Subpopulation of adenoidal lymphocytes of recurrent infection in the upper respiratory tract

A subpopulation of adenoidal lymphocytes was determined by the E-and EAC-rosetting techniques in order to study an immunological profile of adenoids in 61 children with recurrent otitis media, rhinosinusitis or recurrent tonsillitis.Though there was no significant difference in E- and EAC-rosette forming cells of adenoid tissues from children with recurrent infection in the upper respiratory tract, our results indicated the following. (1) A higher proportion of EAC-rosette forming cells (EAC-RFC) without a change of E-RFC was found in the adenoids of children with recurrent tonsillitis than those without it. (2) The percentage of EAC-RFC appears to increase proportionally to the size of adenoid viewed on the X-ray film. (3) The higher percentage was more remarkable in cases with rhinosinusitis and recurrent otitis media. From the data obtained it is concluded that adenoids may play some part in immunity responses against infection in the upper respiratory tract reflecting adenoidal hypertrophy.     

Chronic rhinosinusitis and adenoid hypertrophy in children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between adenoid microbiology, adenoid size, and maxillary sinus microbiology in children with both chronic rhinosinusitis and adenoid hypertrophy. METHODS: The children with both chronic rhinosinusitis and adenoid hypertrophy were admitted to this prospective study. The study included 30 children. The diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis was based on clinical and radiologic examinations. Adenoid hypertrophy was classified as medium and large based on the preoperative flexible fiberoptic endoscopy and nasal endoscopy during surgery. Maxillary sinus aspiration and adenoidectomy was performed in all patients. Sinus aspirate and adenoid tissue specimens were cultured. The correlation of culture results was investigated. The relationship between adenoid size and maxillary sinus culture results was analyzed by using chi-square test. RESULTS: Adenoid sizes were medium in 12 (40%) and large in 18 (60%) cases. Bacterial growth was found on 14 of 30 (47%) sinus aspirate, and all adenoid specimen cultures showed bacterial growth (100%). There was no statistical correlation between cultures obtained from the adenoid tissue with those from the maxillary sinus. The relationship between adenoid size and maxillary sinus culture results was not found statistically significant (chi(2) = 0.96, P = 1.0). CONCLUSION: The reason that there was no correlation between cultures obtained from the adenoid tissue with those from the maxillary sinus is that it seems possible that the adenoids act as a barrier causing mechanical obstruction rather than a nidus for chronic sinus infection. However, there is no relationship between adenoid size and maxillary sinus culture positivity. Medium adenoids causing partial obstruction may lead to changes in the microenvironment and may start bacterial growth in children with positive maxillary culture. Further investigation is needed to explain the association between adenoid hypertrophy and rhinosinusitis. Adenoidectomy helps to resolve the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis in the children with both chronic rhinosinusitis and adenoid hypertrophy.     

鼻内镜辅助腺样体切除术与常规腺样体刮除术的疗效比较

目的 比较鼻内镜辅助经口腺样体切除术与常规腺样体刮除术的疗效.方法 腺样体肥大患儿36例,其中19例接受鼻内镜辅助经口腺样体切除术,17例施行常规腺样体刮除术,比较两种术式的疗效.结果 常规腺样体刮除术治疗组中5例存在腺样体残留,鼻内镜辅助经口腺样体切除术组无1例有腺样体残留.结论 鼻内镜辅助经口腺样体切除术式是治疗腺样体肥大的最佳手术方法.     

