经腹腔途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的影响因素分析

目的探讨经腹腔途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的相关影响因素。方法 2009年9月至2014年5月,采用经腹腔途径行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术61例。患者年龄56~74岁,平均71岁。术前均经直肠超声引导下穿刺病理证实前列腺癌诊断。通过回顾性研究了解术前血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)、穿刺后Gleason评分、穿刺针数阳性百分率,术前TNM分期对手术切缘阳性的影响。结果61例前列腺癌患者术后切缘阳性率19.7%(12/61),病理分期与手术切缘阳性成正相关(γ=0.311,P=0.001),且对手术切缘阳性有统计学意义(χ~2=16.32,P=0.001);对于手术切缘阳性率,术前血清PSA20ng/ml组与血清PSA≥20ng/ml组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=7.32,P=0.007);穿刺后Gleason评分7分组与Gleason评分≥7分组差异无统计学意义了(χ~2=1.43,P=0.23);穿刺针数阳性百分率,50%组与≥50%组差异有统计学意义(χ~2=4.32,P=0.017)。结论穿刺后TNM分期,血清PSA水平,穿刺阳性百分率的差异对手术切缘阳性有统计学意义。前列腺癌穿刺标本Gleason评分与术后病理切缘之间无相关性。     

临床参数和磁共振成像预测前列腺癌病理分期的评价

目的 探讨联合临床参数分期和磁共振成像(MRI)分期预测前列腺癌病理分期的临床意义。方法对53例经病理活检证实的局限性前列腺癌行根治性手术者术前经血清。PSA(临界值16．3ng／ml)加系统6～8针穿刺后Gleason评分(临界值6分)或穿刺阳性针数百分率(临界值34％～50％)进行临床分期及MRl分期以预测术后病理分期，评价术前联合临床参数分期和MRI分期与病理分期的一致性。结果53例中，术前血清PSA加Gleason评分低于临界值，临床分期局限于前列腺内的肿瘤(T，)20例，术后有25．0％(5／20)为T3；术前血清PSA加穿刺阳性针数百分率低于临界值，临床分期为T2 20例，术后30％(6／20)为T3。术前临床参数分期为T，者术后分别有30．3％(10／33)和30．3％(10／33)为T2。MRI诊断的48例前列腺癌者中，术前分期局限于前列腺内的肿瘤(L)，术后病理分期42．4％(14／31)为T3，其中1例为T2N1；术前MRI分期为T3者，术后11．8％(2／17)为T2，5．9％(1／17)术后为T3cN1。联合临床参数分期和MRI分期预测前列腺癌的病理结果有显著相关性(r=0．449，P=0．001)，且能预测病理结果(X^2=10．739，P=0．001)，3种分期方法之间对前列腺癌病理结果的预测差异无统计学意义(X^2=0．305，P=0．859)。血清PSA加穿刺后Gleason评分或穿刺阳性针数百分率临床分期和MRI分期对局限于前列腺内肿瘤的预测(PPV)分别为75．0％(15／20)、70％(14／20)和54．8%(17／31)；对浸润包膜及包膜外肿瘤的预测(NPV)分别为69．7％(23／33)、69．7％(23／33)和88．2%，(15／17)。结论 联合临床参数分期和MRI分期能预测前列腺癌的病理分期。前者能更好地预测局限于前列腺内的肿瘤，而MRI分期能更准确地预测肿瘤对前列腺包膜及包膜外浸润。     

穿刺标本Gleason评分预测前列腺癌病理分级准确性的研究

目的 分析前列腺癌患者穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分的相关性,探讨影响穿刺标本Gleason评分准确性的可能因素.方法 回顾性分析86例接受根治性前列腺切除术的前列腺癌患者资料,比较穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分的符合情况,应用二分类Logistic回归分析筛选影响穿刺标本Gleason评分准确性的可能因素.结果 86例患者穿刺标本平均Gleason评分为6.1,根治术标本平均Gleason评分为6.5,穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分相比,评分相符42例(48.8%),评分偏低32例(37.2%),评分偏高1 2例(14.0%),差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),偏差与患者年龄、血清PSA、前列腺体积、临床分期无显著相关性(P＞0.05),与穿刺针数(OR=2.905)及穿刺阳性率(OR=4.225)有显著相关(P＜0.05).结论 穿刺针数与穿刺阳性针数百分比是影响穿刺标本Gleason评分准确性的可能因素,增加前列腺穿刺活检针数将可能有助于提高穿刺标本预测前列腺癌病理分级的准确性.     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的影响因素对比分析

