老年肺栓塞患者临床特征及危险分层的分析与探讨

目的：通过与非老年患者比较,分析老年肺栓塞患者的临床特征及危险分层。方法：通过回顾性分析,对64例老年肺栓塞患者和39例非老年肺栓塞患者的危险因素、临床表现、实验室检查、肺栓塞严重指数（PESI）和30 d死亡率进行对比分析。结果：下肢静脉血栓和制动是两组最常见的危险因素,老年组中糖尿病、心律失常、外伤或骨折及高血压的发生率高于非老年组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血、咳嗽及晕厥的发生率方面比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;老年组血气分析氧分压低于非老年组[（67.2±32.6）mm Hg vs（85.1±25.3）mm Hg）（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）],动脉氧饱和度低于非老年组[（84.4±16.4）%vs（92.1±9.4）%],D-二聚体明显高于非老年组[（3 178.4±308.6）μg/L vs（2 019.4±282.7）μg/L],两组比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）;老年组心电图发生完全或不完全右束支阻滞的患者比例高于非老年组（17.2%vs 2.6%）,超声心动图出现右房、右室扩大的比例高于非老年组（48.4%vs 23.1%）,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）;PESI适用于老年肺栓塞患者的危险评估,两组患者30 d死亡率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：老年性肺栓塞患者合并危险因素多,临床表现不典型,存在较明显的低氧血症,D-二聚体增高,所以当老年患者出现呼吸困难和（或）低氧血症时应考虑肺栓塞的可能。     

D-二聚体检测的临床意义及高D-二聚体患者应用抗凝剂对预后的影响

目的探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成并肺栓塞患者D-二聚体检测的意义及应用抗凝剂对其预后的影响。方法选择下肢深静脉血栓形成合并肺栓塞住院患者（下肢深静脉血栓形成组）32例,随机分为两组,A组（n=16）采用低分子肝素钙治疗,B组（n=16）采用奥扎格雷钠治疗。于入院第1天、第14天、出院后1个月利用免疫浊度法检测外周静脉血D-二聚体,观察两组不同时间血D-二聚体的变化及临床疗效,并与16例健康者（对照组）对照。结果下肢深静脉血栓形成组在发病早期D-二聚体含量高于对照组（P〈0.05）,溶栓抗凝治疗后不同时间D-二聚体含量呈降低趋势,其中,A组与B组比较,D-二聚体含量差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。A组显效率为50.0%,B组显效率为87.5%,B组显效率明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 D-二聚体检测在探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成并肺栓塞患者中有重要意义,可作为下肢深静脉血栓形成并肺栓塞辅助诊断的指标之一,抗凝治疗或者抗血小板聚集治疗有效,后者疗效更佳。     

老年与中青年人肺栓塞临床特点与危险因素对比研究

目的：探讨分析老年人与中青年人肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）患者的临床特点及危险因素。方法：回顾性分析78例确诊住院PTE患者临床资料。结果：（1）中青年组的危险因素依次为：骨折及外伤史、手术史、糖尿病史、DVT等;老年组的危险因素依次为：慢性阻塞性肺疾病病史、心脑血管病史、糖尿病史、卧床与制动、DVT等。两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（2）中青年和老年组PTE的主要临床表现为呼吸困难、咳嗽和心悸;老年组肺部湿性罗音、胸腔积液与下肢水肿较中青年组高（P〈0.05）;（3）两组在D-二聚体、TNT、CRP变化,以及肺栓塞的不同部位方面无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：老年人发生PTE的危险因素及临床特点与中青年组不同,提高诊断意识,减少病死率。     

老年和非老年肺栓塞患者临床特征分析

目的分析老年肺栓塞的临床特征。方法通过回顾性分析对63例老年肺栓塞和60例非老年肺栓塞患者的危险因素、临床表现、诊断方法进行对比。结果老年肺栓塞的危险因素为下肢静脉血栓、制动和恶性肿瘤。呼吸困难是两组患者最常见的症状。两组患者咯血、胸痛、晕厥的发生率间差异均有显著性意义(P<0·05);老年组患者D-二聚体水平明显高于非老年组(P<0·05),老年组同时累及右肺动脉主支或左肺动脉主支者与非老年组比较差异无显著性意义(P>0·05)。结论老年肺栓塞患者临床表现不典型,需提高诊断意识,及时诊疗,以减少死亡率。     

老年和非老年肺栓塞患者的临床对比观察

目的 分析老年和非老年肺栓塞的临床特征的差异,提高对老年肺栓塞的诊断意识和水平.方法 对我院2005年1月至2007年12月间确诊的106例肺栓塞患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 下肢深静脉血栓形成在两组均是最常见的危险因素;慢性阻塞性肺病、长期制动、恶性肿瘤、心脏病较常见于老年组;创伤/骨折、妊娠、家族性易栓症较常见于非老年组(P<0.05).呼吸困难是两组患者最常见的症状,胸痛、晕厥、发热、咯血的发生率,两组间均有显著性差异(P<0.05),非老年组患者D-二聚体阳性率高于老年组患者(P<0.05),V/Q扫描在老年组阳性率不高,CTPA在老年组患者中阳性率较高,组间有明显差异(P<0.05).结论 老年肺栓塞患者基础病和危险因素多,临床表现不典型,易误诊、漏诊,CTPA检查对诊断老年PE准确可靠,具有重要临床价值.     

