肠内营养支持治疗在危重症机械通气病人中的临床应用

目的:探讨肠内营养(EN)支持治疗对危重症机械通气病人营养状态和预后的影响. 方法:采用随机对照法,将81例危重症病人分成治疗组和对照组.治疗组43例病人于机械通气后48 h内开始行EN支持治疗,对照组38例病人应用肠外营养(PN)支持治疗,并在肠功能改善后,逐渐过渡至流食和软食.观察两组病人的临床疗效,并监测治疗前和治疗后第7和第14天的血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、免疫球蛋白(IgA)、血红蛋白(Hb)、氮平衡(NB)以及APACHEⅡ评分,呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率、2周内撤离呼吸机的成功率、机械通气时间以及入住ICU时间. 结果:治疗组病人治疗第14天后,血清PA水平与治疗前和对照组比均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).血清ALB、IgA、NB明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),APACHEⅡ评分显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).治疗组病人并发呼吸机相关性肺炎、机械通气时间和入住ICU的时间明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).2周内撤呼吸机成功率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05). 结论:EN支持治疗有助于改善危重症机械通气病人的营养状况和预后.     

早期肠内营养对重症脓毒症病人预后的影响

目的:分析早期肠内营养(EEN)对脓毒症病人预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析77例脓毒症病例。EEN组病人于48 h内行肠内营养(EN)支持;肠外营养(PN)组病人给予PN支持。观察并记录病人28 d病死率、入住ICU时间、血糖最高值、急性生理学和慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、机械通气时间、抗生素使用时间、7 d降钙素原(PCT)值等。结果:使用EEN能降低脓毒症病人的入住ICU时间,改善APACHEⅡ评分,缩短抗生素使用时间,减少机械通气时间,降低高血糖风险,降低PCT值,但不能降低脓毒症病人的病死率。结论:EEN能减少脓毒症病人的并发症,但不能改变预后。     

早期肠内营养对消化道穿孔腹腔感染术后病人炎性指标和蛋白质水平的影响

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)对消化道穿孔、腹腔感染术后病人白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、前清蛋白(PA)水平、机械通气时间和入住ICU时间的影响。方法:回顾性分析199例消化道穿孔、严重腹腔感染剖腹探查术后病人,根据EN启动时间分为EEN组(n=123,术后24~36 h行EN)、延迟EN组(n=76,术后72 h后行EN),观察比较两组病人入院当天和术后第7天IL-6、hs-CRP和PA水平的变化,以及比较两组病人术后机械通气时间和入住ICU时间的差异。结果:两组病人入院当天IL-6、hs-CRP和PA均无显著性差异(P0.05)。术后第7天,两组病人IL-6、hs-CRP均较入院当天明显下降,血清PA水平较入院当天明显升高(P0.05)。EEN组在术后第7天IL-6、hs-CRP水平明显低于延迟EN组,PA水平明显高于延迟EN组(P0.05)。EEN组病人机械通气时间、入住ICU时间明显较延迟EN组缩短(P0.05)。结论:EEN较延迟EN可缩短消化道穿孔、腹腔感染术后病人的机械通气时间、入住ICU时间,改善术后IL-6、hs-CRP和PA水平。     

早期肠内营养治疗对脓毒症病人机械通气脱机的临床观察

目的:评价早期肠内营养(EN)方式对脓毒症病人机械通气治疗脱机的影响. 方法:将64例确诊为脓毒症病人行机械通气者随机分为24h内EN治疗(A组,n=32)和72 h后EN治疗(B组,n=32).在常规综合治疗的基础上,A组24于h内给予EN和肠外营养(PN)治疗;B组于72 h内给予TPN治疗,72 h后加用EN,两组病人接受等氮、等热量营养支持.比较两组不同时机加用EN支持1周后的营养状况、临床有效率、脱机成功率以及28 d病死率等. 结果:两组病人营养支持及综合治疗后有效率无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但血清清蛋白、前清蛋白和总蛋白、淋巴细胞计数水平有所升高,其中A组明显高于B组(P＜0.05).同时,两组病人治疗后氧合指数、呼吸浅快指数、口腔闭合压、肺动态顺应性均明显好于治疗前(P＜0.05),组间氧合指数和病死率无统计学差异(P＞0.05).而A组呼吸浅快指数、口腔闭合压、肺动态顺应性与B组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05),A组脱机成功率明显高于B组(P＜0.05). 结论:EEN支持可提高脓毒症病人的营养状态,有利于肠功能恢复,缩短病人机械通气时间,提高脱机成功率.     

早期肠内营养支持对机械通气患者的辅助治疗作用

目的 观察早期肠内营养（EEN）支持对ICU机械通气患者的辅助治疗作用.方法 机械通气时间大于1周的患者47例,随机分为EEN组（n=24）和对照组（n=23）.EEN组入住ICU后12 ～24 h给予肠内营养（EN）,对照组入住ICU后72h～5 d给予EN,利用双糖试验法（乳果糖/甘露醇,L/M）测定两组患者肠黏膜屏障功能,观察患者体质量指数、体温、L/M比值、血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、脱机时间等临床指标.结果 入住ICU第7天时EEN组L/M为0.036±0.004,而对照组为0.108±0.020,EEN组明显低于对照组（t=2.746,P＜0.01）.EEN组平均体温（38.25±1.20）℃,低于对照组（38.92±1.40）℃（t=2.683,P＜0.05）便秘腹泻不良反应发生率[16.7％（4/23）与27.3％ （6/22）]及2周脱机成功率[90％ （18/20）与80％ （16/20）]好于对照组（x2值分别为5.36、6.08,均P＜0.05）;营养状态血清白蛋白、前白蛋白水平也较对照组有增高趋势.结论 早期应用肠内营养支持对呼吸机辅助通气患者能改善肠黏膜屏障,提高脱机成功率.     

