视神经管区多层螺旋CT三维成像研究

目的：验证多层螺旋CT三维成像的真实性与临床应用价值。方法：对40具完整的成年国人尸体头颅标本，利用多层螺旋CT三维成像技术及解剖技术，对视神经管内壁毗邻关系与蝶窦发育关系进行影像学与实体解剖学观察；对视神经管内壁隆起与视神经管毗邻关系进行影像学与实体解剖学观察；对视神经管内壁不同隆起形态的厚度和长度进行影像学与实体解剖学数据测量，并对比观察结果与测量数据。结果：①空间处理技术重建的整体空间分辨率高，可同时清晰显示视神经管及其周围的解剖结构；②仿真内镜技术进行的视神经管的内部重建，可清晰显示视神经管的内部结构，重建影像与健康国人视神经管的解剖形态一致；③多层螺旋CT成像的测量数据与解剖测量的数据比较，差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论：联合应用空间处理技术和仿真内镜技术，不仅可显示和测量视神经管的细微结构，还可从空间毗邻关系方面，为鼻内镜下经鼻蝶入路行视神经管减压术提供准确信息。     

鼻内镜下经鼻腔入路翼腭窝解剖学研究

目的：通过鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝的解剖学研究,为临床内镜下翼腭窝手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法：10具新鲜尸头采用内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路对翼腭窝进行解剖,观测手术径路中重要标志及穿经血管神经结构,并观测翼腭窝内结构及其与周围结构的关系。结果：①翼腭窝及其周围结构解剖关系复杂,颌内动脉及其分支变异较大;②蝶腭孔、眶下管、圆孔和翼管是翼腭窝重要骨性标志,同时翼腭窝可作为进入颞下窝和蝶窦的通路。结论：①熟知翼腭窝及其周围恒定的解剖标志可保持方向感,提高手术安全性;②鼻内镜下经鼻腔外侧壁入路可充分暴露翼腭窝,视野清晰,术中对重要神经血管控制较好,可根据病变范围变通手术径路;③经鼻内镜下鼻腔外侧壁入路可进入翼腭窝临近区域,处理临近区域病变。     

鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛解剖研究

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻后神经丛(PNNP)的构成及分布特点,为后续行鼻内镜下高选择性PNNP切断术提供解剖学参考。方法 利用5具(10侧)冰鲜尸头灌注标本,经内镜下中鼻道入路,解剖蝶腭孔周围区域内结构;利用5具人体标本解剖前接受的鼻窦CT扫描结果,经影像学工具测量相应结构间距离。利用内镜系统采集解剖图像,影像测量软件获取影像学数据,并由资深放射科医师盲法测量。在解剖过程中,寻找蝶腭孔周围区域重要解剖标志及各结构间的毗邻关系。去除腭骨蝶突及蝶骨鞘突骨质,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露PNNP咽支,在腭鞘管前口外侧探查定位翼管神经。结果 PNNP出蝶腭孔后均存在3个主要分支与蝶腭动脉分支血管伴行,前下方有与蝶腭鼻后外侧支伴行的鼻腔外侧壁支,后上方有与上鼻甲动脉伴行的上鼻甲支,后内侧有与鼻后中隔动脉伴行的鼻中隔支,蝶腭神经节在翼腭窝内即发出咽支,未穿出蝶腭孔,通过腭鞘管进入鼻咽部,且翼管前口均位于腭鞘管前口的外侧。腭鞘管前口外侧壁至翼管前口内侧壁间距,内镜下测量值(5.90±1.12)mm,影像学测量值(6.30±1.06)mm。结论 通过解剖定位腭鞘管,开放骨性腭鞘管,暴露其中的PNNP咽支,探讨腭鞘管前口与翼管前口之间的位置关系及术中规避翼管神经及蝶腭神经节的安全操作范围,为变应性鼻炎精准手术治疗提供解剖依据。     

上颌动脉翼腭段螺旋CT血管成像的研究

目的 研究上颌动脉翼腭段的走行及分支规律,为上颌动脉相关手术提供个体化处理的依据.方法 无翼腭窝病变的31例(62侧)头颅64层螺旋CT血管成像扫描分析,采用容积再现、曲面重建等方法观察上颌动脉翼腭段主要分支的显示及分型情况.结果 CT血管成像能清晰显示上颌动脉的主干及其分支,如腭降动脉、蝶腭动脉.在Choi和Park分型基础上,将腭降动脉与蝶腭动脉呈水平平行模式,走行类似字母英文"F"定义为F型,上颌动脉干形状分为Y型、T型、中间型、M型、F型及其他型分别占14.5%(9侧),9.7%(6侧),24.2%(15侧),32.3%(20侧),12.9%(8侧)和6.4%(4侧).结论 上颌动脉翼腭段的走行、分布及变异情况有规律可循,螺旋CT血管成像能为个体化手术提供可靠依据.     

