不同类型肠内营养制剂对重症脑卒中病人营养状况的影响

目的:比较两种不同类型营养制剂及两种制剂混合的肠内营养(EN)支持对重症脑卒中病人的血清清蛋白、总蛋白和血红蛋白的影响以及病人出现消化道并发症的情况。方法:将200例使用EN支持的重症脑卒中病人随机分为A组(短肽型,n=67)、B组(整蛋白型,n=67)和C组(短肽型+整蛋白型,按1∶1配制,n=66)。观察比较三组病人EN支持第14天的血清清蛋白、总蛋白和血红蛋白的影响以及病人出现消化道并发症的情况。结果:三组病人血清清蛋白、总蛋白和血红蛋白水平比较均无显著性差异(P0.05);但三组病人均出现消化道并发症,A组多表现为腹泻,B组多表现为胃潴留,C组出现消化道并发症的例数明显少于A组和B组。A、B组与C组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:重症脑卒中病人在入院初期优选短肽型+整蛋白型混合制剂给予EN支持,可提高病人对EN的耐受性,顺利完成EN治疗,并达到预期效果。     

短肽型肠内营养制剂对儿童胰腺炎营养治疗的效果观察

目的:观察胰腺炎病儿应用短肽型肠内营养(EN)制剂进行营养治疗的效果. 方法:将58例胰腺炎病儿随机分为试验组与对照组,每组各29例.试验组给予短肽型EN制剂,对照组予传统膳食.分别于治疗前和治疗后5d测定血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、前清蛋白(PA)和血红蛋白(Hb)等,并记录两组病儿的感染并发症发生率以及住院天数. 结果:治疗后试验组病儿Hb、TP、ALB、PA、GLO水平显著高于治疗前,且Hb、PA、GLO水平亦明显高于对照组.两组病儿均未发生感染性并发症,试验组病儿平均住院时间明显短于对照组. 结论:应用短肽型EN制剂有利于胰腺炎病儿营养状况和免疫功能的恢复.     

脑卒中合并吞咽功能障碍的老年病人序贯肠内营养支持治疗的研究

目的:探讨序贯肠内营养(EN)支持治疗在脑卒中合并吞咽功能障碍老年病人治疗中的应用和临床效果. 方法:将62例急性缺血性脑卒中合并吞咽功能障碍的老年病人随机分为研究组和对照组.研究组(n=32)病人给予短肽型EN制剂,逐步过渡至整蛋白型EN制剂的序贯EN治疗方案.对照组(n=30)病人直接给予整蛋白型EN制剂.观察两组病人人组第1和第14天的营养指标、免疫功能指标和神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)的变化以及并发症的发生情况. 结果:入组第14天,两组病人的营养指标、免疫功能指标和NIHSS评分均较第1天明显下降(P＜0.05).研究组与对照组比,营养指标和免疫功能指标下降的程度均较轻(P＜0.05),NIHSS评分下降程度无显著性差异(P＞0.05).研究组病人总并发症的发生率少于对照组(P＜0.05). 结论:序贯EN支持治疗能减轻脑卒中合并吞咽功能障碍的老年病人营养不良发展程度和免疫功能下降程度,促进神经功能恢复,降低并发症发生的风险.     

添加益生菌的低脂高蛋白肠内营养制剂在炎症性肠病中的疗效观察

目的:观察添加益生菌的低脂高蛋白肠内营养(EN)制剂对炎症性肠病(IBD)病人的治疗效果。方法:总结104例IBD病人的临床资料,按照使用EN不同,分为试验组(n=48)和对照组(n=56)。试验组病人使用添加益生菌的低脂高蛋白EN制剂,对照组使用常规EN制剂。所有病人在入院时和营养支持第14天分别测定营养指标和免疫指标等。结果:试验组病人前清蛋白、血小板计数、淋巴细胞明显高于对照组(P﹤0.05),同时达到目标营养液供给量的时间和腹泻发生率亦明显低于对照组(P﹤0.05)。结论:添加益生菌的低脂高蛋白EN比普通EN更能改善IBD病人的营养状况和改善肠道功能。     

脑卒中术后病人个体化肠内营养支持的临床效果观察

目的:探讨个体化肠内营养(EN)支持对脑卒中颅脑手术后病人的临床效果. 方法:将62例因脑血管意外行颅脑外科手术后需营养支持的病人随机分为两组,试验组33例给予个体化EN支持,根据病情给予不同配方、浓度的EN液,必要时添加营养组件;常规组29例给予标准配方的整蛋白EN液.两组热量供给均为104.6～ 125.5 kJ(25～30 kcal)/(kg·d).检测营养支持前和营养支持3周后血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(Hb)、淋巴细胞计数(LY)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,观察胃肠道不良反应发生情况,记录住院天数. 结果:营养支持3周后,试验组病人血清ALB、PA明显升高,CRP明显降低,与常规组比有显著性差异(P＜0.05).试验组病人的胃肠道不良反应发生率明显低于常规组,住院天数少于常规组(P＜0.05). 结论:个体化营养支持更有利于改善脑卒中术后病人的营养状况,降低炎性反应,减少胃肠道不良反应的发生率.     

