Mammography use among older women of seven Latin American and Caribbean cities

BACKGROUND: To describe the prevalence of mammography use, and to estimate its association with sociodemographics. METHODS: A sample of 6207 women aged 60 and older from the first interview of Health, Well-Being and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean Study (SABE) in seven cities (Buenos Aires, Bridgetown, Havana, Mexico, Montevideo, Santiago, and Sao Paulo). The outcome was reporting a mammogram within the last 2 years. RESULTS: Prevalence of mammography use ranged from 9.8% in Havana to 34.4% in Sao Paulo. Independent predictors of mammography use across cities were older age (lowest odds ratio [OR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89-0.95), higher education (highest OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.08-1.20), public health insurance (lowest OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.11-0.76), or no insurance (lowest OR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.34) compared with private insurance. In a combined sample of six cities, higher education was associated with higher mammography use, but older age and insurance (public: OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.45-0.65; no insurance: OR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.23-0.40; compared with private insurance) were associated with lower mammography use. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of mammography use across cities was lower than that reported for Hispanic populations in the US. In the overall sample, mammography use was increased in highly educated people and decreased in people without insurance.     

Acutely injured patients with trauma in Massachusetts: differences in care and mortality, by insurance status.

OBJECTIVES. This study was designed to determine whether resource use and mortality differed by insurance status for patients with acute trauma. METHODS. All adults emergently hospitalized in Massachusetts during 1990 with acute trauma (n = 15,008) were examined. RESULTS. After adjustment for confounders, uninsured patients were as likely to receive care in an intensive care unit as were patients with private insurance (odds ratio [OR] = 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.85, 1.11) but were less likely to undergo an operative procedure (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.63, 0.74) or physical therapy (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.57,0.67) and were more likely to die in a hospital (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.44, 3.19). Compared with patients with private insurance, those with Medicaid were less likely to receive an operative procedure (0.85, 0.75-0.97), were equally likely to receive care in an intensive care unit (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.86, 1.30) or physical therapy (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.79, 1.02), and were no more likely to die (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 0.69,2.39). CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that the uninsured receive less trauma-related care and have a higher mortality rate. The excess mortality in uninsured patients may be avoided if their resource use is increased to that of insured patients.     

Disparity of risk-adjusted inpatient outcomes among African American and white patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia

The objectives of this study were to examine the associations between inpatient pneumonia outcomes, health care factors, and sociodemographics with an emphasis on race. African American and white patients from the 2008 National Hospital Discharge Survey who were admitted to nonprofit and for-profit hospitals with a principal diagnosis of pneumonia were sampled (n=1924). Three outcomes were measured: length of hospital stay, discharge to home, and deceased at discharge. Length of hospital stay was measured with negative binomial regression including incidence rate ratios (IRRs), while the remaining 2 outcomes were measured with logistic regression including odds ratios (ORs). Patients with longer hospital stays relative to peers were likely older (IRR=1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01-1.01, P<0.001) and African American (IRR=1.19, 95% CI=1.10-1.30, P<0.001), but had fewer comorbidities (IRR=0.97, 95% CI=0.94-0.99, P=0.016). Patients were less likely to be discharged to home if they were older (OR=0.96, 95% CI=0.95-0.96, P<0.001), African American (OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.52-0.90, P=0.006), and had government insurance (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.44-0.79, P<0.001). Patients deceased at discharge were more likely to be older (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01-1.05, P=0.001), African American (OR=1.97, 95% CI=1.10-3.53, P=0.023), and to have fewer comorbidities (OR=0.71, 95% CI=0.57-0.88, P=0.002). African Americans with pneumonia experience inequitable inpatient pneumonia-related outcomes relative to whites. Hospital interventions addressing equity are needed.     

