将学生随机分为两组,对照组进行学校的常规开展的心理健康课程,实验组在此基础上合并参加每周1次共6次的团体心理辅导.干预后1周对所有的学生再次进行自我描述问卷和中学生心理健康量表的测量.结果 两组被试干预前自我概念与心理健康总均分及各因子分差异均无统计学意义.实验组在干预后自我概念总分、外貌、一般自我、诚实可信、情绪稳定、一般学校情况、与同性关系、与异性关系评分高于对照组,心理健康总均分、敌对、焦虑、情绪不平衡评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.对照组干预前后评分结果差异均无统计学意义.实验组干预后自我概念总分、外貌、一般自我、情绪稳定、一般学校情况因子分高于干预前,而心理健康总均分、偏执、敌对、抑郁、焦虑、学习压力、适应不良、情绪不平衡、心理不平衡因子分低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 团体心理干预能有效提高初中生自我概念及心理健康水平.     

Parental involvement and mental health among Thai adolescents

The objective of this analysis was to examine the associations between parental involvement and mental health in Thai middle school students. Data from the 2671 school-going adolescents aged 12–15 y who participated in the nationally representative Global School-based Student Health Survey in Thailand in 2008 were analysed. About 16.5% of students reported symptoms of depression, and about 8.6% reported having seriously considered suicide in the past year. High levels of parental involvement – homework checks, monitoring of free time and seeking to understand children's problems – were associated with significantly lower odds of symptoms of depression and suicidal thoughts for both boys and girls. Skipping school without permission was associated with significantly increased odds of poor mental health, including loneliness and anxiety. Active parenting and effective communication between schools and parents about truancy may contribute to the promotion of adolescent mental health and early detection of psychological problems.     

Accuracy of Teachers in Identifying Elementary School Students Who Report At-Risk Levels of Anxiety and Depression

Internalizing disorders, specifically depression and anxiety, affect up to 14 and 32 % of youth, respectively (Merikangas et al. in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 49:980–989, 2010). In part to overcome barriers to receiving community services, schools have become a major provider of mental health services to children. Schools need effective mechanisms in place to accurately identify students who may need such services. The current study examined the accuracy of one such method, teacher nominations, in identifying elementary school children who self-report elevated levels of depression and/or anxiety. Participants were 238 fourth and fifth-grade students within a large, urban school district in a southeastern state and their 26 classroom teachers. Regarding sensitivity, teachers identified 50 and 40.7 % of students who repeatedly reported at-risk levels of depression and anxiety, respectively. Teachers falsely identified as symptomatic 16.2 and 17.5 % of students with typical levels of depression and anxiety, respectively. These findings suggest teachers can identify approximately half of children who experience at-risk levels of depression and anxiety, but substantial miss rates call into question this method for use as either an alternative to universal screenings or as an initial step (gatekeeper role) in a multi-modal identification process.     

Psychometric Properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale with Adolescents in Japanese High Schools

This study investigated anxiety symptoms of Japanese adolescents in community high schools. Japanese high school students (N = 1500) from diverse types of schools including general, vocational, and part-time schools completed the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS). First, confirmatory factor analysis supported the 6-factor structure with strong goodness-of-fit indices comparable with the original studies as well as those with Japanese elementary and junior high school students. Girls showed more anxiety symptoms, and items related to worry, insects/spiders phobia, checking, and fear of negative evaluations were the most common symptoms, similar to younger youth. Finally, students who attended part-time high school reported higher anxiety symptoms than those in full-time schools. The utility of the SCAS for assessment of anxiety symptoms in high school students and the need for preventive interventions for students at risk for developing anxiety were discussed.     

湛江“4．28”校园重大突发事件对小学生心理健康的影响及其心理干预

目的了解湛江“4．28”校园重大突发事件受影响的小学生焦虑和抑郁障碍的严重性,并对暴露的因素进行分析,为进行有效心理干预提供依据。方法采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）对受“4．28”校园突发事件影响的五个班共357名小学生进行心理状况的调查。结果小学生焦虑和抑郁的阳性率分别为40．7％和24．9％;学生的性别与干预前后SAS和SDS的得分呈正相关,男生得分低于女生（P〈0．05）,班中有无伤员与干预前后SAS和SDS的评分呈正相关,班中有伤员的评分低于无伤员的评分;学生的性别与干预前后SAS和SDS的分差呈正相关,男生分差显著低于女生。班中有无伤员与干预前后SAS和SDS的分差则无显著相关性。结论校园突发事件对小学生的心理健康有明显的影响,且女生受影响的程度显著高于男生,及时开展有针对性的心理干预有一定作用。     

