杭州市居民膳食铅、镉摄入水平分析

目的 了解浙江省杭州市居民膳食铅、镉摄入情况,为开展相关膳食安全性评价提供科学依据。方法 采用3 d食物称重法和3 d 24 h回顾法收集1744名调查对象食物消费量数据,检测烹调后代表性食物样品中的铅、镉含量,计算个人摄入量并与相应摄入限值进行比较。结果 杭州市居民每周膳食铅摄入量中位数为0.0092 mg/kgbw,为铅暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的37.0%;每月膳食镉摄入量中位数为0.00093~0.0053 mg/kgbw,占镉暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的3.7%~21.0%;各年龄组铅、镉摄入量总体存在差异(均P<0.001),其中未成年人铅摄入量中位数为0.011 mg/kgbw,镉摄入量中位数为0.00077~0.016 mg/kgbw,均高于其他各年龄组(均P<0.008,多次两两比较调整后α值);谷类食物对个体膳食铅、镉摄入贡献率最高,分别为78.9%和44.8%。结论 杭州市居民膳食铅、镉摄入量总体处于安全水平,但儿童青少年的摄入量较成人偏高,应引起重视。     

北京市成人血、发及脏器的铅、镉背景值

以中学教师和北京市瘁死居民为对象，在严格的质量保证措施下，对北京市居民血、发和脏器铅、镉背景值进行了研究。结果表明，北京市男性吸烟者、不吸烟者及女性不吸烟者的血铅均值分别为８５．０、７４．６和５６．７μｇ／Ｌ，血镉为２．２３、０．７８和０．８３μｇ／Ｌ，其９５％上限值血铅分别为１６０．２、１３１．４和１０７μｇ／Ｌ，血镉分别为６．５、１．９８和１．９５μｇ／Ｌ。各脏器（鲜重，以下同）铅、镉背景值分别为：肝，０．２２和０．８４ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肺，０．１１和０．１７ｍｇ／ｋｇ；心，０．０１４和０．０１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ；脾，０．０３８和０．０７１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肾，０．０７９和３．９３ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肌肉，０．０５８和０．０２７ｍｇ／ｋｇ，并讨论了血、发和各脏器铅镉含量间的相关性及其意义。     

A biomonitoring study of lead, cadmium, and mercury in the blood of New York city adults

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the extent of exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury in the New York City (NYC) adult population. METHODS: We measured blood metal concentrations in a representative sample of 1,811 NYC residents as part of the NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2004. RESULTS: The geometric mean blood mercury concentration was 2.73 microg/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.58-2.89]; blood lead concentration was 1.79 microg/dL (95% CI, 1.73-1.86); and blood cadmium concentration was 0.77 microg/L (95% CI, 0.75-0.80). Mercury levels were more than three times that of national levels. An estimated 24.8% (95% CI, 22.2-27.7%) of the NYC adult population had blood mercury concentration at or above the 5 microg/L New York State reportable level. Across racial/ethnic groups, the NYC Asian population, and the foreign-born Chinese in particular, had the highest concentrations of all three metals. Mercury levels were elevated 39% in the highest relative to the lowest income group (95% CI, 21-58%). Blood mercury concentrations in adults who reported consuming fish or shellfish 20 times or more in the last 30 days were 3.7 times the levels in those who reported no consumption (95% CI, 3.0-4.6); frequency of consumption explained some of the elevation in Asians and other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Higher than national blood mercury exposure in NYC adults indicates a need to educate New Yorkers about how to choose fish and seafood to maximize health benefits while minimizing potential risks from exposure to mercury. Local biomonitoring can provide valuable information about environmental exposures.     

Associations of toenail arsenic, cadmium, mercury, manganese, and lead with blood pressure in the normative aging study

Background: Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead are associated with cardiovascular disease in epidemiologic research. These associations may be mediated by direct effects of the metals on blood pressure (BP) elevation. Manganese is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and hypotension in occupational cohorts.Objectives: We hypothesized that chronic arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead exposures elevate BP and that manganese lowers BP.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of associations between toenail metals and BP among older men from the Normative Aging Study (n = 639), using linear regression and adjusting for potential confounders.Results: An interquartile range increase in toenail arsenic was associated with higher systolic BP [0.93 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25, 1.62] and pulse pressure (0.76 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.22, 1.30). Positive associations between arsenic and BP and negative associations between manganese and BP were strengthened in models adjusted for other toenail metals.Conclusions: Our findings suggest associations between BP and arsenic and manganese. This may be of public health importance because of prevalence of both metal exposure and cardiovascular disease. Results should be interpreted cautiously given potential limitations of toenails as biomarkers of metal exposure.     