The influence of payer mix on electronic health record adoption by physicians

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have examined the relationship between physician practice characteristics and electronic health record (EHR) adoption. Little is known about how payer mix influences physicians' decisions to implement EHR systems. PURPOSE: This study examines how different proportions of Medicare, Medicaid, and privately insured patients in physicians' practices influence EHR adoption. METHODOLOGY: Data from a large-scale survey of physician's use of information technologies in Florida were analyzed. Physicians were categorized based on their responses to questions regarding the proportion of patients in their practice that use Medicare, Medicaid, or private insurance products. The binary dependent variable of interest was EHR adoption among physicians. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were computed using logistic regression modeling techniques. The model examined the effect of changes in each payer type on EHR adoption, controlling for various practice characteristics. FINDINGS: Physicians with the highest percentage of Medicaid patients in their practices were significantly less likely to indicate using an EHR system when compared with those in the low-volume Medicaid group (OR = 0.690; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50-0.95). No differences in EHR adoption were detected among physicians in the low, median, and high Medicare volume classifications. Among the private payer classifications, physicians whose practices were in the median group indicated significantly greater EHR use than those with relatively low levels of privately insured patients (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.16-2.27). Those in the high-volume private payer group were also more likely than the low-volume group to have an EHR system, but this trend did not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.96-2.16). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Governmental insurance programs are either not influencing or negatively influencing EHR adoption among physicians in Florida. Given the quality and cost benefits associated with EHR use (particularly for health care payers), policymakers should consider strategies to incentivize or reward EHR adoption among doctors who care for Medicare and Medicaid patients.     

Delays in seeking HIV care due to competing caregiver responsibilities

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to describe the characteristics of HIV-infected persons who delay medical care for themselves because they are caring for others. METHODS: HIV-infected adults (n = 2864) enrolled in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (1996-1997) were interviewed. RESULTS: The odds were 1.6 times greater for women than for men to put off care (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 2.2); persons without insurance and with CD4 cell counts above 500 were also significantly more likely to put off care. Having a child in the household was associated with putting off care (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.4, 2.3). CONCLUSIONS: Women or individuals with a child in the household should be offered services that might allow them to avoid delays in seeking their own medical care.     

Agricultural pesticide use and hypospadias in eastern Arkansas

INTRODUCTION: We assessed the relationship between hypospadias and proximity to agricultural pesticide applications using a GIS-based exposure method. METHODS: We obtained information for 354 cases of hypospadias born between 1998 and 2002 in eastern Arkansas; 727 controls were selected from birth certificates. We classified exposure on pounds of pesticides (estimated by crop type) applied or persisting within 500 m of each subject's home during gestational weeks 6 to 16. We restricted our analyses to 38 pesticides with some evidence of reproductive, developmental, estrogenic, and/or antiandrogenic effects. We estimated timing of pesticide applications using crop phenology and published records. RESULTS: Gestational age at birth [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83-0.99], parity (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65-0.95), and delaying prenatal care until the third trimester (OR = 4.04; 95% CI, 1.46-11.23) were significantly associated with hypospadias. Risk of hypospadias increased by 8% for every 0.05-pound increase in estimated exposure to diclofop-methyl use (OR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15). Pesticide applications in aggregate (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70-0.96) and applications of alachlor (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.89) and permethrin (OR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.86) were negatively associated with hypospadias. CONCLUSIONS: Except for diclofop-methyl, we did not find evidence that estimated exposure to pesticides known to have reproductive, developmental, or endocrine-disrupting effects increases risk of hypospadias. Further research on the potential effects of exposure to diclofop-methyl is recommended.     

德宏傣族景颇族自治州不同年龄跨境婚姻人群艾滋病相关公共卫生服务现况

  目的  了解德宏自治州跨境婚姻人群艾滋病相关公共卫生服务现况及其年龄差异。  方法  采用横断面调查研究,2017年5月-2019年6月,招募德宏州所有跨境婚姻人员开展调查。  结果  共调查并纳入分析32 182人,年龄15~85岁。曾接受过艾滋病检测服务、近1年接受过艾滋病相关干预服务、近1年得到关怀帮助和参加新农合比例分别为57.8%、92.7%、6.5%和94.5%;其中后三项存在年龄差异（P < 0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,曾接受过艾滋病检测服务的影响因素包括年龄（51~85岁:OR=0.71,95% CI:0.63~0.81）、女性（OR=1.14,95% CI:1.03~1.25）、地区（陇川:OR=6.30,95% CI:5.72~6.93;梁河:OR=1.27,95% CI:1.11~1.44;盈江:OR=0.88,95% CI:0.82~0.94）、傣族（OR=1.60,95% CI:1.50~1.72）、婚姻登记（办理边民通婚登记:OR=0.60,95% CI:0.56~0.65;未办任何手续:OR=0.66,95% CI:0.62~0.70）、结婚年数（4~5年:OR=1.21,95% CI:1.12~1.31;6~60年:OR=1.30,95% CI:1.22~1.39）、近1年未得到关怀帮助（OR=0.64,95% CI:0.58~0.71）、未参加新农合（OR=0.58,95% CI:0.52~0.65）。  结论  德宏州跨境婚姻人群艾滋病相关公共卫生服务总体实施较好。但是,接受艾滋病检测服务比例相对较低,需在个别人群和县市加强检测。     