上颌动脉翼腭段螺旋CT血管成像的研究

目的 研究上颌动脉翼腭段的走行及分支规律,为上颌动脉相关手术提供个体化处理的依据.方法 无翼腭窝病变的31例(62侧)头颅64层螺旋CT血管成像扫描分析,采用容积再现、曲面重建等方法观察上颌动脉翼腭段主要分支的显示及分型情况.结果 CT血管成像能清晰显示上颌动脉的主干及其分支,如腭降动脉、蝶腭动脉.在Choi和Park分型基础上,将腭降动脉与蝶腭动脉呈水平平行模式,走行类似字母英文"F"定义为F型,上颌动脉干形状分为Y型、T型、中间型、M型、F型及其他型分别占14.5%(9侧),9.7%(6侧),24.2%(15侧),32.3%(20侧),12.9%(8侧)和6.4%(4侧).结论 上颌动脉翼腭段的走行、分布及变异情况有规律可循,螺旋CT血管成像能为个体化手术提供可靠依据.     

上颌动脉翼腭段螺旋CT血管成像的研究

目的 研究上颌动脉翼腭段的走行及分支规律,为上颌动脉相关手术提供个体化处理的依据.方法 无翼腭窝病变的31例(62侧)头颅64层螺旋CT血管成像扫描分析,采用容积再现、曲面重建等方法观察上颌动脉翼腭段主要分支的显示及分型情况.结果 CT血管成像能清晰显示上颌动脉的主干及其分支,如腭降动脉、蝶腭动脉.在Choi和Park分型基础上,将腭降动脉与蝶腭动脉呈水平平行模式,走行类似字母英文"F"定义为F型,上颌动脉干形状分为Y型、T型、中间型、M型、F型及其他型分别占14.5%(9侧),9.7%(6侧),24.2%(15侧),32.3%(20侧),12.9%(8侧)和6.4%(4侧).结论 上颌动脉翼腭段的走行、分布及变异情况有规律可循,螺旋CT血管成像能为个体化手术提供可靠依据.     

鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉区的外科解剖

目的探讨鼻内镜下蝶腭动脉区的解剖学特点。方法采用鼻内镜对10例(20侧鼻腔)经10%福尔马林溶液固定的正常成人尸头标本的蝶腭动脉及其与相关结构的关系进行解剖,观察蝶腭孔定位,筛骨嵴的形态、大小及其与蝶腭孔的关系;测量筛骨嵴与前鼻棘的间距以及筛骨嵴与中鼻甲尾端的间距,观察蝶腭动脉分支及其走行。结果筛骨嵴略呈三角棘状骨性结构,表面粗糙,位于蝶腭孔的前上方。去除筛骨嵴后可见蝶腭动脉血管束从蝶腭孔中穿出,蝶腭动脉常有2~3支不等分支。筛骨嵴与前鼻棘间距为(50.1±2.6)mm,筛骨嵴与中鼻甲尾端的间距为(9.1±1.1)mm。结论蝶腭动脉在出蝶腭孔之前可能有分支;筛骨嵴位置固定,是经鼻内镜下定位蝶腭动脉及蝶腭孔的重要解剖标志。     

蝶腭孔解剖及多层螺旋CT三维成像的临床应用研究

本研究通过对骨性蝶腭孔，及其血管、神经的显微解剖和CT三维成像的观察测量，为相关手术的定位导航提供解剖学依据。     

鼻内窥镜下鼻腔外侧壁重要解剖标志的测量

目的：为鼻内窥镜鼻窦手术提供必要的参考数据；方法：在鼻内窥镜下测量10个（20侧）尸头鼻小柱至鼻腔外侧壁重要解剖标志的距离；结果：各测量值左侧和右侧的均数间未见显著性差异（P＞0．05）。将测量结果与部分文献中的结果相比较，并探讨重要解剖标志的毗邻关系；结论：对有关鼻腔外侧壁重要解剖标志的测量数据及其毗邻关系的了解，有助于鼻内窥镜手术的顺利进行。     

鼻内窥镜下鼻腔外侧壁重要解剖标志的测量

目的：为自内窥镜鼻窦手术提供必要的参考数据；方法：在自内窥镜下测量１０个（２０砂鼻小柱至鼻腔外侧壁重要解剖标志的距离；结果：各测量值左侧和右侧的均数间未见显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。将测量结果与部分文献中的结果相比较，并探讨重要解剖标志的毗邻关系；结论：对有关鼻腔外侧壁重要解剖标志的测量数据及其毗邻关系的了解，有 地鼻内窥镜手术的顺利进行。     

Surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery in lateral nasal wall

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery. First, the location of the sphenopalatine foramen on the lateral nasal wall and the pattern of the main branches of the sphenopalatine artery from the sphenopalatine artery were studied. Second, the course of the posterior lateral nasal artery with respect to the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus, the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and the pattern of distribution of its branches on the fontanelle was determined. Third, the distribution pattern on the inferior turbinate was analyzed. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty midsagittal sections of randomly selected Korean adult cadaver heads with intact sphenoid sinus and surrounding structures were used in the study. METHODS: The mucosa on the sphenopalatine foramen and its surrounding mucosa were removed with a microscissors, a fine forceps, and a pick to expose the sphenopalatine artery under an operating microscope (original magnification x6). RESULTS: The feeding vessels of the superior turbinate were from the septal artery in 36 cases (72%). The feeding vessels to the middle turbinate branch originated from the proximal portion of the posterior lateral nasal artery just after exiting the sphenopalatine foramen in 44 cases (88%). Some portion of the posterior lateral nasal artery ran anterior to the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus in 38%. The major feeding arteries to the fontanelle were from the inferior turbinate branch in 25 cases (50%). In most cases, the inferior turbinate branch was the end artery of the posterior lateral nasal artery (98%). CONCLUSIONS: The study provides detailed information concerning the sphenopalatine artery, which we hope will help explain the arterial bleeding that may occur during ethmoidectomy, middle meatal antrostomy, conchotomy, and endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery.     

Severe posterior epistaxis-endoscopic surgical anatomy

OBJECTIVE: To describe the anatomy of the sphenopalatine foramen (SPF) region and possible anatomical variations. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study accomplished from September, 2006, to January, 2007. METHODS: The sphenopalatine foramen (SPF) of 61 cadavers were carefully dissected. Presence of the ethmoidal crest, location of sphenopalatine and accessory foramens, and the number of arterial branches emerging through foramens were observed. Data were analyzed in relation to gender, racial group, and symmetry of the cadaver. Prediction of the presence of accessory foramen was evaluated. RESULTS: Mixed race cadavers prevailed in 122 nasal fossae dissected (75% males). Ethmoidal crest was present in 100% of the cadavers, being anterior to the SPF in 98.4% of the cases. The most frequent SPF location was the transition of the middle and superior meatus (86.9%). Mean distance from the SPF and accessory foramen to anterior nasal spine was 6.6 cm and 6.7 cm, respectively. Accessory foramen was present in 9.83% of the cases. A single arterial stem emerged through the SPF in 67.2% of the cases, and 100% through accessory foramens. The prevalence analyses showed no differences that were statistically significant (P > 0.05) between gender and racial group. The symmetry analyses showed a strong conformity (P < 0.01) between nasal fossae in relation to the SPF location. There was no statistically significant conformity between nasal fossae and accessory foramen (P = 0.53). None of the variables of interest presents any statistically significant (P > 0.05) association with the presence of the accessory foramen. CONCLUSIONS: There are anatomical variations in the lateral nose wall that should be considered for successful endoscopic surgical treatment of severe epistaxis.     

Anatomical and surgical study of the sphenopalatine artery branches

The sphenopalatine artery gives off two main branches: the posterior lateral nasal branch and the posterior septal branch. From 2007 to 2012 17 patients were treated with cauterization and/or ligature of the sphenopalatine artery with endonasal endoscopic approach. 90 nasal dissections were performed in 45 adult cadaveric heads. We evaluated the number of branches emerging from the sphenopalatine foramen and the presence of an accessory foramen. In the surgery group, we observed a single trunk in 76 % of the patients (13/17) and a double trunk in 24 % (4/17). We found an accessory foramen in four cases. We obtained a successful result in bleeding control in 88 % of the cases. In the cadaver dissection group, 55 nasal cavities had a single arterial trunk (61 %), 30 had 2 arterial trunks (33 %) and in only 5 nasal fossae we observed 3 arterial trunks (6 %). We were able to dissect four accessory foramina. We suggest that in most cases only one or two branches are found in the sphenopalatine foramen.     