基于喂养流程的脓毒症病人早期肠内营养耐受性的评估与管理

目的:探讨基于重症病人肠内营养(EN)喂养流程的早期肠内营养(EEN)耐受性评估与管理对脓毒症病人的影响,为EN实施及管理提供合理依据,以提高病人耐受性及改善疾病预后。方法:抽样选取2018年5月至2019年7月入住山东省青岛市市立医院ICU A病区与B病区的诊断为脓毒症且行EEN病人80例,按入院顺序分为对照组40例与实验组40例,对照组行常规EN治疗,实验组据重症病人EN喂养流程实施EN。结果:EN一周后,实验组前白蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(Hb)高于对照组,两组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。实验组不耐受例数与不耐受率均低于对照组(P 0.05),实验组目标喂养量达标时间低于对照组[(2.33±2.83)vs (3.93±3.64),P 0.05]。实验组住ICU时间、机械通气时间及28 d病死率与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论:脓毒症病人采用基于喂养流程的EEN耐受性评估与管理方案,不仅可提高病人耐受性从而保障EN顺利实施,而且可缩短目标喂养量达标时间,有效地改善病人营养状态,对指导临床治疗具有重要意义。     

早期肠内营养对重症心脏瓣膜病病人术后营养状态和免疫功能的研究

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)对重症心脏瓣膜病病人瓣膜置换术后营养状态和免疫功能影响。方法:采用前瞻性研究,收集重症心脏瓣膜病病人119例,随机分为EEN组(n=62)和常规EN组(n=57)。EEN组病人在进入ICU 24 h时进行EN支持,常规EN组在48 h后开始进行EN。比较两组病人入住ICU时和术后第7天的营养指标、体液免疫和细胞免疫指标,计算术后EN相关并发症的发生率以及住院天数。结果:两组病人入住ICU时的资料无显著性差异。术后第7天,EEN组病人血红蛋白(Hb)、血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、Ig A、Ig G、CD4+、CD8+水平均高于常规EN组,差异有显著性统计学意义(P0.05)。EEN组病人术后第7天Hb、ALB、PA、Ig A、Ig G、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平高于入住ICU时,且差异有显著性统计学意义(P0.05)。EEN组病人腹泻(9.7%,24.6%)和伤口感染(6.5%,21.1%)的发生率亦低于常规EN组,差异有显著性统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:EEN支持不仅能改善重症心脏瓣膜病病人瓣膜置换术后的免疫功能和营养状态,而且还能保护肠道功能,促进康复。     

早期肠内营养支持在危重症病人中的应用

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)支持在危重症病人中的应用效果. 方法:将ICU中65例危重症病人随机分为EEN组(35例)和肠外营养(PN)组(30例),并将营养支持情况进行对比分析. 结果:经EEN支持后血清清蛋白(ALB)和血红蛋白(Hb)较治疗前升高(P＜0.05),而经PN支持后各指标差异无显著性意义.两组对比EEN组病人ALB高于PN组(P＜0.05).EEN组在肱三头肌皮皱厚度(TSF)和上臂肌围(AMC)与PN组无显著性差异(P＞0.05),在Hb及氮平衡方面则明显优于PN组(P＜0.05). 结论:对于危重症病人,EEN较PN有更好的营养效果和代谢效应.     

序贯性肠内营养治疗在重症急性胰腺炎病人中的应用

目的:探讨序贯性肠内营养治疗(ENT)在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病人治疗中的应用及临床效果.方法:将41例确诊为SAP并保守治疗的病人随机分为两组.研究组(n=21)采用短肽型EN制剂过渡至整蛋白型EN制剂的序贯性ENT方案;对照组(n=20)直接采用整蛋白型EN制剂的ENT方案,喂养过程按照相关指南实施.比较两组病人达到目标能量时间、喂养并发症的发生率、同期营养指标情况以及平均入住ICU时间的差异.结果:两组病人在一定时间内均能达到目标热量.研究组病人达到目标能量的时间早于对照组(P＜0.05);研究组病人喂养并发症的发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);研究组病人营养指标改善情况明显好于对照组(P＜0.05);研究组平均入住ICU时间短于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论:序贯性ENT在SAP病人治疗中耐受性更好,能更快地改善病人的营养状况.     

早期肠内营养联合微生态制剂对慢加急性肝功能衰竭病人营养状态和预后的影响

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)联合微生态制剂辅助治疗乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝功能衰竭(HBV-ACLF)病人的治疗效果. 方法:采用前瞻性随机对照研究方法,选取HBV-ACLF病人58例,按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组29例.两组病人均于入住ICU治疗24 ～48 h,经鼻胃营养管持续输注EN液进行营养支持.治疗组病人在此基础上使用微生态制剂(地衣芽胞杆菌活菌胶囊2粒和乳果糖20 ml,每天2次),连用14 d.比较两组病人治疗前后血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、总胆固醇(TC)、总胆红素(TBil)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)和内毒素(ET)等的变化,并观察随访12周生存率. 结果:两组病人治疗前ALB、PA、TC、TBil、ALT、PTA、ET比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),治疗后TBIL、ALT、ET均较治疗前明显减低,ALB、PA、TC较治疗前明显升高,且以治疗组变化更加显著(P＜0.05).治疗组病人肝功能衰竭中期12周生存率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组肝功能衰竭晚期12周生存率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论:EEN联合微生态制剂治疗HBV-ACLF可有效地改善病人的营养状态,促进胃肠功能恢复,减轻内毒素血症,增加12周生存率.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.