目的:对比分析腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的相关影响因素。方法:选取2012年9月~2015年9月于我院住院部就诊的经穿刺病理诊断为前列腺癌并行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的108例患者,回顾性分析术前血清PSA、穿刺后Gleason评分、病理T分期与术后切缘阳性的相关性。结果:不同术前血清PSA10ng/ml、10~20ng/ml与20ng/ml三组差异无统计学意义(χ~2=3.69,P=0.21);不同穿刺后Gleason评分,≤6、7与≥8三组差异无统计学意义(χ~2=7.8,P=0.063);而不同病理T分期,T_(1a)~T_(2a)、T_(2b)与T_(2c)~T_(3b)三组差异有统计学意义(χ~2=6.371,P=0.041)。同时通过对术前血清PSA、穿刺后Gleason评分、病理T_2及T_3分期这4个变量进行Logistic回归分析,得出结果无论是总体部位还是前列腺体部,病理T_3期都是影响术后切缘阳性的一个重要因素。结论:术前血清PSA值及穿刺后Gleason评分与前列腺癌术后切缘阳性无相关性,穿刺病理T分期对前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的差异有统计学意义,并且病理T_3期是影响术后切缘阳性的一个独立因素。     

前列腺癌血清PSA、f/tPSA与Gleason评分、临床分期的相关性研究

目的 探讨前列腺癌病人血清PSA、f/tPSA（血清游离PSA与总PSA的比值）与前列腺癌Gleason评分、临床分期的相关性.方法 查阅我院1998年1月～2005年6月归档的前列腺癌病历资料,建立临床资料数据库,对归档病理切片进行Gleason评分.采用Spearman等级相关分析,分析血清PSA、f/tPSA与前列腺癌Gleason评分、临床分期的关系.结果 269例前列腺癌中,前列腺癌PSA值与Gleason评分呈正相关（r=0.361,P＜0.01）,与前列腺癌临床分期呈正相关（r=0.586,P＜0.01）;f/tPSA与Gleason评分有弱负相关（r=-0.128,P=0.035）,与前列腺癌临床分期呈负相关（r=-0.226,P＜0.01）.结论 血清PSA、f/tPSA与前列腺癌预后密切相关的指标临床分期和Gleason评分有关.     

穿刺标本Gleason评分预测前列腺癌分级的准确性评价

目的　探讨前列腺穿刺标本Gleason评分预测前列腺癌分级准确性的价值及影响因素。　方法　对 45例临床局限性前列腺癌患者前列腺穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分一致性进行比较 ,并对影响一致性的可能因素进行相关分析。　结果　 45例穿刺标本与根治术标本Gleason评分相符者 19例 (42 % ) ;评分偏低 2 2例 (49% ) ,其中偏低 1分 10例 (2 2 % ) ,偏低 >2分 12例 (2 7% ) ;评分偏高 4例 (9% )。二者具有一致性 ,但一致性稍差 (K =0 .3 4 2 ,P <0 .0 1)。偏差与患者年龄、前列腺体积、TPSA、穿刺阳性针数比例、分级及病理分期均无显著相关性 (P >0 .0 5)。前列腺穿刺阳性针数比例在精囊浸润和非浸润组差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5) ,尤其在Gleason评分 >7分时差别有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　穿刺标本Gleason评分结合临床其他资料能有效地指导临床治疗。结合前列腺穿刺阳性针数比例 ,高Gleason评分是筛选前列腺癌精囊浸润病例的有效指标     

前列腺癌患者术前分期分级偏低的相关危险因素

目的 探讨前列腺癌根治术患者术前分期分级偏低的相关危险因素。方法 对55例前列腺癌根治术患者手术前后分期分级的资料进行比较，分析术前临床分期低于术后病理分期的危险因素。结果 55例患者术前临床分期T1～T250例，其中21例术后病理分期为T3～T4，占42％。26例术前穿刺活检病理Gleason评分2-6分者中11例术后病理分级为7-10分，占42％。Logisatic回归分析筛选出血清PSA（P＝0．0159)及前列腺穿刺阳性针数的百分率(P＝0．0013)是预测术前临床分期低于术后病理分期的危险因素。结论 对于临床分期为T1～T2而血清PSA≥20ng／ml或前列腺穿刺阳性针数≥50％的患者应考虑到临床分期偏低的可能。     