An endoscopic study of the greater palatine nerve

BACKGROUND: Using an endoscopic approach, lateral sphenoid air cells and terminal branches of the internal maxillary artery often can be accessed through the pterygomaxillary fossa: however, injury to the greater palatine nerve (GPN) can occur if the anatomy of this region is not understood clearly. This study was undertaken to define the pathway of the GPN and to identify landmarks useful in preventing its injury. METHODS: Six cadaveric heads were used to endoscopically dissect and examine 11 pterygomaxillary fossae. An additional latex-injected cadaveric head was sectioned coronally and dissected bilaterally. The relationships between the vascular, neurological and bony structures and foramena were noted and described. RESULTS: All specimens studied maintained consistent relationships. The sphenopalatine and posterior nasal arteries cross nearly perpendicular and just superficial to the GPN. The GPN traveled anteriorly and inferiorly to reach the greater palatine foramen. The lateral wall of the canal ranged from a thin bony covering to complete dehiscence and was thinnest as it crossed the inferior turbinate and approached the foramen. The foramen rotundum was located lateral and superior to the sphenopalatine foramen near the roof of the maxillary sinus. CONCLUSION: When surgically approaching the pterygomaxillary fossa, injury to the GPN is avoidable by thorough knowledge of anatomy and awareness of the described landmarks.     

Sphenopalatine artery ligation: technical note

Epistaxis is a common problem. Most patients presenting to hospital will stop bleeding with simple first-aid measures or with nasal packing. Those who do not stop will usually require surgical management. For persistent posterior epistaxis, the sphenopalatine artery may be ligated as the artery leaves the sphenopalatine foramen to enter the nasal mucosa of the lateral wall of the nose. This may be performed endoscopically. We describe the anatomy of the area and the surgical technique. We also present a brief review of the literature on this technique.     

蝶腭孔的显微解剖学研究

目的 :通过对尸颅蝶腭孔的测量和观察 ,为经鼻内镜蝶腭孔相关手术提供解剖学依据。方法 :应用显微解剖学方法对 4 0侧正中线切开的尸颅蝶腭孔进行了位置、形状、大小及毗邻关系的观察与有关数据的测量。结果 :将蝶腭孔分成 3类 ,Ⅰ类 :孔位于上鼻甲、上鼻道的后方 ,Ⅱ类 :孔位于中鼻甲或中鼻道的后端 ,Ⅲ类 :Ⅰ类加Ⅱ类。各类分别占 35 %、5 %、6 0 %。孔上缘与蝶窦底间距离男 (1.75± 1.10 )mm ,女 (1.13± 0 .5 5 )mm ,与蝶窦口距离男 (9.80± 3.2 7)mm ,女 (8.30± 3.4 5 )mm ,孔的后缘与鼻咽部距离男 (11.12± 3.30 )mm ,女 (10 .85± 3.12 )mm ,孔的前缘与上颌窦口距离男 (18.5 0± 6 .‘80 )mm ,女 (14 .5 7± 5 .0 7)mm ,与鼻尖距离男 (6 9.5 4± 6 .98)mm ,女(6 6 .5 7± 5 .0 7)mm ,与前鼻棘距离男 (5 6 .6 9± 5 .70 )mm ,女 (5 3.2 5± 8.80 )mm ,以蝶腭孔中心点为准前后径女(4 .6 1± 1.80 )mm ,男 (5 .12± 2 .0 5 )mm ,上下径男 (5 .37± 2 .6 7)mm ,女 (4 .74± 2 .74 )mm ,与硬腭水平板的夹角男(2 2 .83± 4 .71)°,女 (2 2 .73± 3.81)°。蝶腭动脉外径男 (2 .12± 0 .6 6 )mm ,女 (1.6 1± 0 .70 )mm ,蝶腭神经外径男(0 .6 5± 0 .4 9)mm ,女 (0 .35± 0 .0 7)mm。鼻腔外侧壁的血供及     

经鼻内镜翼腭窝和颞下窝应用解剖学研究

目的探索经鼻内镜翼腭窝、颞下窝恒定的解剖标志,为手术处理该区域病变奠定基础。方法对11例尸头行鼻内镜侧颅底解剖学研究。经鼻内镜经中鼻道、蝶腭孔、上颌窦后壁入路,暴露翼腭窝及颞下窝的重要血管、神经及骨性解剖标志,并测量各解剖标志间的距离。结果经鼻内镜可恒定暴露蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、蝶腭神经节、眶下神经、卵圆孔、棘孔等重要侧颅底标志。鼻小柱基底到蝶腭孔、翼管、圆孔、卵圆孔、棘孔、破裂孔的距离分别为（69±3）、（73±3）、（75±3）、（90±5）、（96±4）、（88±3）mm。结论经鼻内镜可显露翼腭窝及颞下窝重要解剖结构,且各解剖结构可通过相互之间的距离及位置在鼻内镜二维平面上互相定位,以更直观、安全的处理该区域的病变。