Genotypic differences in arsenic,mercury, lead and cadmium in milled rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The contents of arsenic, mercury, lead and cadmium in milled rice were determined. Among 216 genotypes, the As, Hg, Pb and Cd contents were ranged from 5.06 to 296.45, 2.46 to 65.85, 4.16 to 744.95 and 5.91 to 553.40 ng/g, respectively. Six genotypes with lower contents of toxic metal elements were selected. The averages of As and Pb contents for indica rice were higher than those of japonica rice, while the averages of Hg and Cd contents were in contrast. Compared with white brown rice, the milled rice from black and red brown rice contained lower contents of four elements. Significant negative correlation was found between As content and alkaline spread value. Significant correlations were observed between As and aspartic acid (Asp) content, Hg and Asp or leucine contents, Pb and cysteine or methionine contents. Cd content was significantly negatively correlated with protein and 14 amino acid contents.     

Association of environmental exposure to heavy metals and eczema in US population: Analysis of blood cadmium,lead, and mercury

ABSTRACT

Objectives: We aim to explore the association between blood heavy metal concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury with ever-report of eczema in the US population.

Methods: We used NHANES cross-sectional data from 2005–2006. Eczema was measured among 4509 adults and 3898 non-adults. The association between eczema and tertiles of concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury was estimated using multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for different confounding variables. The estimation was also stratified by gender.

Results: The prevalence of ever-report of eczema was 7.63% in adults and 13.42% in non-adults. None of the heavy metals was significantly associated with increased ORs of eczema after potential confounding variables were adjusted in the models. Our results remained null after stratifying for gender.

Conclusions: Blood cadmium, lead, and mercury were not associated with reports of eczema in general US population.     

职业铅接触者血铅、发铅、尿铅相关性的研究

本文通过对32名铅蓄电池制造工和36名排字工的血铅、发铅、尿铅的相关性研究,发现血铅/发铅(r=0.604),血铅/尿铅(r=0.548)均呈高度显著性相关(P<0.0005),故认为血铅是铅接触工人较好的健康监护指标。文章还进一步探讨了发铅作为铅接触者活体生物检测材料的应用前景。     

血中铅,镉水平与其尿排泄关系的研究

报道了肌酐代谢无明显异常的17名职业性铅、镉接触者在自由饮水情况下血中铅、镉水平与其尿排泄的关系。结果表明,血中铅、镉浓度以及铅、镉、肌酐的尿排泄存在明显的个体差异。血铅浓度与24h尿铅排泄量呈明显正相关,血镉浓度与24h尿镉排泄量无明显相关,而与每天吸烟量明显相关。17人的132份尿样的尿流速与肌酐、镉排泄率呈显著正相关,但与尿铅排泄率无显著相关。本研究还表明,尿中肌酐排泄率与尿铅、镉排泄率之间也有显著的正相关性。     

Mercury, cadmium, and lead levels in human placenta: a systematic review

Background: Placental tissue may furnish information on the exposure of both mother and fetus. Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are toxicants of interest in pregnancy because they are associated with alterations in child development.Objectives: The aim of this study was to summarize the available information regarding total Hg, Cd, and Pb levels in human placenta and possible related factors.Methods: We performed a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Lilacs, OSH, and Web of Science for original papers on total Hg, Cd, or Pb levels in human placenta that were published in English or Spanish (1976-2011). Data on study design, population characteristics, collection and analysis of placenta specimens, and main results were extracted using a standardized form.Results: We found a total of 79 papers (73 different studies). Hg, Cd, and Pb levels were reported in 24, 46, and 46 studies, respectively. Most studies included small convenience samples of healthy pregnant women. Studies were heterogeneous regarding populations selected, processing of specimens, and presentation of results. Hg concentrations > 50 ng/g were found in China (Shanghai), Japan, and the Faroe Islands. Cd levels ranged from 1.2 ng/g to 53 ng/g and were highest in the United States, Japan, and Eastern Europe. Pb showed the greatest variability, with levels ranging from 1.18 ng/g in China (Shanghai) to 500 ng/g in a polluted area of Poland.Conclusion: The use of the placenta as a biomarker to assess heavy metals exposure is not properly developed because of heterogeneity among the studies. International standardized protocols are needed to enhance comparability and increase the usefulness of this promising tissue in biomonitoring studies.     