小学生焦虑抑郁障碍共病调查

目的：探讨小学生焦虑抑郁障碍共病情况。方法：用儿童焦虑障碍筛查量表（SCRED）对县城2900名及农村1800名8～14岁小学生进行筛查,对筛查出的焦虑障碍儿童进行抑郁障碍诊断,对焦虑与抑郁障碍共病儿童实施相关量表及问卷测量。结果：儿童焦虑抑郁障碍共病率为12.7%,其中县城12.9%,农村12.3%,两地差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.011,P=0.915）。焦虑抑郁障碍共病儿童与仅有焦虑障碍儿童在焦虑量表及家庭功能评定量表上得分差异均无显著性（P均〉0.05）,抑郁量表分与焦虑量表的躯体焦虑、广泛焦虑及焦虑总分呈显著相关（P〈0.001）。结论：小学生焦虑与抑郁障碍共病率较高。     

Anxiety disorders and depression among high school adolescents and youths in Nigeria: Understanding differential effects of physical abuse at home and school

Despite the exposure of children to physical abuse in more than one setting in many regions of the world, little is known about the associations of physical abuse in different settings (e.g., at home and school) with anxiety disorders and depression among adolescents and youths. Using a convenience sample of 502 adolescents and youths ages 13–23 years from five public and three private senior secondary schools in Nigeria, the study examined associations of gender and physical abuse by parents with anxiety disorders as well as associations of physical abuse by parents and/or teachers with depression in the sample, 39.6% of whom had experienced physical abuse at home and in school. Findings suggest that physical abuse by parents was associated with anxiety disorders and depression than physical abuse by teachers. Being female was equally associated with anxiety disorders. Implications of findings for mental health, practice, research, and theory are discussed.     

Multidimensional counseling and intervention in anxiety problems in school

Multidimensional counselling and intervention in case of anxiety problems in school can be understood as a challenge for educational psychologists who has to solve individual anxiety disorders on the one hand and participate in processes of school development in order to prevent anxiety on the other hand. There are a lot of techniques and strategies to construct classroom settings which reduce anxiety. Improving self-efficacy and training stress management for teachers and students are possible programs presented in order to change the culture of educational organizations like schools. To realize such programs all members of the school community have to cooperate and teachers have to modify their instructional actions. Therefore they have to develop better diagnostic skills in order to detect anxious and inconspicuous students who need special fostering for better learning in school. For extreme anxiety disorders with school refusal there are many therapeutic treatments out of school, one of the best for children and adolescents are cognitive-behavioral settings.     

Integrating a relaxation response-based curriculum into a public high school in Massachusetts

Academic and societal pressures result in U.S. high school students feeling stressed. Stress management and relaxation interventions may help students increase resiliency to stress and overall well-being. The objectives of this study were to examine the feasibility (enrollment, participation and acceptability) and potential effectiveness (changes in perceived stress, anxiety, self-esteem, health-promoting behaviors, and locus of control) of a relaxation response (RR)-based curriculum integrated into the school day for high school students. The curriculum included didactic instruction, relaxation exercises, positive psychology, and cognitive restructuring. The intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in levels of perceived stress, state anxiety, and health-promoting behaviors when compared to the wait list control group. The intervention appeared most useful for girls in the intervention group. The results suggest that several modifications may increase the feasibility of using this potentially effective intervention in high schools.     

高中生焦虑情绪及相关因素的城乡对照研究

目的调查分析高中生焦虑情绪及相关因素,对比城乡差异。方法以城乡中学为基本单位,应用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）及自拟基本情况调查表,采用整群抽样的方法,抽取山东城乡两所高二年级学生,进行焦虑及相关因素调查、分析。结果共调查高中生1407人,收回资料完整有效问卷1383份,其中城市685人（49．5％）,农村698（50．5％）人。高中生焦虑检出率20．3l％,城市、农村分别为27．30％、13．47％,城市高于农村,差异具有极显著性（P〈0．001）,焦虑标准分总分为（42．33±9．37）,城市为（43．81±10．10）,农村为（40．86±8．35）,城市高于农村,差异具有极显著性（P〈0．001）。高中生SAS标准分总分与PSQI总分呈显著正相关关系、与学习成绩呈显著负相关关系（P〈0．01）。影响高中生焦虑情绪的相关因素还有家庭因素及学校因素。结论高中生焦虑情绪检出率高,焦虑情绪城市高于农村。影响高中生焦虑情绪的因素有睡眠质量、学习成绩、家庭因素、学校相关因素等。城乡影响因素具有一定差异性。     