老年人电子健康素养及影响因素

  目的  调查老年人电子健康素养及影响因素。  方法  从济南市随机抽取24个社区,采用电子健康素养量表调查1 201名老年人。采用χ2检验进行单因素分析,使用Logistic回归分析模型进行多因素分析。  结果  1 201名老年人电子健康素养合格率11.1%。多因素分析显示,小学及以下受教育程度（OR=4.50,95% CI:1.924~10.530,P=0.001）、家庭养老（OR=3.08,95% CI:1.326~7.165,P=0.009）、自评健康较差（OR=2.12,95% CI:1.022~4.406,P=0.044）、自评生活压力较大（OR=4.09,95% CI:1.686~9.938,P=0.002）是老年人电子健康素养的危险因素;城镇户籍（OR=0.52,95% CI:0.337~0.815,P=0.004）、照顾孙子女以本人为主（OR=0.43,95% CI:0.273~0.682,P < 0.001）、城市基本医保/新农合医保（OR=0.22,95% CI:0.047~0.998,P=0.05）、商业性医保（OR=0.10,95% CI:0.019~0.552,P=0.008）、父母健在（OR=0.44,95% CI:0.264~0.719,P=0.001）是老年人电子健康素养的保护因素。  结论  户籍类型、受教育程度、医疗保险类型、照顾孙子女方式、养老方式、自评健康状况、父母健在情况、自评生活压力是老年人电子健康素养的影响因素。     

One- and two-year predictors of decline in physical activity among inner-city schoolchildren

BACKGROUND: Alarming secular declines in physical activity (PA) have been observed among youth over the last decade. A better understanding of the predictors of these declines is crucial to identifying those children most at risk and to developing interventions that target youth before the onset of decline. This report identifies 1- and 2-year predictors of decline in PA among fourth- and fifth-grade students from inner-city neighborhoods in Montreal, Canada. METHODS: Data for this study were collected in classroom questionnaires each May/June from 1993 to 1997. Analyses for this paper were completed in 2001. The cohort included active (at least one PA per day) children with baseline and 1-year (n =1873) or 2-year (n =509) follow-up data. RESULTS: In boys, 1-year predictors of decline to an inactive status identified in generalized estimating equations analysis included moderate (vs high) baseline PA (odds ratio [OR]=1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.91-3.05); low PA self-efficacy (OR=1.67, 95% CI=1.03-2.71); born outside Canada (OR=2.13; 95% CI=1.31-3.46); Asian origin (OR=1.81; 95% CI=1.03-3.16) and no participation in school teams (OR=1.81, 95% CI=0.93-3.55). In girls, these 1-year predictors included moderate PA (OR=1.91, 95% CI=1.10-3.32); low PA self-efficacy (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.15-2.49); watching four or more TV programs per day (OR=1.40, 95% CI=0.97-2.02); mother unemployed (OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.07-2.23); and grade five (vs grade four) (OR=1.35, 95% CI=0.94-1.93). Two-year predictors in boys included moderate baseline PA (OR=2.52, 95% CI=0.84-7.50), and born outside Canada (OR=1.96, 95% CI=0.91-4.20). In girls, these 2-year predictors included moderate baseline PA (OR=2.75, 95% CI=1.01-7.49); no participation in school teams (OR=2.14, 95% CI=0.92-5.00); watching four or more TV programs per day (OR=1.93, 95% CI=0.99-3.74); and born outside Canada (OR=1.85, 95% CI=0.96-3.55). CONCLUSIONS: Reduced TV viewing among girls and increased participation in school sports teams in boys and girls may prevent declines in PA among pre-adolescents from inner-city neighborhoods.     