Inorganic and organic mercury in blood,urine and hair in low level mercury vapour exposure

Summary Fourteen Japanese females exposed to elemantal mercury vapour of concentration; 0.001–0.019 mg Hg/m³, were examined for inorganic and organic mercury concentrations in red blood cells, plasma, urine, and hair. Examinations were conducted the times; at 0,4 and 8 months of mercury exposure. No significant change of inorganic and organic mercury in urine was observed for three examinations. Both inorganic and organic mercury in plasma, and only organic mercury in red blood cells, increased significantly after commencement of mercury work. The hair organic mercury values stayed constant. The intake of organic mercury was judged as constant from the constancy of hair mercury values, and the change of organic mercury concentrations in plasma and red blood cells must have been elicited from the intake of elemental mercury. The reason why the increase of plasma mercury values did not reflect to urine mercury values was discussed.Supported by the grant from the Japanese Ministry of Education     

Cadmium, lead, and mercury in relation to reproductive hormones and anovulation in premenopausal women

Background: Metals can interfere with hormonal functioning by binding at the receptor site and through indirect mechanisms; thus, they may be associated with hormonal changes in premenopausal women.Objectives: We examined the associations between cadmium, lead, and mercury, and anovulation and patterns of reproductive hormones [estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone] among 252 premenopausal women 18–44 years of age who were enrolled in the BioCycle Study in Buffalo, New York.Methods: Women were followed for up to two menstrual cycles, with serum samples collected up to eight times per cycle. Metal concentrations were determined at baseline in whole blood by inductively coupled mass spectroscopy. Marginal structural models with stabilized inverse probability weights and nonlinear mixed models with harmonic terms were used to estimate the effects of cadmium, lead, and mercury on reproductive hormone levels during the menstrual cycle and anovulation.Results: Geometric mean (interquartile range) cadmium, lead, and mercury levels were 0.29 (0.19–0.43) μg/L, 0.93 (0.68–1.20) μg/dL, and 1.03 (0.58–2.10) μg/L, respectively. We observed decreases in mean FSH with increasing cadmium [second vs. first tertile: –10.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI), –17.3% to –2.5%; third vs. first tertile: –8.3%; 95% CI, –16.0% to 0.1%] and increases in mean progesterone with increasing lead level (second vs. first tertile: 7.5%; 95% CI, 0.1–15.4%; third vs. first tertile: 6.8%; 95% CI, –0.8% to 14.9%). Metals were not significantly associated with anovulation.Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that environmentally relevant levels of metals are associated with modest changes in reproductive hormone levels in healthy, premenopausal women.     

微波消解等离子体质谱法测定各类食品中痕量汞、镉、铅、砷准确性探讨

目的 建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）准确测定各类食品中痕量汞、镉、铅、砷的分析方法。方法 采用微波消解法处理样品,ICP-MS测定以^72Ge、^103Rh、^185Re作为内标消除非质谱干扰,八极杆碰撞池（ORS^3）消除质谱干扰。结果 采用本方法测定汞、镉、铅、砷的定量限分别为0.05、0.05、0.40、0.40μg/L;在定量限附近测定的回收率和相对标准偏差分别为：100.0%、90.0%、96.0%、112.0%和7.6%、8.0%、11.8%、6.2%。结论 采用ICP-MS法准确测定食品中痕量有害元素的关键点及控制措施,适用于食品安全风险监测大批量样品的分析。     

南京市居民1983～1998年血铅、镉的动态监测

对南京市居民1983～1998年血铅、镉的动态监测结果表明:血铅含量,男性高于女性,吸烟者高于不吸烟者。不吸烟女性血铅浓度在此期间有逐年增高的趋势。1998年市区与郊区血铅浓度也有显著性差异。血镉含量男性吸烟者> 女性不吸烟者> 男性不吸烟者。不吸烟女性血镉在此期间基本处于稳定状态。1998年市区与郊区血镉结果基本一致     

Blood levels of lead,cadmium and selenium in children from Bytom,Poland

A study was carried out on the concentration of cadmium, lead and selenium in blood from 140 school children, aged 8–9 years, living in Bytom in the Silesian Region, an industrialized area of Poland. Concentrations of lead in blood ranged from 0.17 to 1.67 μmol Pb 1^‐1 with a median of 0.38 μmol Pb 1^‐1. Levels of cadmium in blood ranged from 2 to 22 nmol Cd 1^‐1 with a median of 4 nmol Cd 1^‐1. The values obtained were relatively low and indicated only a moderate exposure to lead and cadmium in the majority of the study population. However, 20% of the children had blood lead levels exceeding 0.48 μmol Pb 1^‐1, which is a level of concern issued by Centers for Disease Control (CDC), USA. Concentrations of selenium in blood were 0.63 to 1.40 μmol Se 1^‐1 with a median of 0.91 μmol Se 1^‐1. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐px) was measured in whole blood in 70 of the children and correlated to selenium concentration.     