万州中学生网络成瘾现状的调查

目的：调查网络成瘾在重庆万州中学生之中的发生率；研究网络成瘾者情绪问题、心理卫生问题和人格特征。方法：采用网络一般使用问卷、网络成瘾诊断问卷、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛选表（SCAEED）、并用长处和困难问卷（SDQ）及艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）对4703名重庆万州9所学校内初一、高一、职业学校一年级中学生进行评估。结果：网络成瘾比例3．5％，网络成瘾者存在特定的人格特征，其焦虑情绪明显高于非成瘾者；男性成瘾比例高于女性。结论：网络成瘾行为与情绪状态和性别密切相关，严重影响学习和社会功能，网络成瘾者存在特定的人格特征，需要社会心理干预。     

Modeling the Impact of School-Based Universal Depression Screening on Additional Service Capacity Needs: A System Dynamics Approach

Although it is widely known that the occurrence of depression increases over the course of adolescence, symptoms of mood disorders frequently go undetected. While schools are viable settings for conducting universal screening to systematically identify students in need of services for common health conditions, particularly those that adversely affect school performance, few school districts routinely screen their students for depression. Among the most commonly referenced barriers are concerns that the number of students identified may exceed schools’ service delivery capacities, but few studies have evaluated this concern systematically. System dynamics (SD) modeling may prove a useful approach for answering questions of this sort. The goal of the current paper is therefore to demonstrate how SD modeling can be applied to inform implementation decisions in communities. In our demonstration, we used SD modeling to estimate the additional service demand generated by universal depression screening in a typical high school. We then simulated the effects of implementing “compensatory approaches” designed to address anticipated increases in service need through (1) the allocation of additional staff time and (2) improvements in the effectiveness of mental health interventions. Results support the ability of screening to facilitate more rapid entry into services and suggest that improving the effectiveness of mental health services for students with depression via the implementation of an evidence-based treatment protocol may have a limited impact on overall recovery rates and service availability. In our example, the SD approach proved useful in informing systems’ decision-making about the adoption of a new school mental health service.     

Self-reported suicide attempts and associated risk and protective factors among secondary school students in New Zealand

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between individual, family, school and community characteristics and rates of suicide attempts in a national population sample of New Zealand secondary school students. METHOD: A total of 9570 randomly selected 9- to 13-year-old students from 114 schools were surveyed, using the New Zealand Adolescent Health Survey. This is a 523-item anonymous self-report comprehensive questionnaire delivered by Multi-Media Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing. Multivariate analyses were used to examine correlates of self-reported suicide attempts within the last 12 months. RESULTS: In total, 739 participants (4.7% of males and 10.5% of females) reported having made a suicide attempt within the last 12 months. Depressive symptoms, alcohol abuse, -having a friend or family member attempt suicide, family violence and non-heterosexual attractions were independently associated with increased rates of suicide attempts while parents caring, other family members caring, teachers being fair and feeling safe at school were independently associated with decreased rates of suicide attempts. Caring friendships, attending worship frequently, possible sexual abuse and anxiety symptoms were not independently associated with suicide attempts. Risk and protective factors operated in the same way for male and female students and for those with and without other suicide predictors. CONCLUSIONS: New Zealand secondary school students, particularly female students, report high rates of suicide attempts. Risk of suicide attempts is lower in students reporting caring home and fair, safe school environments and this effect remains once depression is taken into account. This study confirms the importance of depression, substance use, problem behaviour, negative life events, exposure to suicide behaviour by others and the significance of sexual orientation in suicidal behaviour among school students and provides evidence of the importance of the family and school environments in reducing risk among this group.     