EB病毒在儿童腺样体肥大和扁桃体炎组织内的定量研究及意义

目的:探讨EB病毒在儿童慢性扁桃体炎、腺样体肥大中的流行病学特点及其在儿童腺样体肥大、慢性扁桃体炎疾病发病机制中的作用.方法:采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对52例慢性扁桃体炎、腺样体肥大患儿手术摘除的腺样体、扁桃体组织及血浆标本进行EB病毒定量检测.结果:患有慢性扁桃体炎和(或)腺样体肥大的儿童扁桃体、腺样体组织中EB病毒感染率为51.9%;其中男性患儿EB病毒感染率为50.0%,女性患儿为55.6%,两者差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).扁桃体组织EB病毒感染率为40.4%,腺样体组织为48.9%,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).学龄组(7～14岁)患儿扁桃体和腺样体组织EB病毒感染率为65.5%,明显高于学龄前组(2～6岁)患儿的感染率(34.8%).比较轻、中、重度肥大的腺样体组织中EB病毒-DNA拷贝数发现:重度肥大组EB病毒-DNA拷贝数明显高于其他两组(P＜0.05).52例患儿血浆标本检测发现:EB病毒-DNA拷贝数均在正常范围内(＜1×10~3 copies/ml).结论:腺样体肥大组织与慢性扁桃体炎组织对EB病毒有相同的易感性,男、女性患儿的扁桃体和腺样体组织对EB病毒易感性基本相同,且随着患儿年龄的增长、病程的延长,EB病毒的感染率也会相应增高.腺样体的增生、肥大与EB病毒的感染有一定相关性.     

糠酸莫米松鼻喷剂和孟鲁司特钠联合治疗儿童腺样体肥大的疗效观察

目的：探讨儿童腺样体肥大的非手术治疗方法及其疗效。方法联合使用糠酸莫米松鼻喷剂和孟鲁司特钠治疗儿童腺样体肥大30例,按照腺样体大小分为轻度12例、中度11例、重度7例三组,同时按照有无变应性鼻炎分为伴变应性鼻炎组19例和不伴变应性鼻炎组11例。患者的症状评分根据Carlos O’Connor-Reina的家长调查问卷获得。结果轻度组中有效率91.7%（11/12）,中度组有效率63.6%（7/11）,重度组有效率14.3%（1/7）。伴变应性鼻炎组有效率73.7%（14/19）,不伴变应性鼻炎组有效率36.4%（4/11）。结论糠酸莫米松鼻喷剂联合孟鲁司特钠是非手术治疗腺样体肥大一个较好的方法,但各组效果不一。轻度腺样体肥大效果较好,重度腺样体肥大效果较差。对于伴有变应性鼻炎的腺样体肥大治疗效果明显优于不伴有变应性鼻炎的。     

The role of mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of adenoidal hypertrophy in the adolescents: a prospective, randomized, cross-over study

Aim of this work is to find out whether the symptoms attributable to adenoid hypertrophy in adolescents may be treated with intranasal mometasone furoate (MF) application. To learn if adenoid hypertrophy in adolescents may decrease in size with intranasal MF. A prospective, double blind, randomized, cross-over study was conducted in 28 subjects (12–18 years) with adenoidal hypertrophy. Subjects used intranasal MF or placebo for a duration of 6 weeks with a wash out period of 3 weeks. Subjective symptoms and adenoid size were evaluated. At the initiation of the study, there was no significant difference between the mean symptom scores for any of the sinonasal symptoms between the two treatment groups. There was significant improvement in total subjective symptoms (nasal blockage, rhinorrhea, cough, snoring and disruption of quality of life scores) with MF compared with placebo. Analysis of the symptoms separately showed a significant positive effect of MF on all symptoms except for rhinorrhea. Nasal endoscopic evaluation failed to demonstrate any difference in the reduction of the adenoid size between the two groups. MF has significant advantage over placebo for the symptoms attributable to adenoid hypertrophy in adolescents.     

Long-term follow-up of children undergoing topical intranasal steroid therapy for adenoidal hypertrophy