某冶炼厂周围农村居民膳食铅镉暴露水平评价

目的了解广西某金属冶炼厂周围农村居民膳食中铅、镉暴露情况,为预防控制铅、镉危害提供参考依据。方法在某金属冶炼厂周边村民家随机抽取自己种植的大米、蔬菜、瓜果和养殖的鸡、鸭样品检测镉、铅含量,结合当地村民膳食摄入量计算村民膳食镉、铅暴露量,并进行危险性评价。结果大米、禽肉、蔬菜镉超标率分别为100.0%(31/31)、100%(6/6)、85.7%(12/14);大米、蔬菜、内脏、瓜果铅超标率分别为100%(31/31)、100%(14/14)、60.0%(15/25)、33.3%(4/12);当地膳食高消费量人群镉、铅摄入量P90、P97.5分别为每日允许摄入量(ADI)的14.0、15.4倍和5.3、5.6倍。结论该金属冶炼厂周围村民食用农产品中铅、镉膳食暴露量已明显超过ADI,存在健康危害风险。     

包头市2010-2013年市售食品中重金属铅、镉、铝污染状况调查分析

目的了解包头市市售食品中重金属铅、镉、铝污染状况及变化趋势。方法主要采集居民日常膳食中有代表性的包头市市售的食品,采用随机抽样的方法在主要超市、农贸市场、种养殖基地、早餐供应点、路边摊等地分别采集各类食品,按照国家标准方法 GB/T5009对样品进行前处理,检测其铅、镉、铝的含量。结果 2010-2013年共采集样品15大类1 095份食品,样品中铅合格率为94.8%,镉合格率为96.5%。铝的合格率较低,为46.6%。方法加标回收率实验的回收率在90.0%～110.0%之间,精密度在4.18%～9.03%之间,因此符合测定要求。结论包头市市售食品中铅、镉污染并不严重,但检出率却不低,证明有一定程度的累积。检测铝的粮食制品合格率很低,说明粮食制品滥用含铝添加剂现象比较严重,现状不容乐观。     

铅、镉、砷污染地区人群免疫功能检测分析

目的探讨铅锌矿矿区铅镉砷混合接触对不同暴露人群机体免疫状况的影响。方法选择铅锌矿矿区矿工、矿区居民和无污染地区居民3组人群共96人作为研究对象,对3组人群所处环境中的铅、镉、砷含量,人体血液和尿液的铅、镉、砷含量以及人体免疫学指标进行分析。结果矿工组血中铅、镉、砷含量几何均数分别为216.57,5.04,58.65μg/L,矿区居民组血中铅、镉、砷含量几何均数分别为143.62,2.42,33.24μg/L,均高于对照人群,几何均数分别为81.54,1.18,11.50μg/L(P<0.01)。3组人群尿液中的各种毒物差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。矿工和矿区居民的免疫功能相对于对照组均有不同程度的下降(P<0.01)。结论接触铅、镉和砷的矿区矿工和居民免疫功能受到了不同程度的损害。     

A study on dietary habits, health related lifestyle, blood cadmium and lead levels of college students

This study was performed in order to investigate dietary habits, health related lifestyle and blood cadmium and lead levels in female college students. 80 college students (43 males and 37 females) participated in the survey questionnaires. Body weight and height, blood pressure, and body composition were measured. The systolic blood pressure of male and female students were 128.9 ± 13.9 and 109.8 ± 12.0, respectively. The diastolic blood pressure of male and female students were 77.1 ± 10.3 and 66.0 ± 6.9, respectively, showing that male students had significantly higher blood pressure than female students (P < 0.001). The BMI of male and female students were 23.4 ± 3.3 and 20.2 ± 2.3, respectively. Most male students were in the range of being overweight. The dietary habits score of female students was significantly higher than that of male students (P < 0.01).The blood cadmium level of male and female students were 0.54 ± 0.23 and 0.52 ± 0.36, respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female students. The blood lead level of male and female students were 1.09 ± 0.49 and 0.59 ± 0.45, respectively. The blood lead level of male students was significantly higher than that of female students (P < 0.001). The blood cadmium level of smokers and nonsmokers were 0.69 ± 0.29 and 0.49 ± 0.29 respectively (P < 0.05). The blood cadmium level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). The blood lead level of smokers and nonsmokers were 1.09 ± 0.43 and 0.80 ± 0.54, respectively. The blood lead level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). Therefore, proper nutritional education programs are required for college students in order to improve their dietary and health related living habits.     

深圳市龙岗区无偿献血职业人群中血镉血铅含量调查

目的：了解龙岗区无偿献血者中有接触镉、铅等有毒重金属的人群血铅、血镉的含量。方法：选取2002-2004年无偿献血者血样，采用原子吸收法检测血铅、血镉含量。结果：部分接触镉、铅因素的人群中血液重金属（血镉、血铅）超出生物限值（下简称超值），与非接触的无偿献血者有显著性差异。血镉、血铅的含量与年龄无关，与接触有毒重金属的工龄、从事的工种或岗位有关。结论：加强有毒有害职业因素企业的经常性卫生监督十分重要，职业人群的无偿献血者血液中重金属含量值得关注，对接触有毒重金属的无偿献血者进行献血前的咨询并进行筛查非常必要。