前列腺癌切缘阳性风险列线图的建立和验证

目的:建立预测前列腺癌术后切缘阳性结果的列线图模型,并进行相应的验证,为预测术后切缘阳性的风险提供依据。方法:纳入PC-follow数据库中北京医院、北京大学第一医院、北京大学第三医院、海军军医大学第一附属医院、西安交通大学第一附属医院2015—2018年收治的2215例前列腺癌患者的病例资料,年龄67.3(33~88)岁。PSA(45.2±18.9)ng/ml。前列腺穿刺活检针数6~32针,穿刺阳性针数百分比4%~100%,穿刺活检病理Gleason评分6~10分。采用单纯随机抽样法将患者分为建模组和验证组。建模组1770例,年龄65.5(33~88)岁,PSA(48.2±12.4)(0.01~99.4)ng/ml。验证组445例,年龄68.6(47~82)岁,PSA(43.7±14.8)(0.01~87.2)ng/ml。对两组患者年龄(<60岁,60~70岁,>70岁)、PSA(<4 ng/ml,4~10 ng/ml,11~20 ng/ml,>20 ng/ml)、盆腔MRI检查结果(阴性,可疑,阳性)、肿瘤临床分期(T 1~T 2期,≥T 3期)、穿刺阳性针数百分比(≤33%,34%~66%,>66%)、穿刺活检病理Gleason评分(≤6分,7分,≥8分)进行单因素和多因素logistic分析,筛选有意义的指标构建预测前列腺癌术后切缘阳性结果的列线图模型。在验证组对该模型进行验证,并与构成列线图的单一因素的预测效果进行比较。结果:单因素分析结果显示,术前PSA水平、盆腔MRI检查结果、穿刺针数阳性率、穿刺病理Gleason评分与术后切缘阳性率有相关性(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,术前PSA水平(OR=2.046,95%CI 1.022~4.251,P=0.009)、穿刺阳性针数百分比(OR=1.502,95%CI 1.136~1.978,P=0.002)、穿刺病理Gleason评分(OR=1.568,95%CI 1.063~2.313,P=0.028)、盆腔MRI检查结果(OR=1.525,95%CI 1.160~2.005,P=0.033)为前列腺癌术后切缘阳性的独立预测指标,根据上述指标建立列线图模型。列线图模型预测验证组切缘阳性的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)的曲线下面积为0.776,而以术前PSA水平、穿刺阳性针数百分比、穿刺病理Gleason评分、盆腔MRI检查结果、术后病理Gleason评分等单一因素预测验证组切缘阳性的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.554、0.615、0.556、0.522和0.560,列线图模型与单一指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:构建的列线图模型较单独应用术前PSA水平、穿刺阳性针数百分比、穿刺病理Gleason评分、盆腔MRI检查结果、术后病理Gleason评分在预测前列腺癌术后切缘阳性方面具有更高的诊断价值。     

腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术切缘阳性的影响因素

目的探讨经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术后切缘阳性的影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院2010年1月至2018年12月99例行腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术患者的临床资料。年龄51~79岁,平均(65.37±6.07)岁;前列腺特异抗原(PSA)2.80~79.50ng/mL,平均(16.84±12.28)ng/mL。分析术后病理切缘阳性的特征。按年龄、体质指数、术前PSA水平、穿刺针数阳性百分率、穿刺至手术时间、穿刺病理Gleason评分、临床T分期、前列腺癌危险分度、术后病理Gleason评分、术后T分期、腹盆腔手术史等进行分组,分析各组切缘阳性率的差异。采用χ^2检验进行单因素分析,有统计学差异的变量进入多因素Logistic回归分析,评价临床及病理相关资料与切缘阳性的关系。结果本组99例患者均在腹腔镜下顺利完成,无1例中转开放,手术时间平均(199.66±66.01)min,术中出血量平均(152.02±140.28)mL。术后病理证实均为前列腺癌,术后病理切缘阳性26例(26.3%)。将各危险因素分组后进行单因素分析,结果显示不同穿刺针数阳性百分率(P=0.047)、穿刺病理Gleason评分(P=0.023)、术后病理Gleason评分(P=0.007)、术后T分期(P=0.004)与切缘阳性存在相关性(P<0.05),而年龄(P=0.134)、体质指数(P=0.838)、术前PSA水平(P=0.299)、穿刺至手术时间(P=1.000)、临床T分期(P=0.821)、前列腺癌危险分度(P=0.903)、腹盆腔手术史(P=0.607)与切缘阳性均无相关性(P>0.05)。将单因素分析差异有统计学意义的指标及术前PSA、临床分期进行多因素分析,结果显示仅术后T分期(P=0.011)是切缘阳性的独立危险因素。结论穿刺针数阳性百分率、穿刺病理Gleason评分、术后病理Gleason评分、术后T分期与切缘阳性存在相关性,其中穿刺针数阳性百分率、穿刺病理Gleason评分及术后T分期越高,切缘阳性率越高。术后T分期是经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术后切缘阳性的独立危险因素。     

血清前列腺特异性抗原及直肠指检与前列腺癌的相关性研究

目的 分析血清PSA、直肠指检(DRE)与前列腺癌检出率、临床分期以及病理分级的相关性. 方法 回顾性分析1997年1月至2010年12月796例PSA、DRE和病理结果完整患者的前列腺穿刺活检资料,采用Spearman相关性研究分析PSA和DRE与前列腺癌相关指标间的关系,进一步将PSA及DRE分组后进行比较. 结果 PSA与前列腺癌检出率、临床分期及病理分级相关(r=0.537,P＜0.0001;r=0.365,P＜0.0001;r=0.556,P＜0.0001);DRE结果与前列腺癌诊断率及病理分级有相关性(r=0.212,P＜0.0001;r=0.126,P=0.02).分组分析显示不同PSA水平组中前列腺癌检出率、前列腺癌分期以及Gleason评分差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而在相同PSA水平时,只有PSA 10.0 ～ 19.9 μg/L组和20.0～99.9μg/L组中DRE阳性和阴性患者的前列腺癌检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).相同PSA组中不同DRE结果患者的前列腺癌分期以及Gleason评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 PSA水平与前列腺癌的检出率、肿瘤分期及Gleason评分有显著相关性,DRE结果仅在部分PSA水平患者中影响肿瘤检出率.     

The percent of cores positive for cancer in prostate needle biopsy specimens is strongly predictive of tumor stage and volume at radical prostatectomy

PURPOSE: Pretreatment clinical staging of prostatic adenocarcinoma is important due to the increasing use of nonsurgical treatment options. Using multivariate analysis we assessed the predictive value of biopsy cores positive for cancer as a percent of all cores obtained as well as the percent surface area of needle cores involved with tumor for determining tumor volume and pathological stage at radical prostatectomy. Candidate variables for the multivariate model included patient age, clinical disease stage, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and Gleason score of cancer in the needle biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed prostate needle biopsy findings in 207 consecutive patients who subsequently underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. Each biopsy specimen was assessed for tumor involvement by calculating the percent of cores positive for cancer, percent surface area involved in all cores and Gleason score. Initial serum PSA and preoperative clinical disease stage were incorporated with biopsy results into a multivariate model to determine the parameters most predictive of pathological stage and tumor volume at radical retropubic prostatectomy. RESULTS: Of the 207 patients 152 (73.4%) had organ confined cancer and 55 (26.6%) had extraprostatic extension (pathological stages T2 and T3 or greater, respectively). Preoperative clinical staging information was available in 195 cases, in which disease was clinically confined and not confined in 184 (94.4%) and 11 (5.6%), respectively. Needle biopsy revealed a surface area of cancer ranging from less than 5% in 69 patients (33.3%) to 90% (mean 16, median 10). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the risk of extraprostatic extension was predicted by preoperative serum PSA (p = 0.027), the percent of cores and percent of surface area positive for cancer (p <0.0001), and Gleason score (p = 0.0009). Clinical stage approached significance (p = 0.071). Multivariate analysis showed that the percent of positive cores (p = 0.0003), initial serum PSA (p = 0.005) and Gleason score of cancer in the needle biopsy (p = 0.03) were the only parameters that jointly predicted pathological stage (T2 versus T3). Percent of tumor surface area involvement in the needle biopsies did not add any more information after the percent of positive cores was known. Univariate analysis revealed that the percent of cores positive for cancer (Spearman r = 0.52, p <0.0001), Gleason score (Spearman r = 0.34, p <0.0001) and initial serum PSA (Spearman r = 0.24, p = 0.003) were predictive of log tumor volume at radical prostatectomy, while clinical stage was not (rank sum test p = 0.14). On multivariate analysis the percent of positive cores (p <0.0001), Gleason score (p <0.0001) and initial serum PSA (0.0033) were the only variables that jointly were predictive of tumor volume. CONCLUSIONS: The percent of needle biopsy cores and surface area positive for cancer are the strongest predictors of pathological stage and tumor volume on multivariate analysis incorporating preoperative serum PSA and Gleason score.     

