国产封堵器经导管治疗室间隔缺损并发轻度主动脉瓣脱垂的临床研究

目的 评价室间隔缺损(VSD)并发轻度主动脉瓣脱垂经导管治疗的可行性,并对国产封堵器的疗效进行评价.方法 47例VSD并发轻度主动脉瓣脱垂患者,均使用国产封堵器行介入治疗,同时行超声心动图检查追踪测量及随访.结果 38例封堵成功,9例术中封堵后发生少～中量主动脉瓣返流而放弃封堵.VSD术前超声测量缺损直径为3.2～16.4 mm,术中左心室造影测量缺损直径为3.3～17.1 mm,植入的封堵器腰部直径为6.0～22.0 mm.共植入国产封堵器38个,技术成功率为100.0%,手术成功率为80.9%.封堵器到位后即刻左心室和升主动脉造影显示:微～少量残余分流6例;微量主动脉瓣返流7例.1例嵴内型VSD术后1个月超声心动图检查发现封堵器移位,发生中量残余分流;其余37例术后3个月超声心动图复查3例微量主动脉瓣返流,均无残余分流.术后发生高度房室传导阻滞(AVB)2例,经植入临时起搏器及药物治疗后恢复.结论 国产封堵器经导管治疗并发轻度主动脉瓣脱垂的VSD确实可行,近、中期临床疗效确切,是一种安全、可靠的治疗方法;但其远期疗效尚需长期临床观察.     

距主动脉右冠瓣距离小于2mm室间隔缺损介入治疗的探讨

目的评价距主动脉右冠瓣距离（D—AV）〈2mm的室间隔缺损（VSD）介入治疗的可行性。方法2003年8月-2008年6月本文对本院54例距主动脉右冠瓣距离（D—AV）〈2mm的VSD患者进行介入治疗,患者年龄4～41（10．4±5．9）岁。封堵术前常规行左室造影（LVG）,通过经胸超声心动图（TTE）及透视监测下建立股动静脉轨道、经右心系统释放封堵器,并于术后1、3、6、12月回访复查心电图、TTE。结果51例患者封堵成功,成功率为94．44％。失败的3例病例中,1例封堵后出现主动脉瓣中量返流,2例封堵器有中量残余分流而放弃介入治疗;术后即刻发生少量残余分流2例,随访6d 1例仍有少量残余分流,随访3个月无一例有残余分流;1例患者出现主动脉瓣少量返流,随访1年分流仍存在;术后无一例发生房室传导阻滞及其他心律失常。成功的病例中,3个月并发症发生率为1．96％。结论距主动脉右冠瓣距离（D-AV）〈2mm的VSD可以成功经导管封堵治疗,其远期疗效尚需长期临床观察。     

经胸小切口室间隔缺损封堵方法和中远期随访评价

目的探讨经胸小切口室间隔缺损封堵治疗的方法和中,远期随访情况。方法2009年3月-2012年3月,选择48例室间隔缺损患者进行经胸小切口封堵治疗,术前经胸超声心动图检查,符合封堵条件者在全麻下经口插入食道超声探头,手术开始前再次评估VSD是否适合封堵,根据VSD的位置,形态和最大直径选择合适的封堵伞。胸骨下段3-4cm切口暴露右心室,将输送装置刺入右心室,在超声引导下经过室间隔缺损,释放室间隔缺损封堵器（上海形状记忆合金公司）,食道超声评估封堵器的位置、对三尖瓣和主动脉瓣的影响以及有无残余分流。术后24h、72h、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年、2年、3年、4年予以胸片、心电图、经胸超声心动图检查。结果48例患者中45例（94％）封堵成功,3例中转开胸,TEE显示封堵器与VSD边缘吻合紧密无残余分流,未出现主动脉瓣、二尖瓣和三尖瓣反流。2例头痛3天后自愈,l例轻度血红蛋白尿,3天后恢复,2例患者右束支传导阻滞术后3个月心电图均恢复正常。1例术后1个月迟发左前分支传导阻滞,1年后心电图均恢复正常。术后共完成中长期电话及来院随访41例,中位随访时间：32．5个月（1～48个月）。所有随访到患者均无封堵器脱落、感染性心内膜炎、血栓栓塞、猝死等并发症发生。随访彩超提示微量残余分流1例,主动脉瓣返流由微量加重到少量l例,新出现三尖瓣微量一少量返流6例,新出现二尖瓣微量一少量返流3例,余患者心功能均正常。随访中,新发各类传导阻滞总共4例（RBBB2例,LAFB1例,LRBBB＋LAVB1例）。研究结果显示,与文献报道经皮介入治疗先心室缺相比,应用经胸室缺封堵器术后短期及中长期随访严重并发症发生率均明显低于经皮介入封堵器。结论经胸小切口VSD封堵术成功率高,术后严重并发症发生率明显低于经皮封堵器及外科修补术,是一种疗效可靠,损伤小,安全的治疗方法。远期疗效,特别是术后瓣膜返流和迟发型的房室传导阻滞需要长期随访观察。     