Predisposing and Enabling Factors Associated with Mammography Use Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women Living in a Rural Area

ABSTRACT:  Context: Women who do not receive regular mammograms are more likely than others to have breast cancer diagnosed at an advanced stage. Purpose: To examine predisposing and enabling factors associated with mammography use among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women. Methods: Baseline data were used from a larger study on cancer prevention in rural Washington state. In a sample of 20 communities, 537 women formed the sample for this study. The main outcomes were ever having had a mammogram and having had a mammogram within the past 2 years. Findings: Reporting ever having had a mammogram was inversely associated with lack of health insurance (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16-0.84), ages under 50 years (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.12-0.45), high cost of exams (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27-0.87), and lack of mammography knowledge (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07-0.37), while increasing education levels were positively associated (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.09-2.70). Reporting mammography use within the past 2 years was inversely associated with ages under 50 years (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27-0.88) and over 70 years (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24-0.94), lack of health insurance (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.10-0.50), and high cost of exams (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35-0.87). Conclusions: Continued resources and programs for cancer screening are needed to improve mammography participation among women without health insurance or low levels of education.     

The Association Between Socio-Ecological Factors and Having an After-School Physical Activity Program

BACKGROUND: After-school physical activity (PA) programs promote PA among youth. Few studies have used socio-ecological health models to identify barriers and facilitators of after-school PA programs. This study examined which socio-ecological factors are associated with having an after-school PA program. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to key representatives of 114 elementary and 129 secondary schools. The association between socio-ecological factors and having an after-school PA program was analyzed at school level. RESULTS: In both types of schools more knowledge about community schools was positively associated with having an after-school PA program (odds ratio [OR] = 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18-3.27; OR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.27-2.80, respectively). In elementary schools, environmental factors associated with having an after-school PA program included PA facilities (OR = 4.98; 95% CI = 1.08-23.05), a PA working group (OR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.02-11.10), agreements with the community (OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.05-2.43), shortage of human resources (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.37-0.89) and lack of support from teachers (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.33-0.80). In secondary schools, environmental factors included the presence of a remunerated coordinator (OR = 5.12; 95% CI = 1.38-19.10) and partnerships with "sport and PA leaders" (OR = 3.54; 95% CI = 1.01-12.41). CONCLUSION: Having an after-school PA program was associated with personal and environmental factors, which supports the use of socio-ecological frameworks for explorative and intervention studies aiming to increase after-school PA programs.     

Analysis of switching insurance plan type. Comparison of two statistical methods

PURPOSE: To compare results of 2 statistical methods for identifying factors in claims data that are associated with switching insurance plans between managed care (MC) and indemnity (IN).METHODS: Using claims data from 2 insurance providers in a northeastern city, we analyzed patients aged 18+ with diabetes, asthma, or congestive heart failure (CHF) who were covered any time in 1993-1997 (N = 88,917). Stratifying by initial plan type, we examined predictors of switching from the initial plan type using logistic regression and survival analysis. Covariates included age, time in study (for logistic models), gender, diabetes (yes/no), CHF (yes/no), and asthma (yes/no). Survival analysis accounted for time to switch and allowed time-varying covariates.RESULTS: In logistic regression models, older individuals who were in IN were much less likely to switch into MC. Those in MC were more likely to switch to IN, with the greatest likelihood of switching in ages 60-69 (OR = 4.00, 95% CI = 3.32-4.83). Females were less likely to switch from IN to MC (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.87-0.98), CHF patients were less likely to switch from IN to MC (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.68-0.83), and diabetes patients were less likely to switch from MC to IN (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.62-0.96). Hazard ratios calculated using Cox regression were similar to odds ratios for most covariates. However, some coefficients for diseases were significant in Cox models but not in the logistic models. Cox models took 45 times longer in CPU time than logistic regression models.CONCLUSIONS: Logistic regression was a good approximation to Cox regression in identifying many of the factors in switching insurance plan in these data, at a fraction of the computing time. However, Cox models allowed diseases to be time-varying, and so was more sensitive to identifying significant relationships with disease.     