Delayed therapy with curative intent in a contemporary prostate cancer watchful-waiting cohort

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of delayed therapy with curative intent, an increasingly common option in contemporary patients with prostate cancer who initially choose watchful waiting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The characteristics of all patients at one institution and diagnosed with T1-4NXM0 prostate cancer between 1993 and 2000 were prospectively recorded. Factors recorded included: age, tumour stage, histological type, Gleason score, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, prostate volume, PSA density (PSAD), percentage of positive biopsy cores, and the initial treatment selection. Outcomes, including all cancer-directed interventions, all serum PSA values, and initial outcomes of all interventions with curative intent, were determined by review of all medical records and cancer registry data. RESULTS: Of 187 patients on watchful waiting, 175 had stage T1 or T2 cancer and were analysed primarily. Thirty-eight (22%) of these patients received delayed intervention with curative intent (15 radical prostatectomy, 17 external beam radiotherapy, six brachytherapy). Age (P < 0.001) and percentage of positive biopsy cores (P = 0.042) were significant independent predictors of intervention with curative intent. When the PSA doubling time was added to the model it became a significant predictor (P = 0.018), with percentage positive biopsy cores (P = 0.022) and age (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with curative intent is common in contemporary patients with prostate cancer who initially choose watchful waiting. Age and percentage positive biopsy cores are independent predictors of such intervention, with PSA doubling time also an independent predictor.     

The extent of biopsy involvement as an independent predictor of extraprostatic extension and surgical margin status in low risk prostate cancer: implications for treatment selection

PURPOSE: We identify predictors of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins in patients with low risk prostate cancer (prostate specific antigen [PSA] 10 ng./ml. or less, biopsy Gleason score 7 or less and clinical stage T1c-2b). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 1997 to January 1999, 143 previously untreated patients underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. A total of 62 patients were low risk, with PSA 10 ng./ml. or less, biopsy Gleason score 7 or less and clinical stage T1c-2b, and had sextant biopsy with separate pathological evaluation of each sextant cores. PSA, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score, average percentage of cancer in the entire biopsy specimen, maximum percentage of cancer on the most involved core, number of cores involved and bilaterality were evaluated for association with extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement and positive surgical margins. RESULTS: Of the 62 patients 13 (21%) had extraprostatic extension, 6 (10%) seminal vesicle involvement and 20 (32%) positive surgical margins. Average percentage greater than 10% and maximum percentage greater than 25% were associated with extraprostatic extension (p = 0.01 and 0.004, respectively). Average percentage greater than 10%, maximum percentage greater than 25%, more than 2 cores involved and bilaterality were associated with positive surgical margins (p = 0.007, 0.01, 0.002 and 0.03, respectively). On multivariate analysis maximum percentage remained the only independent predictor of extraprostatic extension (p = 0.03), and the number of cores involved remained an independent predictor of positive surgical margins (p = 0.01). Biopsy Gleason score, PSA and clinical stage did not correlate with extraprostatic extension or positive surgical margins in this patient population. CONCLUSIONS: In low risk prostate cancer the extent of biopsy involvement significantly correlates with the risk of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins. Biopsy information should be considered when selecting and modifying treatment modalities.     