BACKGROUND: Encouraging results concerning chronic obstructive nasal symptoms due to adenoid in pediatric population were reported by use of intranasal steroid for short period. Up to now, no data are available about outcomes of such therapy after long-term follow-up. We evaluated the utility of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray in children with adenoidal hypertrophy in long-term maintenance therapy. METHODS: All children affected by adenoidal hypertrophy and undergoing successful mometasone treatment for 4 months in a preceding trial were reassessed after a mean follow-up of 28 months. Based on the duration of maintenance therapy and eventual adenoid surgical treatment, three subgroups were identified: (1) children voluntarily suspending maintenance therapy and requiring surgery (Group A); (2) children continuing maintenance therapy but undergoing surgery (Group B); and (3) children continuing maintenance therapy but not undergoing surgery (Group C). Clinical and endoscopic evaluation in each group was compared to the assessment performed after the first 4 months of treatment. RESULTS: Six patients (Group A) voluntarily suspended maintenance therapy and underwent adenoidectomy. Either the overall symptom score or choanal obstruction of this group worsened compared to the previous trial. Adenoidal surgery was performed in another three children (Group B) for ear disease. Chronic obstructive nasal symptoms and adenoid size were unchanged compared to the preceding study. Finally, 12 patients were in Group C. The overall symptom score and choanal obstruction of this group showed a further significant improvement at this stage. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes the first long-term follow-up of children undergoing mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray treatment for adenoidal hypertrophy. Voluntary suspension of maintenance therapy favors surgery of this disorder, whereas its regular administration may lead to successful results.     

儿童腺样体肥大与分泌性中耳炎的关系研究

目的探讨腺样体肥大儿童中分泌性中耳炎发病情况及其影响因素。方法258例住院手术治疗的腺样体肥大的儿童,均常规进行病史采集、鼻咽侧位片、声导抗检查;对部分患儿进行鼻内镜检查录像,单盲评估腺样体肥大程度及其与咽鼓管咽口的关系。统计分析分泌性中耳炎发生率及其影响因素。结果在258病例中经声导抗检查证实合并分泌性中耳炎者108例（41.9％）,而病史中有明确听力减退主诉者仅27例（10.5％）;对合并和未合并分泌性中耳炎病例的相关影响因素统计分析发现,患儿性别、病程长短、腭扁桃体大小等因素对分泌性中耳炎发病无明显影响,低龄患儿、腺样体过度肥大、腺样体与咽鼓管园枕或咽口关系密切者发生分泌性中耳炎可能性大,多元回归分析证明其中影响最显著的因素是腺样体与咽鼓管园枕或咽口关系密切程度。结论有必要对所有腺样体肥大患儿常规进行听力学检查,以确认或除外分泌性中耳炎诊断。低龄患儿、腺样体过度肥大或与咽鼓管园枕及咽口关系密切是分泌性中耳炎的促发因素。     

Recurrent acute otitis media in infants: Analysis of risk factors

Objective

Recurrence acute otitis media (RAOM) may cause a considerable morbidity and a great parental concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors that are likely to be responsible for RAOM in infants, and their impact on treatment failure.

Methods

A retrospective study on 340 infants with RAOM was conducted. Data were collected from hospital charts. A 10 days course of amoxicillin/clavulanate was used for treatment of recurrence, while surgical management in the form of adenoidectomy and/or myringotomy was reserved for patients with persistent disease. We analyzed various risk factors that may affect the prognosis of RAOM, including: age, prematurity, upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), duration of breastfeeding, use of pacifiers, parental smoking, seasonality, the presence of siblings (family size), gender, adenoid hypertrophy, allergy, and craniofacial abnormalities.

Results

Use of pacifiers, short duration of breastfeeding, older infantile age, winter season, URTI and presence of adenoid hypertrophy were identified as risk factors for RAOM. Treatment failure may be due to adenoid hypertrophy, short duration of breastfeeding and it is more common in older age infants. We did not find a significant association between RAOM and gender, prematurity, exposure to passive smoking, the presence of siblings, allergy, craniofacial abnormalities.

Conclusions

Factors that may cause recurrence of the disease in infant population are use of pacifiers, short duration of breastfeeding, older infantile age, winter season, upper respiratory tract infections and adenoid hypertrophy. Also, treatment failure may be caused by adenoid hypertrophy and short duration of breastfeeding. Good understanding of these factors may help to decrease the recurrence rate and to improve the treatment of the disease.     