老年性肺栓塞患者临床特征和高危因素分析

目的:通过与非老年性肺栓塞患者比较,分析老年性肺栓塞患者发生的高危因素和临床表现特征,提高其诊断率。方法:通过回顾性分析,分别对62例老年肺栓塞和74例非老年肺栓塞患者发生的高危因素、临床表现以及诊断方法进行比较。结果:非老年组相比,老年肺栓塞的高危因素主要包括脑卒中、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、高血压、冠心病和2型糖尿病等(P<0.05)。两组患者胸痛、晕厥、咳嗽、咯血的发生率间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。啰音的发生率在老年组患者显著高于非老年组(P<0.01)。D-二聚体水平在两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。老年组同时累及右肺动脉主支或左肺动脉主支者与非老年组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:患有脑卒中、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、高血压、冠心病、2型糖尿病等疾病的老年患者若出现胸痛,呼吸困难、晕厥、咳嗽、咳血等症状应及时诊断和治疗。     

食管癌术后肺动脉栓塞的预测研究

目的 探讨食管癌手术后肺动脉栓塞（以下简称肺栓塞）患者的血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体变化规律以及手术前后有无下肢深静脉血栓与肺栓塞的关联.方法 所有食管癌患者术前、术后第1、3、5天分别化验D-二聚体水平及血浆纤维蛋白原,将发生肺栓塞的患者检测结果与同期未发生栓塞者进行比较,同时观察肺栓塞与手术前、后下肢深静脉血栓是否相关.运用SPSS13.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 肺栓塞患者术后第1、3、5天血浆D-二聚体水平及术后第1天血浆纤维蛋白原含量均高于未发生肺栓塞患者,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）.手术前是否存在下肢深静脉血栓与术后肺栓塞并无关联（P＞0.05）,但术后下肢深静脉血栓形成易导致肺栓塞.结论 通过监测血浆D-二聚体和纤维蛋白原水平及术后尽早发现新发下肢深静脉血栓有助于提高食管癌术后肺栓塞的预警.     

血浆D-二聚体测定在深静脉血栓形成中的意义

目的：探讨血浆D-二聚体测定对深静脉血栓形成（DVT）诊断和疗效评估的意义及DVT患者临床危险因素。方法回顾性分析435例DVT患者的血浆D-二聚体水平,同时在体检人群中随机选择150例作为对照组,比较分析DVT患者中135例初诊时的危险因素。进一步监测其中的33例DVT患者治疗后1-3d、7-10d、15d的血浆D-二聚体变化情况。结果 DVT患者血浆D-二聚体水平与对照组相比有统计学差异（P=0.000）,抗凝治疗的有效率为78.8%。治疗有效组DVT患者的血浆D-二聚体下降程度与无效组相比有统计学差异（P=0.005）。年龄＜40岁的DVT患者中手术和外伤是主要危险因素,而年龄≥40岁患者中肿瘤、内科疾病、中心静脉置管及长期卧床是其主要危险因素。结论血浆D-二聚体是DVT诊断及疗效评估的重要指标,DVT危险因素是其一级预防的依据。     

深静脉血栓住院患者肺栓塞相关研究

目的:探讨急性期和亚急性期深静脉血栓形成(DVT)住院患者,发生肺栓塞(PE)的危险因素。方法:对153例入选的深静脉血栓形成患者空腹抽血,进行凝血时间、活化的部分凝血活酶时间、纤维蛋白原、C反应蛋白、血沉、D-二聚体、抗心磷脂抗体等检测,同时进行顺行静脉造影或静脉血管超声检查确诊,并通过Logistic回归分析寻找深静脉血栓形成住院患者,发生肺栓塞的危险因素。结果:153例深静脉血栓形成患者中,32例发生PE,发生率为20.9%。PE组活化的部分凝血活酶时间、纤维蛋白原、C反应蛋白、D-二聚体水平均高于非PE组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。凝血时间、血沉、抗心磷脂抗体在两组间未见显著性差异。经Logistic回归分析示C反应蛋白和D-二聚体是造成DVT住院患者发生PE的独立危险因素。结论:C反应蛋白和D-二聚体可能是造成DVT住院患者发生PE的独立危险因素。     

非显性因素所致慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并肺栓塞的临床特征与相关因素分析

目的：探讨非显性因素所致慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重（AECOPD）合并肺栓塞的临床特征以及相关因素。方法：选取我院2011年1月--2013年1月间收治的100例非显性因素所致的AECOPD患者作为研究对象。按照是否发生了肺栓塞将这些患者分为A组（发生了肺栓塞）和B组（未发生肺栓塞）。在试验中为这两组患者进行体格检查、心电图检查、双下肢静脉彩超检查、CT肺动脉造影检查、动脉血气分析、血浆D-二聚体检测和内皮素-1检测。最后,观察、比较这两组患者的检查结果和临床特征。结果：①在卧床时间、是否发生晕厥、是否形成深静脉血栓、双侧下肢是否等粗、心电图I导联的S波T波是否倒置、心电图Ⅲ导联的Q波是否显著、PaCO2是否低于基线值、D-聚体的水平是否升高等方面,两组患者具有显著性差异（x2=4.29--6.83,P＜0.05）。②A组患者的D-二聚体平均水平、内皮素-1中位数均高于B组患者,且两组间的差异具有显著性（P＜0.05）。③双侧下肢不等粗差距大于1cm、卧床超过7d、深静脉血栓形成是AECOPD合并肺栓塞的危险因素。结论：非显性因素所致的AECOPD其患者合并肺栓塞的可能性高。而这一现象与患者长期卧床、深静脉血栓形成和双下肢不等粗等因素存在关联。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.