食道超声辅助下室间隔缺损封堵术与室间隔缺损直视修补术输血及住院时间分析

目的 比较食道超声辅助下室间隔缺损封堵术与室间隔缺损直视修补术临床输血率及住院时间.方法 收集131例室间隔缺损患儿的临床资料,其中75例接受室间隔缺损封堵术,56例接受室间隔缺损直视修补术.分析比较两组患儿输血率及住院时间.结果 所有患儿均康复出院.术后3个月超声心动图复查提示接受食道超声辅助下室间隔缺损封堵术的患儿无残余分流、封堵器移位及主动脉瓣返流;三尖瓣返流6例,返流程度轻度以下,中量及大量心包积液各1例.接受室间隔缺损直视修补术的患儿术后3个月超声心动图复查提示残余分流3例;二尖瓣返流2例,返流程度轻度以下;三尖瓣返流6例,返流程度轻度以下;主动脉瓣返流2例,均为细束返流;大量心包积液1例.接受室间隔缺损直视修补术的一组患儿有较高的输血率(x2 =81.83,P＜0.01)及较长的住院时间(t=46.57,P＜0.01).结论 接受食道超声辅助下室间隔缺损封堵术的患儿较接受室间隔缺损直视修补术的患儿有较少的输血率及较短的住院时间.     

国产封堵器介入治疗先天性心脏病56例的临床应用

目的应用国产封堵器介入治疗先天性心脏病动脉导管未闭、房间隔缺损和室间隔缺损并对其疗效进行评价。方法对56例先天性心脏病封堵治疗的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果56例患者操作顺利，冠状动脉造影及超声检查均未见残余分流，主动脉瓣及三尖瓣无返流，心脏听诊杂音消失。术后1个月及3个月复查，封堵器位置良好，无移位，无残余分流。3例室间隔缺损患者在术后第2天出现不同程度的传导阻滞，经异丙肾上腺素、地塞米松等治疗后好转。结论国产封堵器介入治疗先天性心脏病操作简便、封闭完全、成功率高、并发症少。     

偏心型封堵器介入治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损临床应用及中期疗效

目的 探讨国产偏心型封堵器介入治疗嵴内型室间隔缺损(VSD)的安全性及中期疗效.方法 2005年1月至2008年7月采用国产偏心型封堵器对26例嵴内型VSD患者行介入治疗.经胸超声心动图提示VSD破口直径3～9mm,平均(4.7±4.5)mm.距肺动脉瓣>2mm,距主动脉瓣>1 mm,并分别于术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月及12个月进行随访.结果 26例患者中21例封堵成功,5例失败,成功率为80.8%.术后即刻左室造影示少量残余分流2例,微量残余分流3例,均在术后1 d至3个月消失,术后即刻新发完全性左束支传导阻滞(LBBB)1例,余无其他严重并发症发生.封堵术后1周左房内径、左室舒张末期内径即明显缩小(P<0.01),左室收缩末期内径无明显变化,术后1个月及以上各项指标与术后1周比较差异无统计学意义.所有患者均获得随访,随访时间12～48个月.术前合并8例右束支传导阻滞(RBBB),3例LBBB,5例在术后2～14d恢复正常,6例在出院时未恢复正常,包括4例RBBB,2例LBBB.随访1个月时,1例RBBB恢复正常;随访3个月时,1例RBBB恢复正常,余在随访期间持续存在.结论 应用国产偏心型封堵器治疗嵴内型VSD是安全有效的,近中期效果良好,远期疗效尚需进一步临床观察.     