鼻内镜腺样体切除术治疗分泌性中耳炎

目的 探讨鼻内镜指导下吸切器切除腺样体对儿童分泌性中耳炎临床转归的影响。方法 30例伴有腺样体肥大的分泌性中耳炎患儿，在鼻内镜指导下，应用Xomed电动吸切器行腺样体切除术，再辅以药物治疗，观察其分泌性中耳炎的转归情况。结果30例患儿听力都得到改善，打鼾停止或消失。其中显效25例（83．33％），有效5例（16．67％）。无腺样体残留及并发症发生。结论 鼻内镜下吸切器腺样体切除术是一种微创手术，对于伴有腺样体肥大的分泌性中耳炎具有良好的治疗效果。     

A potential role for arginase in recurrent infections and hypertrophy of tonsillar and adenoidal tissue

Since arginase has been found to be an arginine-depleting and nitric oxide synthase-regulating enzyme, the present study was devised to examine hypertrophied and infected tonsil and adenoid arginase activity in relation to a metabolic arginase-nitric oxide pathway and its association with disease processes. Tissues were taken from 32 children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. There was a statistically significant difference between the two tissue enzyme activities, with tonsillar arginase activity being higher than the corresponding adenoidal tissue (P < 0.005). This suggests a potential role for tissue arginase activity as an outcome module and a contributing factor in chronic recurrent infection and hypertrophy of tonsillar and adenoidal tissues. Received: 8 October 1998 / Accepted: 22 April 1999     

鼻用类固醇治疗儿童变应性鼻炎伴腺样体肥大疗效分析

目的 探讨儿童变应性鼻炎(AR)与腺样体肥大的关系, 评价鼻用类固醇治疗儿童变应性鼻炎伴腺样体肥大的疗效。方法 对照组为单纯腺样体生长儿童261例, 其中腺样体肥大190例(72.7%)。观察组为变应性鼻炎伴腺样体生长儿童162例, 其中腺样体肥大110例(67.2%)。两组均给予鼻用类固醇(丙酸氟替卡松喷剂)持续喷鼻3个月后于鼻内镜下复查。结果 对照组并发腺样体肥大构成比为72.7%,观察组并发腺样体肥大构成比为67.2%, 差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.16, P>0.05)。对照组采用鼻用类固醇治疗后有效腺样体体积减少112例(58.9%),观察组有效腺样体体积减小89例(80.9%)(χ²=19.04, P<0.01)。结论 经鼻用类固醇治疗, 变应性鼻炎伴腺样体肥大患儿腺样体体积减小程度较单纯腺样体肥大患儿明显。对变应性鼻炎合并腺样体肥大者可优先考虑应用鼻用类固醇激素。     

儿童慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴随因素分析及治疗策略再探讨

目的分析儿童慢性鼻-鼻窦炎的伴随因素及相互关系,探讨合理的治疗策略。方法慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患儿175例,分别应用鼻内镜检查、鼻窦骨窗位高分辨率CT、变应原检测、晨起咽后壁分泌物酸碱度检测等方法确认是否存在伴随因素。对无明确伴随因素及有明确伴随因素但拒绝接受针对伴随因素进行治疗的病例采取内科保守治疗＇有明确伴随因素的病例在内科保守治疗的基础上执行针对伴随因素的治疗。12个月后评价疗效。结果80例（45．7％）有明确的伴随因素存在,分别为腺样体肥大Ⅲ。（10．3％）、胃食管反流（9．7％）、变应性鼻炎（9．1％）、解剖性鼻窦引流通道狭窄（8．6％）、以及变应性鼻炎同时伴腺样体肥大Ⅲ度（8．0％）;另95例（54．3％）未查及明确伴随因素。有明确伴随因素的病例在内科保守治疗的同时针对伴随因素进行治疗,其疗效明显优于仅执行内科保守治疗（无论是否查及明确伴随因素）的病例（P〈0．01）。结论在诊断和治疗儿童慢性鼻-鼻窦炎时不仅仅只关注鼻腔鼻窦黏膜炎症本身,还应该对与鼻腔鼻窦炎症发生发展密切相关的伴随因素进行诊断和治疗,才能达到更好的治疗效果。     