在校高中生功能性头痛患者抑郁障碍的调查研究

目的探讨在校高中生功能性头痛患者中焦虑/抑郁障碍的发生率及其特点,为临床治疗提供依据。方法入选对象分为病例组66例,对照组59例,均采用Zung氏焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表进行匿名测试,并附加要求注明性别、年级、病程、伴随症状以及农村或非农村家庭。结果焦虑、抑郁评分病例组明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。病例组与对照组相比,焦虑发生率分别为12.12%和0(P<0.05),抑郁发生率分别为48.48%和6.78%(P<0.01),焦虑者同时伴抑郁病例组中,有伴随症状者焦虑/抑郁障碍发生率明显较多(P<0.05);绝大多数焦虑/抑郁障碍患者均为病程1个月以上(P<0.01);高三患者焦虑、抑郁障碍发生率最高(P<0.05、0.01);男女相比以及城乡家庭相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在校高中生长时间的功能性头痛可引起焦虑/抑郁障碍,其发生率与病程、年级和是否伴随症状明显相关,而与性别、家庭无关。对头痛患者潜在焦虑/抑郁障碍的常规筛查有利于对这种共病的及早发现、及早干预和提高疗效。     

Law Student Stress: Relationships Between Academic Demands,Social Isolation,Career Pressure,Study/Life Imbalance and Adjustment Outcomes in Law Students

Although Australian law students report elevated distress compared with community norms and other student groups, few studies have examined the relationships between perceived stress in law school and adjustment in law students. A total of 647 Australian law students completed the purpose-built Law Student Perceived Stress Scale (LSPSS). Analyses indicated that the LSPSS was psychometrically sound and measured four dimensions of law school stress: academic demands, social isolation, career pressure and study/life imbalance. Regression analyses on a subsample (n = 481) indicated that higher scores on each dimension were related to higher depression and anxiety symptoms. Social isolation was related to reduced life satisfaction and psychological well-being across all dimensions. Further analysis indicated that the majority of law students reported Moderate to Extremely Severe symptoms of depression (53%) and anxiety (54%). Practice implications, including the need to promote social connectedness in law schools, are discussed.     

Schools' mental health responses after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita

OBJECTIVE: After the displacement of students following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, schools in several states enrolled many students with potential mental health needs. This study sought to understand how schools perceived the mental health needs of these students and what mental health programs they implemented. METHODS: Mental health personnel at 19 public schools or school systems and 11 private or parochial schools in Louisiana, Alabama, Texas, and Mississippi were interviewed at two time points (spring and fall-winter of 2006). RESULTS: Schools undertook diverse approaches to interventions, depending on the preexisting mental health infrastructure and personnel, the perceived needs of students, and the barriers or facilitators in each system. Interviewees described a rapid and comprehensive approach to the crisis in the immediate aftermath. Shortly afterward, some schools perceived little need for mental health services and refocused on their academic missions. Other school systems perceived student need but were unable to implement trauma-focused programs because staff were not prepared to deliver such services and funding was lacking. However, some systems and schools were able to implement new programs or extend programs to displaced students. Implementation challenges included difficulty communicating with parents, burnout among staff and program implementers, and efforts to balance the needs of the displaced students with those of the preexisting student population. CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant efforts to support students affected by the hurricanes, schools were limited in their ability to implement disaster-focused programs. Extension of crisis plans to include precrisis training in mental health programming for students and staff who have ongoing difficulties after a disaster or crisis may be beneficial.     

Qualitative analysis of key informant interviews about adolescent stigma surrounding use of school mental health services

Given the increased access to mental health services that schools provide, there has been a growing consensus among mental health professionals for the delivery of services for youth in schools. Building the capacity of schools to provide evidence-based socio-emotional supports across a continuum of care has been prioritized in recent decades. However, despite policy changes to implement more mental health services in schools, these services still remain widely underutilized by adolescents experiencing mental health problems. Understanding the factors impacting students’ decisions to seek help or use resources provided in a school setting is crucial for actually increasing utilization of care. Yet, little is known about the role of stigma in students’ underutilization of school mental health services. The current study examined stigma about mental health and services in schools through a qualitative analysis of 15 school personnel and student interviews at three high schools in South Carolina. Thematic analysis of interviews indicated that students have a negative outlook of mental health services because of fear of being stereotyped or embarrassed as a result of receiving school counseling. Data from this exploratory study directly contribute to the field of education by providing a model for professionals to implement strategies to eliminate the stigma that causes underutilization of school mental health services.