Influence of work environment on emotional health in a health care setting

BACKGROUND: Radical changes are taking place in health care services and might be expected to cause job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, somatic complaints and mental health problems. Research in this area is limited and focused primarily on nurses. AIM: To understand the impact of the work environment on the emotional health of doctors and nurses in a general hospital setting. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using self-reported questionnaires including the General Health Questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist for Civilians, the Trauma Experiences and Work Environment Scale. RESULTS: The response rates for the study were 28% (60) for doctors and 54% (431) for nurses. Whilst the prevalences of psychiatric disorder, anxiety, depression and PTSD were higher for doctors compared with nurses, this was not statistically significant. Both groups reported witnessing someone badly injured or killed as their most distressing experience (doctors 46% versus nurses 41%). Using multiple logistic regression, significant predictors of emotional health was task orientation for doctors (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.1-3.6), and PTSD (OR = 17.2, 95% CI = 6.0-49.6), work pressure (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.01-1.4) and innovation (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.70-0.94) for nurses. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of psychiatric disorder among the doctors and nurses was similar to that in Britain. Elements of the work environment did impact on the emotional health of health care workers. Organizational development initiatives should include employee mental health issues in order to create a more positive work environment.     

Is it necessary that some patients come to see us so often? Factors associated with primary care use in pediatrics

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relationship between pediatric patients morbidity and their level of primary health care services use; and to establish if the patients level of use affects the health promotion and immunization schedule completion. METHODS: All patients assigned to a pediatric practice of the Basque National Health Service in Astrabudua (Bizkaia, Spain) over a 6-year period were categorized into different utilization patterns according to their age and number of primary care visits (whose principal reason for encounter was different from health promotion activities). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed comparing three groups of subjects: 116 consistently high users, 115 consistently low users and 123 patients classified as consistently medium or erratic users. Ambulatory care Groups (ACGs) case-mix system was used to manage pathologies. RESULTS: High use patients experienced several morbidity types most frequently than low use ones: asthma (OR = 44.7; 95% CI = 5.5-206.1), diseases likely to recurr (OR = 33.5; 95% CI = 8.5-131.6), specialty unstable chronic conditions (OR = 10.8; 95% CI = 2.2-52.8), psychosocial conditions (OR = 5.7; 95% CI = 2.1-15.2), chronic medical stable conditions (OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.9-8.6), eye/dental diseases (OR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.5-8.1). On the other hand, low users were more likely to be lacking completion of the immunization (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.1-8.8) and the well-child care program visits schedules (OR = 4.3; 95% CI = 2.3-8.0). CONCLUSION: Our data confirm that high utilization, far from being inadequate behavior, is an adequate response to the higher health care needs showed by such patients. Primary care pediatricians should assess preventive care needs of the children who consult them infrequently.     

A multilevel analysis of neighbourhood built and social environments and adult self-reported physical activity and body mass index in Ottawa, Canada

Canadian research examining the combined effects of social and built environments on physical activity (PA) and obesity is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among built and social environments and PA and overweight/obesity in 85 Ottawa neighbourhoods. Self-reported PA, height and weight were collected from 3,883 adults using the International PA Questionnaire from the 2003-2007 samples of the Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System. Data on neighbourhood characteristics were obtained from the Ottawa Neighbourhood Study; a large study of neighbourhoods and health in Ottawa. Two-level binomial logistic regression models stratified by sex were used to examine the relationships of environmental and individual variables with PA and overweight/obesity while using survey weights. Results identified that approximately half of the adults were insufficiently active or overweight/obese. Multilevel models identified that for every additional convenience store, men were two times more likely to be physically active (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.72, 2.43) and with every additional specialty food store women were almost two times more likely to be overweight or obese (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.33, 2.20). Higher green space was associated with a reduced likelihood of PA (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.99) and increased odds of overweight and obesity in men (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.19), and decreased odds of overweight/obesity in women (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.89). In men, neighbourhood socioeconomic scores, voting rates and sense of community belonging were all significantly associated with overweight/obesity. Intraclass coefficients were low, but identified that the majority of neighbourhood variation in outcomes was explained by the models. Findings identified that green space, food landscapes and social cohesiveness may play different roles on PA and overweight/obesity in men and women and future prospective studies are needed.     