Resistant bacteria in the adenoids: a preliminary report

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of resistant bacteria in adenoid cultures from children with and without middle ear disease and rhinosinusitis symptoms. DESIGN: Children meeting the requirement for tympanostomy tube placement underwent an adjuvant adenoidectomy for symptoms of adenoid hypertrophy or recurrent rhinosinusitis. Adenoid tissue and coexisting middle ear fluid, if present, were cultured. SETTING: Tertiary referral children's hospital with community-based satellite clinics. PATIENTS: Forty-six patients ranging in age from 1 to 11 years (68% <3 years) with recurrent or persistent otitis media and symptoms of adenoid hypertrophy or rhinosinusitis (study patients) underwent tympanostomy tube placement and adenoidectomy with culture of the adenoids and middle ear effusions. Eighteen patients with adenoid hypertrophy without ear disease or rhinosinusitis were used as controls. INTERVENTIONS: Tympanostomy tube placement and adenoidectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence or absence of resistant bacteria. RESULTS: Resistant bacteria were found in cultures of the adenoids in 56% (26/46) of the study group compared with 22% (4/18) of the control patients (P<.02). Also, strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis were found in cultures from 78% (36/ 46) of the study group, compared with 44% (8/18) of those from the control group (P<.01). Resistant isolates were found in 65% (23/35) of the S. pneumoniae, 37% (18/49) of the H. influenzae, and 100% (19/19) of the M. catarrhalis cultures from the adenoids or middle ear spaces. CONCLUSION: Resistant bacteria are present in significant amounts in the adenoids of children with middle ear disease and rhinosinusitis symptoms compared with patients without those diseases or symptoms.     

Nasal nitric oxide in children with adenoidal hypertrophy: A preliminary study

Objective

Nasal nitric oxide, a mediator involved in upper airway inflammation, is impaired in children with allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Normal values are 200-450 parts per billion, but no data are available concerning its levels in children with adenoidal obstruction, predisposing to chronic nasosinusal inflammation. This study aimed to: (1) measure nasal nitric oxide levels in non-allergic children with adenoidal hypertrophy and (2) assess its possible relationship with the degree of adenoidal hypertrophy and other variable (gender, age, body max index, passive smoking exposure, recurrent acute otitis media, recurrent respiratory infections, and hypertrophy of nasal turbinates).

Methods

Eighty-one children with suspected adenoidal hypertrophy underwent nasal fibroendoscopy to assess the degree of adenoidal hypertrophy, and nasal nitric oxide on-line measurements by means of a dedicated chemiluminescence analyser.

Results

Nasal nitric oxide was successfully measured in 35 patients, most of whom had levels >450 parts per billion; the values were significantly higher (p = 0.031) in children with non-obstructive adenoids. There was no significant correlation with any other variable.

Conclusions

Preliminary data show above-normal nasal nitric oxide levels in children with adenoidal hypertrophy, especially those with non-obstructive adenoids. This suggests nitric oxide involvement in recurrent nasopharyngeal inflammation due to adenoidal hypertrophy.     

Obstructive adenoid tissue: an indication for powered-shaver adenoidectomy

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the incidence of intranasal extension of adenoid tissue and residual adenoidal obstruction of the posterior choanae following traditional curette adenoidectomy to determine the efficiency of adenoid curettage and the usefulness of intraoperative endoscopic examination and powered-shaver adenoidectomy in achieving better postnasal patency. DESIGN: Prospective intraoperative endoscopic evaluation of the posterior choanae and nasopharynx of a case series of 130 patients before and after curette and powered-shaver adenoidectomy. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: One hundred thirty consecutive pediatric patients with obstructive adenoidal hypertrophy undergoing adenoidectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The degree of residual postnasal obstruction due to adenoid tissue was assessed endoscopically (grades 0-3) after curette and adjuvant powered-shaver adenoidectomy. The presence of intranasal adenoid tissue was also recorded. RESULTS: Following traditional curette adenoidectomy, 51 (39%) of 130 patients had residual obstructive adenoid with 42 patients (32%) having occlusive intranasal adenoid tissue. Having determined the presence of remaining obstructive tissue with intraoperative nasal endoscopy in these 51 patients, complete airway patency was achieved with powered-shaver adenoidectomy. CONCLUSION: The presence of intranasal extension of adenoids obstructing the posterior choanae is common in children with adenoid hypertrophy. Traditional adenoidectomy is ineffective in removing this tissue and may also leave obstructive tissue high in the nasopharynx. Intraoperative nasal endoscopy allows assessment of the completeness of surgery. Powered-shaver adenoidectomy enables complete removal of obstructive adenoid tissue thereby ensuring postnasal patency.     