Percentage of positive biopsy cores as predictor of clinical outcome in prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy

PURPOSE: The clinical significance of pretreatment biopsy characteristics is not well understood relative to known prognostic factors. We performed a complete pathology analysis of pretreatment biopsy specimens in an attempt to clarify their impact on clinical outcome following radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1991 to 1999, 160 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer were prospectively treated with external beam radiotherapy in combination with high dose rate brachytherapy at our hospital and had pretreatment biopsy material available for complete pathological review. Patients with pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) 10.0 ng./ml. or greater, Gleason 7 or greater or clinical stage T2b-T3c N0 M0 disease were eligible for study entry. Pelvic external beam radiotherapy (46.0 Gy.) was supplemented with 3 (1991 to 1995) or 2 (1995 to 1999) ultrasound guided transperineal interstitial iridium high dose rate implants. The brachytherapy dose was escalated from 5.50 to 10.50 Gy. per implant. All pretreatment biopsy specimen slides from each case were reviewed by a single pathologist (N. S. G.). Median followup was 4.2 years. Biochemical failure was defined as 3 consecutive PSA increases. RESULTS: On univariate analysis pretreatment PSA, Gleason score, clinical T classification, percentage of positive biopsy cores, dose per implant and total radiotherapy dose (equivalent in 2 Gy. fractions) were significantly associated with biochemical failure. Perineural invasion was of borderline significance (p = 0.07). On univariate analysis for clinical failure only Gleason score and percent positive cores were significant. Percent positive cores was associated with biochemical and clinical failure whether analyzed in subgroups or as a continuous variable. Patients with less than 33% positive cores had a 5-year biochemical control rate of 83% and 5-year clinical failure rate of only 7%. Conversely, patients with more than 67% positive cores had a 5-year biochemical control rate of only 57% and 25% had clinical failure at 5 years. Since percent positive cores correlated with biochemical and clinical failure, an analysis was performed to determine which other prognostic factors were associated with percent positive cores. Pretreatment PSA level, Gleason score, clinical T classification and perineural invasion were significantly associated with a higher percent positive cores. Nevertheless, on Cox multiple regression analysis higher percent positive cores, pretreatment PSA and Gleason score remained independently associated with biochemical failure but not T classification. On Cox multiple regression analysis for clinical failure only Gleason score remained independently significant with percent positive cores maintaining borderline significance (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Percent positive pretreatment biopsy cores is a powerful predictor of biochemical and clinical outcome for prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy, independent of other known prognostic factors. Percent positive cores should be seriously considered as a primary factor in risk group stratification for prostate cancer.     

Percentages of positive cores, cancer length and Gleason grade 4/5 cancer in systematic sextant biopsy are all predictive of adverse pathology and biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy

AIM: We investigated whether the quantitative parameters of systematic sextant biopsies were predictive of either adverse pathological findings or disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated a total of 117 men with untreated prostate cancer whose needle biopsies were matched with RP specimens. The pretreatment parameters of the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the PSA density, the percentage of positive biopsy cores, the percentage of cancer length and the percentage of Gleason grade 4/5 cancer in the biopsy were determined and compared with the pathological features of prostate cancer in RP specimens. These pretreatment parameters and pathological factors in the RP specimens, including the cancer volume, the percentage of Gleason grade 4/5 cancer, the positive surgical margin and the seminal vesicle invasion were evaluated for their ability to predict the disease recurrence. RESULTS: The percentages of positive biopsy cores, the Gleason grade 4/5 cancer in the biopsy and the cancer length in the biopsy had a weak correlation with the cancer volume in RP specimens (r = 0.373, 0.345, 0.408, respectively). All quantitative biopsy parameters were strongly predictive of the non-organ-confined status, the positive surgical margin and the seminal vesicle invasion in the logistic regression analysis. The percentage of positive biopsy cores and the percentage of Gleason grade 4/5 cancer in the biopsy predicted biochemical failure after RP. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that quantitative biopsy parameters are independent predictors of the adverse pathology of prostate cancers and disease recurrence after RP.     