天津郊县居民风险态度对乙型肝炎疫苗接种行为的影响研究

  目的  通过天津市郊县居民风险态度对乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗接种行为影响因素的调查，探寻健康教育改善路径。  方法  问卷调查宁河县和静海县6个村的1 031名16~60岁成人，采用Pearson χ2检验和非条件二分类Logistic回归分析方法研究风险态度对乙肝疫苗接种行为的影响。  结果  Logistic回归分析显示，对其他变量进行控制后，调查对象的风险态度对其乙肝疫苗接种行为具有一定影响，年龄越小（OR=0.94，95%CI:0.93~0.96，P<0.001）、未婚（OR=8.24，95%CI:2.89~23.60，P<0.001）、自感健康较差（OR=1.78，95%CI:1.53~3.49，P=0.008）、正式工作者（OR=7.18，95%CI:2.29~22.54，P=0.001）、有医保（OR=8.46，95%CI:2.31~30.86，P=0.001）、风险规避（OR=1.65，95%CI:1.06~2.57，P=0.026）和风险中立者（OR=1.50，95%CI:1.03~2.17，P=0.032）更易选择接种乙肝疫苗。  结论  针对风险规避者和风险中立者，加强对乙肝疾病特征和疾病经济负担方面的健康教育，针对风险寻求者，可从乙肝流行趋势和传播途径等方面加强，使其对感染乙肝的概率有更科学的认识。     

Urinary heavy metals and associated medical conditions in the US adult population

Health effects of heavy metals have been widely investigated, but further evaluation is required to comprehensively delineate their toxicity. Using data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on 1,857 adults to examine the relationship between urinary heavy metals and various medical conditions. Cardiovascular diseases were correlated to cadmium (OR: 4.94, 95% CI: 1.48-16.56) and lead (OR: 5.32, 95% CI: 1.08-26.21). Asthma was related to tungsten (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.15-2.59) and uranium (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01-2.28). Hepatotoxicity was associated with molybdenum (OR: 3.09, 95% CI: 1.24-7.73) and uranium (OR: 4.79, 95% CI: 1.74-13.19). Surprising inverse relationships occurred for excessive weight with lead (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52-0.98), reduced visual acuity with cobalt (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44-0.95) and cesium (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35-0.77). This study supports some previous evidence of potential relationships and provides insights for future research.     

广西桂平市2016—2020年活产新生儿不良出生结局影响因素

  目的  了解广西壮族自治区(简称广西)桂平市新生儿出生体重变化、不良出生结局流行特征以及相关影响因素,为下一步促进新生儿健康提供科学依据。  方法  收集2016年1月1日—2020年12月31日所有在桂平市人民医院出生活产新生儿数据,通过R 4.1.2统计软件,采用ggplot2、χ2检验、趋势χ2检验、t检验和logistic回归分析模型进行描述及统计分析。  结果  共有25 958名新生儿纳入研究,平均出生体重为(3 054±515) g,低出生体重率为10.38%,巨大儿率为2.07%,早产率为11.09%。女婴、农村地区、高危妊娠是低出生体重危险因素(OR=1.81, 95% CI:1.61~2.04; OR=1.56, 95% CI: 1.27~1.90; OR=1.70,95% CI:1.44~2.00),冬天出生、二胎、三胎及以上、产检次数≥8次是低出生体重保护因素(OR=0.77,95% CI:0.65~0.92;OR=0.55,95% CI:0.48~0.62; OR=0.50, 95% CI:0.42~0.59; OR=0.78, 95% CI:0.67~0.91);冬天出生、母亲年龄为20~ < 35岁和≥35岁、二胎、三胎及以上、高危妊娠是巨大儿发生危险因素(OR=1.59, 95% CI:1.21~2.08; OR=2.94, 95% CI:1.29~6.71; OR=3.16, 95% CI:1.35~7.38; OR=1.74, 95% CI:1.37~2.22; OR=1.73, 95% CI:1.31~2.29; OR=3.53, 95% CI:2.66~4.96);农村地区、父亲为其他少数民族、高危妊娠、多胎儿是新生儿早产的危险因素(OR=1.18, 95% CI:1.01~1.37; OR=1.53, 95% CI:1.03~2.28; OR=10.20, 95% CI:8.29~12.55; OR=7.05, 95% CI:6.17~8.05),女婴、二胎、三胎及以上、产检次数≥8次是早产保护因素(OR=0.91, 95% CI:0.83~0.99; OR= 0.86, 95% CI:0.77~0.95; OR=0.87, 95% CI:0.77~0.98; OR=0.37, 95% CI:0.33~0.42)。  结论  广西桂平市新生儿早产率具有下降趋势,但是低出生体重率及巨大儿率仍然平稳甚至上升,应加强影响因素因果关联的深入研究并及早干预,促进新生儿健康。