Rezidivierendes Sero-/Mukotympanon im Kindesalter

Up to 80 % of children can develop otitis media with effusion (OME) between birth and school age. Responsible are longstanding impairments of tubal ventilation which are based primarily on mechanical or functional obstructions. A quarter of the subjects affected by OME show either recurrent episodes over 3 months or protracted clinical courses and in these children an extended diagnosis is required. Besides infection-related adenoid hypertrophy, the differential diagnosis should include ciliary dysfunction, chronic rhinosinusitis, craniofacial malformations, gastroesophageal reflux, tumors and cancer treatment in the nasopharynx and in particular allergies. Clinical and experimental studies have indicated that respiratory allergies promote both adenotonsillar hypertrophy as well as inflammatory alterations in the mucous membranes of the Eustachian tube and middle ear and can thus promote the formation and persistence of OME. Because of a sensitization rate of about 30% in the general population at the predilection age from 3-6 years (KiGGS study), standard diagnosis (e.g. otoscopy and audiometry) should be extended by allergy diagnostic testing, especially in cases of recurrent or prolonged courses of OME. The most common classes of medications used for childhood allergies are antihistamines and nasal steroids, which could optimize the standard treatment of OME.     

American Rhinologic Society member survey on "maximal medical therapy" for chronic rhinosinusitis

BACKGROUND: "Maximal medical therapy" is the standard of care for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) treatment before the recommendation for surgery. However, this therapy is not consistent. Therefore, as a first step in determining the role of the disparate "maximal medical" treatments for CRS, American Rhinologic Society (ARS) members were surveyed. METHODS: A survey was mailed to all nonresident members of the ARS (n=723). Focusing on the time period before surgical intervention is first considered for CRS patients, the survey assessed types of therapies, frequency of use, details on antibiotic and steroid usage, use of computed tomography (CT), and demographic data of respondents. All responses were anonymous. RESULTS: Three hundred eight surveys were returned (43%). A majority of respondents used oral antibiotics and nasal steroids "almost always (>90%)". Oral antibiotics, oral steroids, nasal steroids, saline irrigation, and allergy testing were most commonly used at least "usually (50-90%)". The median antibiotic length was 3.1-4 weeks. The mean peak prednisone dose was 51.7 mg when oral steroids were used. Therapies that were rarely or never used by the majority included oral antifungals, antifungal spray, antibiotic spray, antibiotic nebulizer, steroid nebulizer, and i.v. antibiotics. CONCLUSION: Oral antibiotics (median, 3.1-4 weeks) and nasal steroids are used >90% of the time by a majority of ARS members for maximal medical treatment of CRS.     

扁桃体、腺样体切除术对语音及嗓音影响研究进展

扁桃体、腺样体肥大是临床上最常见的疾病之一,儿童期多表现为腺体增生与肥大,成人期多表现为炎性改变。扁桃体、腺样体切除术作为扁桃体、腺样体肥大常规治疗手段,二者切除后人体鼻腔、咽腔及喉腔的声道形状发生改变,导致患者讲话时气流改变,进而使语音及各类嗓音参数值变化。目前,随着二者肥大发病率和检出率的增高,作为其最主要的治疗手段,扁桃体、腺样体切除术对语音及嗓音影响评估的临床指导意义亦与日俱增。现就扁桃体、腺样体切除术对语音及嗓音影响的机制进行综述。     

鼾症儿童腺样体肥大的声导抗分析

目的　观察分析鼾症儿童的声导抗。方法　选取75例3～8岁不同程度腺样体肥大鼾症儿童,进行声导抗测试,并记录结果和参数。结果　鼾症儿童腺样体肥大III 度中,出现A型曲线的几率低,明显低于50%,反之出现B和C型鼓室图的几率高,声反射引出率低,平均峰压低,与I度和II度差别明显,差异有统计学意义。结论　不同等级腺样体肥大对儿童的中耳影响不同,腺样体越大,引起儿童分泌性中耳炎的几率越大,程度越严重。