Clinical significance of nonpalpable prostate cancer with favorable biopsy features in Japanese men

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical significance of nonpalpable localized prostate cancers with relatively favorable six sextant biopsy features in Japanese men. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 136 nonpalpable prostate cancers of which biopsy features confined to (1) a Gleason score of 6 or less, (2) one or two positive cores per six sextant cores, and (3) 50% or less involvement of any positive core were collected. The Gleason score, tumor extension, and cancer volume were compared with preoperative serum PSA and PSA density for the patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. PSA doubling time was measured for the patients who were treated expectantly. RESULTS: Treatments chosen for 136 patients with favorable biopsy features were radical prostatectomy alone for 48 and with preoperative androgen deprivation for 30, radiation to the prostate for 12, androgen deprivation therapy for 21, and watchful waiting for 25. Of 48 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy without androgen deprivation therapy, 25% had nonorgan-confined cancers. Seven cancers (14.6%) were Gleason score of 7, but no cancers were 8 or greater. Among 42 prostatectomy specimens for which cancer volume was measured, 22 (52.4%) had cancer volume >0.5 cm(3). Pretreatment serum PSA levels were correlated neither with the Gleason score, tumor extension nor cancer volume. There was only one nonorgan-confined cancer in the 23 cancers for which PSA density was <0.2 ng/ml/g. The ability of PSA density to predict cancer volume <0. 5 cm(3) was 0.61 using a cut-off of 0.2 ng/ml/g. Of the 25 patients treated expectantly, the PSA doubling time was less than 2 years for 3 patients, while it was stable or fluctuated for 13. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor extension can be predicted based on PSA density in nonpalpable prostate cancer with favorable biopsy features, but predictability of cancer volume based on PSA or PSA density is not satisfactorily high. New parameters or biomarkers that complement needle biopsy findings are needed to predict clinical significance of T1c prostate cancer with favorable biopsy features.     

Gleason score 7 prostate cancer on needle biopsy: is the prognostic difference in Gleason scores 4 + 3 and 3 + 4 independent of the number of involved cores?

PURPOSE: We addressed whether Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7 and 4 + 3 = 7 cancers on needle biopsy behave differently and whether this behavior is independent of the number of cores involved by cancer. If it is not an independent predictor of prognosis, one may report Gleason score 7 cancer with the number of positive cores without regard to whether the primary pattern was 3 or 4. This practice would remove a source of poor interobserver reproducibility when grading prostate cancer on needle biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 537 patients with Gleason score 7 tumors on biopsy. The results of patient preoperative digital rectal examination, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) measurement and age were used to predict 4 outcomes based on assessment of the corresponding radical prostatectomy specimens, including 1) pathological stage (organ confined, focal extraprostatic extension, nonfocal extraprostatic extension or seminal vesicle-lymph node involvement), 2) organ confinement (yes/no), 3) Gleason score and 4) surgical margin status (positive/negative) RESULTS: Multivariate regression of postoperative Gleason score groups against all 5 input variables (3 + 4 versus 4 + 3, number of positive cores, PSA, age and digital rectal examination) yielded a statistically significant positive correlation with preoperative PSA (p <0.001) and preoperative Gleason scores of 4 + 3 versus 3 + 4 on biopsy (p <0.001). Pathological stage correlated with preoperative PSA (p <0.001), Gleason score 4 + 3 disease (p = 0.016), positive digital rectal examination (p <0.001) and 3 or more positive cores (p = 0.016). Positive surgical margins were predicted only by preoperative PSA (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Because the biological behavior of biopsy Gleason score 3 + 4 or 4 + 3 of Gleason score 7 cancer differs regardless of the number of cores involved, future nomograms predicting pathological stage would benefit from examining 3 + 4 and 4 + 3 disease separately.     

Important preoperative prognostic factors for extracapsular extension,seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node involvement in cases with radical retropubic prostatectomy