肠内营养制剂"均营素"在重型颅脑损伤术后病人的临床应用研究

目的:评价"均营素"肠内营养(EN)支持在重型颅脑损伤术后病人的应用效果.方法:将62例重型颅脑损伤病人随机分为试验组和对照组.试验组32例,经鼻胃管管饲EN制剂"均营素";对照组30例,管饲家庭自制流质饮食.比较两组病人EN前后血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(Hb)、总淋巴细胞计数(...     

高支链氨基酸肠内营养对术后肝功能不全病人影响的临床观察

目的:观察高支链氨基酸肠内营养(EN)制剂对术后肝功能不全病人肝功能及营养代谢疗效和安全性. 方法:选择术后肝功不全伴低蛋白血症的病人50例,随机分为两组,观察组28例病人用高支链氨基酸EN制剂治疗,对照组22例病人用整蛋白全营养型EN支持治疗.分别于治疗第7和第14天,观察肝功能、营养状况的变化. 结果:两组病人营养支持治疗后的血清总蛋白、清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白均显著高于EN支持治疗前(P＜0.01).观察组病人营养支持第14天前清蛋白显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组病人应用营养支持治疗后肝功能各项指标均有显著改善(P＜0.05). 结论:高支链氨基酸能有效地改善术后肝功能不全病人的营养状况和肝功能.     

免疫营养素强化的肠内营养对骨科创伤重症病人的作用

目的:探讨免疫营养素强化的肠内营养(EN)对创伤重症病人营养状况及细胞免疫功能的影响。方法:选择骨科创伤重症病人83例,随机分为对照组(常规EN支持,n=41)和试验组(免疫EN支持,n=42)。病人于营养支持前和营养支持第8和第15天清晨空腹抽取静脉血,测定营养指标(血清总蛋白、前清蛋白、清蛋白、血红蛋白)、细胞免疫指标(CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+)和应激指标(C反应蛋白),并观察其胃肠道反应情况。结果:试验组病人的营养指标、应激指标、细胞免疫指标(CD4+、CD4+/CD8+)在营养支持第8和第15天均较对照组明显改善(P0.05)。结论:免疫营养素强化的EN可改善骨创重症病人的营养状况和免疫功能,降低应激水平。     

短肽型肠内营养制剂在妇科腹腔镜术前肠道准备中的应用

目的:探讨短肽型肠内营养(EN)制剂在妇科腹腔镜病人术前肠道准备的可行性和效果。方法:采用随机数字表法将纳入的100例病人随机分为2组,试验组(n=50)术前3天口服短肽型EN制剂作术前肠道准备;对照组(n=50)给予一般流质饮食和行机械肠道准备。比较两组术中医师对肠道准备的满意度,术后首次肛门排气时间,住院时间及营养相关指标。结果:试验组医师对肠道准备满意度显著高于对照组(90%vs 64%)(P0.01);试验组病人术后首次排气时间和住院时间较对照组明显缩短(P0.05);试验组病人白蛋白和血红蛋白水平较对照组显著升高(P0.01)。结论:短肽型EN制剂用于妇科腹腔镜术前肠道准备安全有效,有利于术后肠功能的恢复和病人营养状况的改善且缩短了术后住院时间,值得临床推广。     

自制匀浆膳对老年昏迷病人营养支持的疗效观察

目的: 观察自制匀浆膳食对老年昏迷病人营养支持的疗效. 方法: 选择63例老年昏迷病人,以自制匀浆膳食进行营养支持治疗并随访.定期检测血清清蛋白、前清蛋白、淋巴细胞总数、血红蛋白和肱三头肌皮皱厚度等,比较治疗前、后各项指标的差异. 结果: 平均随访1年3个月,所有病人无腹痛、腹泻、恶心和呕吐等不良反应.应用自制匀浆膳食后,病人的营养状况明显改善,血清清蛋白、血红蛋白、淋巴细胞总数较治疗前均有明显提高. 结论: 匀浆膳食是老年昏迷病人营养支持的一种较理想的制剂,可有效保证病人的营养需求.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.