小儿室间隔缺损介入治疗失败原因分析

目的探讨经导管室间隔缺损封堵术(TCVSD)介入治疗失败原因及防治措施。方法对2005年1月～2008年12月620例经TCVSD治疗中失败的50例病案资料进行回顾性分析。结合左心室、主动脉造影及经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查,综合分析介入治疗失败原因。结果全组介入治疗失败发生率8%(50/620)。无膜部瘤破裂,无封堵器移位、脱落,无持续溶血。16例合并明显主动脉瓣脱垂,8出现放置后中度以上主动脉瓣返流。因反复出现完全性左、右束支阻滞停止手术4例,释放封堵器后出现完全性左、右束支阻滞及Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞收回封堵器3例,术后出现无法恢复的Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞而外科取出封堵器3例。4例出现三尖瓣返流加重。4例肌部VSD失败病例中,2例建轨困难,2例分流量小于2mm。1例死亡病例,死亡原因为蛛网膜下腔出血。结论TCVSD是安全有效的治疗方法。严格掌握适应症,结合多种检查方法,采用正确的封堵策略,可进一步提高该项技术的成功率。     

国产封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭的价值

目的评价国产封堵器治疗动脉导管未闭(patent ductus arterious,PDA)的效果及安全性。方法应用国产封堵器介入封堵50例PDA患者,PDA最窄处直径为2.3～14.6mm,平均(5.8±2.6)mm。术后随访3～48个月,平均(15.6±11.2)个月,心脏超声心动图(ultrasonic cardiography,UCG)评价治疗效果以及观察有无并发症。结果50例患者均手术成功,术后采用心导管术和UCG评价患者肺动脉平均收缩压较术前明显降低(p<0.05);术后15min造影显示,无残余分流45例(90%),微量分流3例,少量分流2例(10%);所有患者均无并发症,随访期间增大的左心室及心功能较术前改善。结论国产封堵器介入治疗PDA,近中期疗效确切、使用安全,成本效益比高。     

食管超声心动图在引导VSD封堵术中的应用价值

目的 探讨食管超声(TEE)在监测经胸微创室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术前、术中的临床应用价值.方法 收集2014年3月至2015年5月于徐州市儿童医院心脏外科行经胸微创封堵的VSD患儿62例,患儿术前均接受TTE检查,以明确VSD位置、类型、大小及边缘情况,明确VSD微创封堵术可行性,并初步选择合适的VSD封堵器.术中在TEE引导下确定荷包位置,实时动态监测封堵器放置过程,并立即判断手术疗效.术后3～5天行经胸超声(TTE)检查恢复情况.结果 62例患儿全部封堵成功,术中存在残余分流2例,封堵器内渗漏3例,2例Ⅱ度房室传导阻滞.患儿均于术后3～5天出院.术后1、3、6、12个月随访,无封堵器脱落移位,无瓣膜反流加重及房室传导阻滞等并发症出现,术后6个月复查残余分流及渗漏消失.结论 TEE在经胸微创封堵术前定位、术中引导及术后即刻评价中均起到重要作用,值得临床推广.     

国产封堵器治疗边缘不足的房间隔缺损的效果观察

目的 探讨使用国产封堵器治疗边缘不足(<5 mm)的继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)的可行性及近期疗效.方法 27例边缘不足的继发孔型ASD患者术前经胸或经食管超声心动图测得缺损最大直径平均为(22.89±8.08)mm,根据ASD边缘不足分为前缘(主动脉缘)不足型、后缘(主动脉对侧缘)不足型、下缘(下腔静脉缘)不足型及复合不足型,分别制定封堵策略,用国产封堵器经导管或经右胸小切口进行封堵治疗.分别于术前、术后48～72h及3个月时经胸超声心动图观察封堵器位置及有无分流,同时测量右心大小以观察疗效.结果 本组中前缘不足型20例(0～4 mm),下缘不足型3例(1～4 mm),后缘不足型1例(2 mm),复合不足型3例(前缘、下缘均<5 mm).27例ASD患者中成功封堵26例,1例术后1 h发现封堵器脱落改行直视修补术,成功率96.3%(26/27).26例患者封堵后右房及右室内径较封堵前明显缩小(P<0.01),无介入操作相关并发症发生.结论 前缘、后缘或下缘<5 mm的继发孔型ASD可用国产封堵器封堵治疗,且安全、有效、并发症少、费用低.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.