Introduction: Initial diagnostic evaluation may provide information about the extent of disease after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, local disease extension identified by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), total number of positive biopsies and percentage of positive cores for cancer, as well as TRUS Biopsy Gleason score in determining the extent of disease in radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 171 patients who underwent RRP from March 1993 to February 2003 for organ confined prostate cancer and whose follow-up data was accessible. The correlation of preoperative serum PSA level, local disease extension in TRUS, the total number of positive sextant biopsies and the percent of cores positive for cancer and Gleason score at TRUS biopsy specimen with the extent of disease at final pathology (Extra-capsular extension (ECE), seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), lymph node involvement (LNI) and surgical margin (SM) status on RRP specimens) were analyzed. Results: The median age of the patients was 65 years. The mean preoperative serum PSA level of all patients was 11.6 ± 1.2 (median 8.6) ng/ml. Histopathological evaluation of RRP specimens revealed 60 (35%) patients with ECE, 38 (22.2%) with SVI, 7 (0.04%) with LNI, and 58 (33.9%) had positive SM. Comparing the preoperative TRUS findings and postoperative evaluation of RRP specimens, the sensitivity of TRUS in predicting the ECE was 11.8% and specificity was 96%. Sensitivity of TRUS in predicting SVI was 9.8% and its specificity was 99%. With univariate analysis (sample t-test), Gleason score, percent of cores positive for cancer, and DRE were found to be predictive factors for extra-prostatic disease in RRP specimens. But with multivariate analysis (logistic regression test) Gleason score appears to be the most important and independent predictive factor for extra-prostatic disease in RRP specimens. Serum PSA levels and percentages of cores positive for cancer were also significant predictors of non organ-confined disease found at final pathology. Conclusion: Gleason score is the most important and independent predictive factor for extra-prostatic disease. Serum PSA levels and percentages of cores positive for cancer are the other important but non-independent predictive factors.     

Does prostate biopsy Gleason score accurately express the biologic features of prostate cancer?

PURPOSE: To correlate Gleason grading in prostate biopsies with the final Gleason score in radical prostatectomy specimens, and to investigate predictors for concordance and preoperative undergrading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The charts of 303 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between 1992 and 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Prostate biopsy and surgical specimen Gleason scores and correlative clinical data were recorded, and a multivariate analysis model was applied. RESULTS: Data were available in 293 cases (97%). The preoperative biopsy predicted the prostatectomy Gleason score accurately in 51% and undergraded them in 41% of the patients. Accuracy rates were significantly higher for Gleason scores 7-10 compared to low Gleason scores (2-4), concordance 90% and 6%, respectively (P < 0.01). Moreover, accuracy rates were higher in patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) higher than 10 ng/ml (85% vs. 40%; P < 0.01) and prostate glands smaller than 55 g (68% vs. 38%; P < 0.01). In 233 patients, the biopsy Gleason score did not include 4 or 5 components. Upgrading to 4 or 5 in 1 of the components was noted in 32 patients (14%). Multivariate analysis revealed that upgrading is associated with preoperative serum PSA (odds ratio 1.05; P < 0.05) and the percentage of positive cores in the biopsy (odds ratio 1.47; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Biopsy Gleason scores of 2-4, low PSA, and a low percentage of positive cores in the biopsy can predict the biopsy driven biologically significant undergrading of 1 of the components of the Gleason score that may adversely affect therapeutic decisions.     

Transition zone biopsy and prediction of extraprostatic extension at radical prostatectomy

BACKGROUND: There is limited data in the literature that suggests that transition zone (TZ) biopsy might be useful for the prediction of extraprostatic extension (EPE) in clinically localized prostate cancer. We studied the role of TZ biopsy in the prediction of EPE. METHODS: Transition zone biopsies were performed in addition to systematic peripheral zone (PZ) biopsies between November 1995 and December 1999. During this period, 59 patients underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease. Final pathological results were compared with preoperative clinical and biopsy findings. RESULTS: Of the 59 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, 46 had cancer only in the PZ cores and 13 had cancer both in the PZ and the TZ cores at the biopsy. Final histopathological results revealed EPE in 19 (32%) patients and positive surgical margins in 22 (37%). In univariate analysis of age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), mean percentage of positive PZ cores, mean biopsy Gleason score and positive TZ biopsy, there was a significant difference for serum PSA levels (P = 0.021), presence of positive TZ cores (P = 0.018) and percentage of positive PZ cores in patients with and without EPE (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the single independent predictor of EPE was the percentage of positive PZ biopsy cores (P = 0.0227). There was agreement between the side of positive TZ biopsy and EPE in seven of eight patients. CONCLUSION: Taking two TZ cores in addition to peripheral sextant biopsy did not result in better prediction of EPE. The relationship between TZ involvement and the presence of EPE can be investigated further in radical prostatectomy specimens.